MLA-at-MLA格式.doc

MLA 格式指南（文學(xué)論文適用）1. 文內(nèi)引用格式（In-Text Citations）文內(nèi)引用是指在論文中對(duì)其它文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行直引用或?qū)ξ墨I(xiàn)中的某些觀點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容進(jìn)行詮釋。以下部分將簡要介紹文內(nèi)引用時(shí)可能遇到的情況及其相應(yīng)的處理方法。(1) 基本引用格式（Basic In-Text Citation Rules）根據(jù)MLA格式的要求，如引用他人作品，應(yīng)該用 “文內(nèi)/括號(hào)內(nèi)引用法 (parenthetical citation)”對(duì)其出處進(jìn)行標(biāo)注。l 引文的出處應(yīng)緊跟在引文或?qū)σ挠^點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容的詮釋之后；格式為：（作者姓名+空格+引文所在頁碼）。例：Human beings have been described as symbol-using animals (Burke 3).l 當(dāng)原文作者不明時(shí)，要用縮寫的文獻(xiàn)名來代替作者姓名這一項(xiàng)。如文獻(xiàn)的篇幅較短，文獻(xiàn)名上要加引號(hào)；如篇幅較長，則將文獻(xiàn)名斜體或加下劃線。l 文內(nèi)引用項(xiàng)要與你的“Works Cited”頁中的條目相對(duì)應(yīng)。如上述對(duì)Burke的引用，在Works Cited中應(yīng)有如下項(xiàng)： Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966.l 如同時(shí)進(jìn)行多項(xiàng)文內(nèi)引用，用分號(hào)將各引用信息分開。例：.as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).l 作者名可以出現(xiàn)在正文句子里，也可放在引語或?qū)σZ的詮釋之后的括號(hào)中；頁碼只能出現(xiàn)在括號(hào)中，而不能出現(xiàn)在正文句子里。例如：Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings (263).Romantic poetry is characterized by the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings (Wordsworth 263).(2) 古典或經(jīng)典著作引用格式（Author-Page Citation for Classic and Literary Works with Multiple Editions）頁碼信息是必不可少的，而除此之外的其他引用信息則會(huì)對(duì)那些和你持有不同版本的古典著作（如，馬克思和恩格斯的共產(chǎn)黨宣言）的學(xué)者們有所幫助。這時(shí)，在你所用版本的頁碼后應(yīng)加一分號(hào)，然后附上卷（vol.）、部 (bk.)、部分（pt.）、章(ch.)、小節(jié)(sec.)、段落(par.) 等信息，注意要用其適當(dāng)?shù)目s寫形式。例：Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class struggles (79; ch. 1).(3) 引用多位同姓作者的格式（Citing Authors with Same Last Names）如兩位或多位作者的同姓，在引用信息中還應(yīng)給出他們名的首字母（而當(dāng)他們名的首字母也相同時(shí)，則給出其全名）。例：Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).(4) 引用同位作者多部作品的格式（Citing Multiple Works by the Same Author）當(dāng)引用同一作者的多部作品時(shí)，在其姓后加上所引用作品的題名的縮寫，以與作者的其他作品區(qū)分開來。例：Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children (Too Soon 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development in a childs second and third year (Hand-Eye Development 17).(5) 轉(zhuǎn)引格式（Citing Indirect Sources）有時(shí)可能不得不使用轉(zhuǎn)引/間接引用。轉(zhuǎn)移是指對(duì)對(duì)另一引語中的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行引用。此時(shí)，用“qtd. in”來標(biāo)注出你所實(shí)際參考的文獻(xiàn)資料。例：Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as social service centers, and they dont do that well (qtd. in Weisman 259).值得注意的是，負(fù)責(zé)的研究者會(huì)盡量使用原始資料，而盡少地使用轉(zhuǎn)引。(6) 圣經(jīng)引用格式（Citing the Bible）在第一次引用圣經(jīng)時(shí)，應(yīng)明確給出你所使用的版本（書名要斜體或者加下劃線）；又因各版本的譯本各異，故應(yīng)同時(shí)給出“部book”（不要斜體或加下劃線）、“章chapter”和“小節(jié)verse”等信息。例：Ezekiel saw what seemed to be four living creatures, each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10).此后再引用時(shí)，均可只給出“部book”、“章chapter”和“小節(jié)verse”等信息，因?yàn)槟阋褜?duì)所用版本做過說明。_2. 引文格式處理（Formatting Quotations）(1) 短引文格式（Short Quotations）當(dāng)引文較短（散文體打印后少于四行，詩歌少于三個(gè)詩行）時(shí)，在引文上加雙引號(hào)。在文內(nèi)標(biāo)出作者和引語頁碼（如引用詩，則標(biāo)出詩行號(hào)），并在“Works Cited”頁中給出完整的參考信息。例：According to some, dreams express profound aspects of personality (Foulkes 184), though others disagree.(2) 長引文格式（Long Quotations）當(dāng)引文長于四行，將其單獨(dú)列出，并省去雙引號(hào)。引文另起一行，并將整個(gè)引文部分從左起縮進(jìn)一英寸；雙倍行距。 如果引文為多個(gè)段落，只在首行上縮進(jìn)半英寸。括號(hào)內(nèi)/文內(nèi)引用信息放在引語的最后的標(biāo)點(diǎn)之后。當(dāng)引文為詩時(shí)，應(yīng)保留其原來的斷句格式（論文通篇雙倍行距）。例如：Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration:They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaws door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)(3) 對(duì)引文作調(diào)整的格式（Adding or Omitting Words In Quotations）如在引文上添加文字，將所添加文字用方括號(hào)括起來，以區(qū)別于原文。例如：Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: some individuals who retell urban legends make a point of learning every rumor or tale (78).省略引文中的文字時(shí)，應(yīng)在省略部分換上省略號(hào)；省略號(hào)為三個(gè)英文句號(hào)，且其前后需各留一空格。例：In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale . and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs (78)._3. 腳注與尾注（Footnotes and Endnotes）(1) 使用注釋的情況（When to Use Footnotes and Endnotes）MLA不提倡過度使用說明性或繁冗的注釋。然而，MLA卻允許你使用腳注或尾注來對(duì)有價(jià)值的作品評(píng)論的信息進(jìn)行介紹，例如：1 See Blackmur, especially chapters three and four, for an insightful analysis of this trend.2 On the problems related to repressed memory recovery, see Wollens pp. 120- 35; for a contrasting view, see Pyle.腳注或尾注中偶爾也可包含一些說明性或其他簡要、有幫助的附加信息，而這些信息如放在文內(nèi)則會(huì)使正文顯得過于繁冗：3 In a 1998 interview, she reiterated this point even more strongly: I am an artist, not a politician! (Weller 124).(2) 注釋標(biāo)號(hào)（Numbering Endnotes and Footnotes）MLA格式的正文中的腳注/尾注用連續(xù)的、上標(biāo)式的阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字表示；其位置在需注釋短語或句子的標(biāo)點(diǎn)之后：Some have argued that such an investigation would be fruitless.6Scholars have argued for years that this claim has no basis,7 so we would do well to ignore it.但腳注/尾注的上標(biāo)號(hào)應(yīng)放在破折號(hào)之前：For years, scholars have failed to address this point8a fact that suggests their cowardice more than their carelessness.(3) 注釋格式（Formatting Endnotes and Footnotes）MLA格式要求注釋與正文分開。注釋要另起一頁，此頁標(biāo)題為 Notes (居中、正文文字格式、不加上引號(hào)或斜體)，位置在“Works Cited”頁之前。注釋須按連續(xù)的、上標(biāo)式的阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字排列，并使用普通段落格式、雙倍行距（一個(gè)注釋自成一段）4. 引用文獻(xiàn)條目格式（Works Cited Page: Basic Format）(1) 基本規(guī)則（Basic Rules） Works Cited頁位置在論文最后，另起一頁。 Works Cited頁上應(yīng)標(biāo)出頁碼；Works Cited 字樣位于此頁最上方、居中。 均為雙倍行距；條目之間不留空行。 如需要，可直接列出所引用的頁碼。如你所引用的期刊文章出現(xiàn)在225到250頁，則可在Works Cited上這樣標(biāo)出頁碼：225-50。(2) 大小寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn)（Capitalization and Punctuation） 文章、書籍等的題名需要大寫，但其中的冠詞、短的介詞或者連詞不能大寫，除非這些詞位于標(biāo)題或者副標(biāo)題的開頭：Gone with the Wind, The Art of War, There Is Nothing Left to Lose 篇幅較長文獻(xiàn)（書、雜志）的題名要斜體或加下劃線；篇幅較短文獻(xiàn)（詩、文章）的題名則加雙引號(hào)。(3) 條目排序與姓名順序（Listing Author Names）引用文獻(xiàn)的條目按作者姓名（而整部經(jīng)過編輯的作品集，則按編者姓名）排列。作者姓名的排列順序?yàn)椋?Family Name+First Name+Middle Name。不要將作者頭銜（Dr., Sir, Saint, etc.）或?qū)W位(PhD, MA, DDS, etc.)與名字同時(shí)列出。如一本作者為John Bigbrain, PhD的書，在Works Cited 頁中應(yīng)為Bigbrain, John；但務(wù)必要給出如Jr. 或 II.這樣的后綴，如Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.的作品的引用格式應(yīng)為King, Martin Luther, Jr. 即后綴要放在first/middle name和逗號(hào)之后。(4) 書籍條目格式（Works Cited Page: Books）第一作者或單獨(dú)作者姓名的書寫方式為last name, first name。書籍引用的基本格式為：Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. (5) 單作者（Book with One Author）Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.(6) 多作者（Book with More Than One Author）當(dāng)作者為多位時(shí)，第一作者的姓名書寫順序?yàn)閘ast name, first name；其他作者姓名書寫順序?yàn)閒irst name, last name。Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn, 2000. 如作者多于三個(gè)，可只列出第一作者然后在其后附上et al.這一短語，或按作者在書籍題名頁上出現(xiàn)的順序依次列出全部的作者。Wysocki, Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Logan, UT: Utah State UP, 2004.或Wysocki, Anne Frances, Johndan Johnson-Eilola, Cynthia L. Selfe, and Geoffrey Sirc. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Logan, UT: Utah State UP, 2004. (7) 同作者多部著作（Two or More Books by the Same Author）當(dāng)引用同一作者的多部著作時(shí)，在首次列出作者姓名后，用三個(gè)連字符和一個(gè)英文句號(hào)來代替作者名。而書籍則按書名的字母順序排列。Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. New York: St. Martins, 1997.-. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1993.(8) 集團(tuán)作者（Book by a Corporate Author）集團(tuán)作者可以是委員會(huì)或未在書籍題名頁上單獨(dú)列出其成員的任何集團(tuán)：American Allergy Association. Allergies in Children. New York: Random, 1998. (9) 無作者（Book with No Author）當(dāng)作者不明時(shí)，按書名的字母順序來排列文獻(xiàn)引用頁中的作品。Encyclopedia of Indiana. New York: Somerset, 1993.如文內(nèi)引用的文獻(xiàn)作者不明，則用縮寫的文獻(xiàn)名來代替作者姓名項(xiàng)，并可酌情在文獻(xiàn)名加雙引號(hào)和下劃線（短文獻(xiàn)、雙引號(hào)；長文獻(xiàn)、斜體后下劃線）。例如：如對(duì)對(duì)上例中的文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行引用時(shí)，可做如下處理：(Encyclopedia 235).(10) 譯著（A Translated Book）格式與引用書籍格式相同，但要在翻譯者名字后標(biāo)注Trans.字樣。Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Vintage-Random House, 1988.(11) 編選著作（Anthology or Collection）按編者姓名排列，姓名后加一逗號(hào)和ed.；如編者為多位，將“ed.”改為“eds.”。Hill, Charles A. and Marguerite Helmers, eds. Defining Visual Rhetorics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.(12) 書的部分（A Part of a Book）書的部分包含選集中的一篇文章或一本書中的一章時(shí)，基本格式如下：Lastname, First name. Title of Essay. Title of Collection. Ed. Editors Name(s). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Pages. Harris, Muriel. Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers. A Tutors Guide: Helping Writers One to One. Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2000. 24-34. (13) 多卷著作（A Multivolume Work）如引用多卷本著作中的一卷時(shí)，應(yīng)在著作名后或其作者/編者名后標(biāo)注出其卷號(hào)。例：Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Trans. H. E. Butler. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.當(dāng)引用多卷本著作中的多卷時(shí)，應(yīng)標(biāo)注其總卷數(shù)。例：Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Trans. H. E. Butler. 4 vols. Cambridge: Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.文內(nèi)引用多卷本著作時(shí)，務(wù)必在引用信息中給出卷號(hào)，并在其后加一冒號(hào)，然后附上引文頁碼例：.as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1:14-17).(14) 序言或后記（An Introduction, a Preface, a Forward, or an Afterword）當(dāng)引用導(dǎo)語、序、前言或后記時(shí)，先給出作者姓名，然后給出所引部分題名，并注意不要在題名上進(jìn)行斜體或加下劃線及雙引號(hào)。例：Farrell, Thomas B. Introduction. Norms of Rhetorical Culture. By Farrell. New Haven: Yale UP, 1993. 1-13.如以上述部分（導(dǎo)語、序、前言或后記等）的作者與整部作品的作者不同，應(yīng)標(biāo)注為：“By 引用部分作者的全名”。Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose. By Kenneth Burke. 1935. 3rd ed. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. xiii-xliv.(15) 圣經(jīng) (The Bible)給出具體版本的名及編者，并附上出版信息。The New Jerusalem Bible. Susan Jones, gen. ed. New York: Doubleday, 1985.(16) 連續(xù)出版物條目格式（Works Cited: Periodicals）MLA格式對(duì)報(bào)紙、學(xué)術(shù)期刊等連續(xù)出版物的引用要求有所不同，具體參看以下各條。(17) 報(bào)紙雜志（An Article in a Newspaper or Magazine）基本格式：Author(s). Title of Article. Title of Periodical Day Month Year: pages.日期要按月日順序排列；月份要用三個(gè)字母的縮寫形式。如同一日期中有多個(gè)版本 （如報(bào)紙有早間版和晚間版），要在日期后標(biāo)注出版本。例：Poniewozik, James. TV Makes a Too-Close Call. Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-71.(18) 學(xué)術(shù)期刊（An Article in a Scholarly Journal）Author(s). Title of Article. Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): pages.作者. 文章名. “期刊名” 卷.期 (年份): 頁碼.Bagchi, Alaknanda. Conflicting Nationalisms: The voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis Bashai Tudu. Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 15.1 (1996): 41-50.如期刊在某卷中統(tǒng)一使用連續(xù)頁碼，則只需給出卷號(hào)和年份例：Modern Fiction Studies 40 (1998): 251-81.然而，如期刊的每期都從第一頁開始編排，則必須在卷號(hào)后標(biāo)注出期號(hào)例： Mosaic 19.3 (1986): 33-49.其他實(shí)例：Allen, Emily. Staging Identity: Frances Burneys Allegory of Genre. Eighteenth-Century Studies 31 (1998): 433-51.Duvall, John N. The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillos White Noise. Arizona Quarterly 50.3 (1994): 127-53.(19) 電子文獻(xiàn)條目格式（Works Cited: Electronic Sources）l 引用整個(gè)站點(diǎn)（An Entire Web Site）基本格式：Name of Site. Date of Posting/Revision. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sometimes found in copyright statements). Date you accessed the site .網(wǎng)站名. 粘貼/修改時(shí)間. 網(wǎng)站附屬機(jī)構(gòu)/組織（有時(shí)可以在版權(quán)聲明中找到）. 你的訪問的日期 .例：The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. 26 Aug. 2005. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. 23 April 2006 .網(wǎng)絡(luò)日志或博客的引用方式與網(wǎng)站同。單獨(dú)作者博客，應(yīng)給出作者名（底線可用其網(wǎng)名或化名）；多作者或匿名作者博客，應(yīng)按博客名來排列。例如：Design Observer. 25 Apr. 2006. 10 May 2006. .Ratliff, Clancy. CultureCat: Rhetoric and Feminism. 7 May 2006. 11 May 2006. .l 長URL地址的處理（Long URLs）有的網(wǎng)站的網(wǎng)址特別的長，使重新進(jìn)行一次鍵盤輸入也不大現(xiàn)實(shí)；有的則使用框架結(jié)構(gòu)，以使每頁的URL都保持相同。這種情況，可以提供一搜索頁面的URL或提供一URL相對(duì)簡單的鏈接頁面的路徑。路徑的引用格式為：路徑字樣后加一冒號(hào)，后再跟各鏈接名，各鏈接名用分號(hào)分開（即 “Path: link name; link name.”）。例如：如the A上的客戶隱私和安全信息的地址：而我們需將其簡化為：A. Privacy and Security. 22 May 2006 . Path: Help; Privacy & Security.l 引用單個(gè)網(wǎng)頁（A Page on a Web Site）對(duì)于網(wǎng)站上的單個(gè)頁面，如可能，應(yīng)列出作者或其化名，后附上上述的整個(gè)網(wǎng)站的信息。必須保證你所給出的URL直接指向你所引用的特定頁面或條目或以系列作品集的主頁。Caret. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 28 April 2006. 10 May 2006 .Stolley, Karl. MLA Formatting and Style Guide. The OWL at Purdue. 10 May 2006. Purdue University Writing Lab. 12 May 2006 .l 引用網(wǎng)絡(luò)雜志的文章（An Article in a Web Magazine）Author(s). Title of Article. Title of Online Publication. Date of Publication. Date of Access .作者. 文章名. 網(wǎng)絡(luò)雜志名. 發(fā)表日期. 訪問日期 .