長春自考培訓資料語音學復習資料.doc

語音學復習資料I.Multiplechoice:(c)1._isthescienceofspeechsounds.a.Phoneb.Phonemec.Phoneticsd.Phonology(b)2.Inproducingallvowelsthereisvibrationofthevocalcords,soallvowelsare_.a.voicelessb.Voicedc.frontd.long(c)3._consonantsoundsaremadewiththelipsclosed.a.Fricativeb.Lateralc.Bi-labiald.Dental(b)4.Theendingsin“games”shouldbepronounced_.a./s/b./z/c./iz/d./zi/(b)5.In_assimilationtheassimilatedsoundisinfluencedbytheprecedingsound.a.regressiveb.Progressivec.doubled.reciprocal(b)6._meanstheomissionofasoundorsounds,eitherwithinthebodyofawordoratajunctionofwords.a.Assimilationb.Elisionc.Linkingd.Liaison(c)7.The_ofasoundisthelengthoftimeduringwhichitisheldoncontinuouslyinagivenwordonphrase.a.voiceb.Spellingc.lengthd.form(a)8._isconcernedwiththestressingofindividualwordsoftwoormoresyllableswhentheyarepronouncedinisolation.a.Wordstressb.Sentencestressc.Intonationd.Tone(d)9.Arhythmunitisformedbyastressed_,togetherwithunstressedsyllableswhichmaycomebeforethestressandafterit.a.vowelb.consonantc.soundd.syllable(b)10.Thesegroupsofwordswhicharecloselyconnectedinmeaningandingrammararecalled_.a.sound-linkingb.sensegroupsc.pausingd.rhythm(d)11.Thestressedsyllableofthelastprominentwordisamarkerofthehighestimportance,anditiscalledthe_ofthetune.a.tailb.pre-headc.headd.nucleus(b)12.A_representsastressedsyllablepronouncedwithafallinpitchwithinthatsyllable.a.dashb.downwardcurvec.upwardcured.dot(a)13.Inun-emphaticEnglishspeechthe_stressedsyllableinasentenceisusuallypronouncedonthehighestpitch.a.firstb.Secondc.thirdd.fourth(b)14.The_toneexpress“certainty”or“completeness”.a.risingb.Fallingc.falling-risingd.rising-falling(c)15.Auxiliaryandmodalverbsarestressed_hemiddleb.attheendc.atthebeginningd.atanyposition(a)16._coversthearticulation,classificationandcombinationoftheEnglishspeechsounds.a.Phoneticsb.Phonologyc.Phoned.Phoneme(c)17.StandardEnglishisthesortofEnglishbasedonthe_dialect.a.NewYorkb.Cambridgec.Londond.Washington(d)18.Themodernphonetictranscriptionthatismostwidelyusednowisthe_.a.NarrowTranscriptionb.BroadTranscriptionc.Symbolsd.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(d)19./m/isanasalaccordingto_.a.thetensenessb.placeofarticulationc.workofthevocalcordsd.mannerofarticulation(b)20.Theendingedin“planned”ispronounced_.a./t/b./d/c./id/d./it/(a)21.Inproducing_theobstructionisformedintheglottis,betweenthetwovocalcords.a.glottalb.velarc.laterald.semi-vowel(b)22.Inproducing_theobstructionisformedbetweenthetipofthetongueandtheupperfrontteeth.a.labio-dentalb.dentalc.alveolard.velar(b)23.Theendingsin“games”shouldbepronounced_.a./s/b./z/c./iz/d./zi/(b)24.Theorgansofspeech,suchastheteethridge,thepalatearein_cavity.a.nasalb.mouthc.tongued.pharynx(a)25.Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thefirstmustbe_.a./s/b./p/c./b/d./w/(d)26._isconcernedwiththesoundsystemoflanguage,itstudiesthefunctioningofthespeechsounds.a.Phoneb.Phonemec.Phoneticsd.Phonology(c)27._soundsinEnglisharemadewiththesoftplatelowered.a.stopb.nasalc.velard.lateral(c)28._consonantsoundsaremadewiththelipsclosed.a.Fricativeb.Lateralc.Bi-labiald.Dental(d)29.Arhythmunitisformedbyastressed_,togetherwithunstressedsyllableswhichmaycomebeforethestressandafterit.a.vowelb.consonantc.soundd.syllable(b)30.Thesegroupsofwordswhicharecloselyconnectedinmeaningandingrammararecalled_.a.sound-linkingb.sensegroupsc.pausingd.rhythm(d)31.Thestressedsyllableofthelastprominentwordisamarkerofthehighestimportance,anditiscalledthe_ofthetune.a.tailb.pre-headc.head.nucleus(b)32.A_representsastressedsyllablepronouncedwithafallinpitchwithinthatsyllable.a.dashb.downwardcurvec.upwardcured.dot(a)33.Inun-emphaticEnglishspeechthe_stressedsyllableinasentenceisusuallypronouncedonthehighestpitch.a.firstb.Secondc.thirdd.fourth(b)34.The_toneexpress“certainty”or“completeness”.a.risingb.Fallingc.falling-risingd.rising-falling(c)35._isthescienceofspeechsounds.a.Phoneb.Phonemec.Phoneticsd.Phonology(a)36._coversthearticulation,classificationandcombinationoftheEnglishspeechsounds.a.Phoneticsb.Phonologyc.Phoned.Phoneme(c)37.StandardEnglishisthesortofEnglishbasedonthe_dialect.a.NewYorkb.Cambridgec.Londond.Washington(d)38.Themodernphonetictranscriptionthatismostwidelyusednowisthe_.a.NarrowTranscriptionb.BroadTranscriptionc.Symbolsd.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(d)39./m/isanasalaccordingto_.a.thetensenessb.placeofarticulationc.workofthevocalcordsd.mannerofarticulation(a)40.Theendingedin“helped”ispronounced_.a./t/b./d/c./id/d./it/(a)41.Inproducing_theobstructionisformedintheglottis,betweenthetwovocalcords.a.glottalb.velarc.laterald.semi-vowel(b)42.Inproducing_theobstructionisformedbetweenthetipofthetongueandtheupperfrontteeth.a.labio-dentalb.dentalc.alveolard.velar(c)43.Theendingsin“changes”shouldbepronounced_.a./s/b./z/c./iz/d./zi/(b)44.Theorgansofspeech,suchastheteethridge,thepalatearein_cavity.a.nasalb.mouthc.tongued.pharynx(a)45.Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thefirstmustbe_.a./s/b./p/c./b/d./w/(d)46._isconcernedwiththesoundsystemoflanguage,itstudiesthefunctioningofthespeechsounds.a.Phoneb.Phonemec.Phoneticsd.Phonology(c)47._soundsinEnglisharemadewiththesoftplatelowered.a.Stopb.nasalc.velard.lateral(c)48._consonantsoundsaremadewiththelipsclosed.a.Fricativeb.Lateralc.Bi-labiald.Dental(d)49.Arhythmunitisformedbyastressed_,togetherwithunstressedsyllableswhichmaycomebeforethestressandafterit.a.vowelb.Consonantc.soundd.syllable(b)50.Thesegroupsofwordswhicharecloselyconnectedinmeaningandingrammararecalled_.a.sound-linkingb.sensegroupsc.pausingd.rhythm(d)51.Thestressedsyllableofthelastprominentwordisamarkerofthehighestimportance,anditiscalledthe_ofthetune.a.tailb.pre-headc.headd.nucleus(a)52.A_representsastressedsyllablepronouncedwithafallinpitchwithinthatsyllable.a.dashb.downwardcurvec.upwardcured.dot(a)53.Inun-emphaticEnglishspeechthe_stressedsyllableinasentenceisusuallypronouncedonthehighestpitch.a.firstb.Secondc.thirdd.fourth(b)54.The_toneexpress“certainty”or“completeness”.a.risingb.Fallingc.falling-risingd.rising-falling(c)55._isthescienceofspeechsounds.a.Phoneb.Phonemec.Phoneticsd.Phonology(a)56._coversthearticulation,classificationandcombinationoftheEnglishspeechsounds.a.Phoneticsb.Phonologyc.Phoned.Phoneme(c)57.StandardEnglishisthesortofEnglishbasedonthe_dialect.a.NewYorkb.Cambridgec.Londond.Washington(d)58.Themodernphonetictranscriptionthatismostwidelyusednowisthe_.a.NarrowTranscriptionb.BroadTranscriptionc.Symbolsd.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(d)59./m/isanasalaccordingto_.a.thetensenessb.placeofarticulationc.workofthevocalcordsd.mannerofarticulation(c)60.Theendingedin“protected”ispronounced_.a./t/b./d/c./id/d./it/II.Choosethesuitableanswers:1.Alanguageconsistsoftheimportantelements,namely()()()()().a.speechsoundsb.vocabularyc.grammard.Signse.symbols2.InEnglishpronunciationthevocalcordsaredrawnneartogetherandvibratewhenwepronounce()()()()().a.vowelsb.voicelessconsonantsc.voicedconsonantsd.thelarynxe.thetipofthetongue3.Accordingtothemannerofarticulationofconsonantwemaydistinguish()()()()().a.plosivesb.fricativesc.affricatesd.nasalse.semi-vowels4.InEnglishaweakformofawordisgenerallydistinguishedfromastrongformby()()()()().a.thedifferenceinvowelsoundsb.Theabsenceofasoundc.Thedifferenceinthelengthofavoweld.Theabbreviatedformofaworde.Thewordaccent5.InEnglishintonationthenucleushasdifferenttones.Themostimportanttonesare()()()()().a.thefallingtoneb.therisingtonec.thefallingrisingtoned.therisingfallingtonee.therising-falling-risingtone6.Asameansofcommunicationbywordofmouth,languageisused()()()()().a.inoralspeechb.inwrittenlanguagec.inlisteningd.inreadingaloude.inbodylanguage7.Thevoicelessconsonantsareusually()()()()().a.aspiratedb.strongc.longd.Deepe.descriptive8.TheEnglishpurevowels(monophthongs)areclassifiedaccordingtheprinciplesof()()()()().a.theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongueb.thepartofthetongueraisedc.thelengthofthevoweld.theposition(orshape)ofthelipse.thedegreeoftenseness9.InEnglishpronunciationelisionisdividedinto()()()()().a.historicalelisionb.contextualelisionc.linearelisiond.microelisione.macroelision10.MaintonepatternsofAmericanspeechare()()()()().a.thefallingtoneb.halffallingtonec.therisingtoned.thefalling-risingtonee.therisingfallingtone11.Inordertostudyspeechsounds,itisnecessarytoknowandlearntheorgansofspeechandtheirfunctions,as()()()()().a.theteethb.thelipsc.thetongued.themouthcavityandthenasalcavitye.thevision12.Accordingtotheplaceofarticulationofconsonantwemaydistinguish()()()()().a.bi-labialb.labio-dentalc.dentald.alveolare.palatal13.TheEnglishpurevowels(monophthongs)areclassifiedaccordingtheprinciplesof()()()()().a.theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongueb.thepartofthetongueraisedc.thelengthofthevoweld.theposition(orshape)ofthelipse.thedegreeoftenseness14.Thealternationofstressedandunstressedsyllablesresultsintheinfluenceofrhythmupon()()()()().a.wordstressb.sentencestressc.keywordsd.rhythmicgroupe.thetempoofspeech15.Inthecaseofthesoundf,occurinitiallyin“feel”,thefollowinganswerswouldbegiven:()()()()().a.voicelessb.labio-dentalc.fricatived.Aspiratede.strongandlong答案1.(1)(2)(3)()()2.(1)(3)()()()3.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)4.(1)(2)(3)()()5.(1)(2)(3)()()6.(1)(4)()()()7.(1)(2)(3)()()8.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)9.(1)(2)()()()10.(1)(2)(3)(4)()11.(1)(2)(3)(4)()12.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)13.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)14.(1)(2)()()()15.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)III.Explainthefollowingterms:1.Assimilation2.Rhythm3.IPA4.Wordstress5.Head6.Liaison7.IncompletePlosion8.Sentencestress9.Tail10.Elision11.Intonation12.Pre-head答案1.Inconnectedspeech,sounds,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfromboththeoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledassimilation.2.RhythminEnglishspeechisbasedonstress.Arhythmunitisformedbyastressedsyllable,togetherwithunstressedsyllableswhichmaycomebeforethestressandafterit.3.ThemodernphonetictranscriptionthatismostwidelyusednowistheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet.Thecharacteristicofthistranscriptionisthateachsymbolmustalwaysrepresentonesoundandneveranyother,andonesoundmustberepresentedbyonlyonesymbol.4Wordstressisconcernedwiththestressingofindividualwordsoftwoormoresyllableswhentheyarepronouncedinisolation.5.Theheadbeginswiththestressedsyllableofthefirstprominentword(beforethenucleus)andendswiththesyllableimmediatelyprecedingthenucleus.6.IfwewanttospeakEnglishfluently,wemusttrytoavoidpronouncingeachwordasifitwereisolated.Wemusttrytolinkwordstogethersmoothlyandnaturally.7.Whenaplosiveconsonantisimmediatelyfollowedbyanotherplosive,onlythesecondplosiveisfullyexploded,buttheclosureisheldfordoubletheusualtime.8.Somewordslosetheirstresses,especiallywhenwetalkquickly,otherwordskeeptheirstressesandthesestressedsyllablesformwhatiscalledsentence-stress9.Allsyllablesfollowingthenucleusarecalledthetail.10.Elisionmeanstheomissionofasoundorsounds,eitherwithinthebodyofawordoratajunctionofwords.Therearehistoricalelisionandcontextualelision.11.Byintonationwemeantheriseandfallofthepitch-changeofthevoicewhichtakeplaceonthenucleus.12.Thepre-headconsistsofanysyllablesbeforethestressedsyllableofthefirstprominentword.IV.Answerthefollowingquestions:1.Whatislateralplosion?Whenaplosiveconsonantisimmediatelyfollowedbythelaterallasinmetal,youmustnotallowthetipofthetonguetoleavetheteethridge,butwhenlismade,thesidesofthetonguemoveawayfromthesidesofthepalatesothattheairpassesroundthesidesofthetongue.Thisisknownasthelateralplosion.2.Howdoyouunderstandthefalling-risingtone?Thefallandrisemaybeconfinedwithinonesyllable,afallfromratherhightolowandthenarisetoaboutthemidpitch.Ifthereisanunstressedsyllablefollowingthenuclearsyllable,thefalloccursonthenuclearsyllableandtheriseonthetail；iftherearetwoormorethantwounstressedsyllables,followingthenuclearsyllable,thefallstilloccursonthenuclearsyllableandtheunstressedonesrisegraduallytoaboutthemidpitch.Thefalling-risingtonecombinesthefallingtonesmeaningof“assertion”,“certainty”withtherisingtonesmeaningof“incompleteness”.Attheendofasentence,itoftenconveysafeelingofreservation.3.WhatisSecondRise?Whenwereadalongsentencewithmanystresses,wefindituncomfortabletokeepourvoicedescendingthroughout.Togetoverthisdifficultyitisnaturaltoraiseourvoicealittleataproperstressedsyllableandletthedescentstartfromanewhightone.Thisalsohelpsproduceamorelivelyimpressioneventhoughthesentenceisnotlong,assyllablesthusraisedinpitcharegivenrathermoreimportance.Thesecondriseinasentenceisshownbythesigh()infrontofthesyllabletobelifted.4.Howtoreadtheconsonantclusterswell?Twothingsmustberememberedwhenyoureadconsonantclusters:(1)Dontinsertanyvowelsoundbetweentheconsonants.(2)Thefirstconsonantmustbesaidverygentlyandquickly,andthesecondoneisveryoftenformedwhilethefirstoneisbeingpronounce