自考英語二復(fù)習(xí)資料最新2011.doc.doc

cgcgcghvghvghvvhvhnvhgvghvhgvhgvhjvjjhjvhjvh 第一章重點(diǎn)單詞擴(kuò)充講解： 1. organizational: a 組織上的 由此我們可以聯(lián)想到： organize: v 組織； organization: n 組織； organizer: n 組織者 請(qǐng)看下列習(xí)題，選擇該組詞里恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空： 1). Last week, our school _ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the highest _ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade _. 4). He is the _ of the speech contest. Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目標(biāo)； a 客觀的，反義詞 subjective: 主觀的 3. predict: v 預(yù)言、預(yù)示 ； 由此我們可以聯(lián)想到： prediction: n 預(yù)言； predictable: a 可預(yù)測(cè)的； predictor: n 預(yù)言家 4. simplify: v 簡(jiǎn)化 由此我們可以聯(lián)想到： simple: a 簡(jiǎn)單的； simply: ad 簡(jiǎn)單地，僅僅地； simplification: n 簡(jiǎn)化； simplified: a 被簡(jiǎn)化的。 Exercises for the above words: 1). The machine is _ in operation but complex in structure. 2). Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while _ edition is quite easy. 3). There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _ a question of procedure. 4). The _ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answers: simple； simplified； simply； simplification 5. tendency: n 趨勢(shì)、傾向； tend : v 傾向于， tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old people tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 經(jīng)理的、經(jīng)營(yíng)上的； 由此我們可以聯(lián)想到： manage: v 管理、經(jīng)營(yíng)； management: n； manager: n 經(jīng)營(yíng)者，管理者； manageable: a 可管理的、可經(jīng)營(yíng)的。 7. argue: v 爭(zhēng)辯、爭(zhēng)論，常用固定搭配： argu with sb about/over sth 由于某事而同某人爭(zhēng)論； argue sb into doing sth 說服某人做 某事； argue sb out of doing sth 說服某人不要做某事。 e.g. 1. The young couple always argue with each other over their child s education. 2. I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey. 8. define: v 給下定義； definition: n 定義 9. profitability: n 賺錢， 獲利 由此我們可以聯(lián)想到： profit: n 利潤(rùn)； profitable: a 有利可圖的 , 有好處的； profitless: a 沒有利潤(rùn)的。 1). He has made a _ from running a small restaurant. 2). The deal was _ to all of us. 3). They valued _ differently, which led to disagreement as to the correctness of decision. Answer: profit, profitable； profitability. 10. correctness: n 正確性； 字根： correct: a 正確的； v 糾正， correction: n 糾正； incorrect: a 不正確的。 11. unintended: a 非計(jì)劃中的， 由此我們可以聯(lián)想到： intend: v 打算，計(jì)劃； intention: n ； intended: a 計(jì)劃中的 課文難句講解、分析 1. A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.(p1) 譯：決策就是從幾種可以選擇的做法中作出選擇。 分析：該句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 made from among alternative courses of action that are available是過去分詞短語做定語修飾 a choice； 其中 that are available 是定語從句修飾 courses of action. 像這樣一環(huán)修飾一環(huán)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)在英文中很普遍，因此為了看懂句子大家必須學(xué)會(huì)分析。這是整個(gè)英語學(xué)習(xí)過 程中很重要的能力！ 2. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. (p1) 譯：做出決策的原因是因?yàn)榇嬖趩栴}，目標(biāo)或 目的有錯(cuò)誤，或者有某種東西防礙著它們的實(shí)現(xiàn)。 分析：該句又是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 That 引導(dǎo)三個(gè)并列的表語從句， a problem exists， goals or objectives are wrong； something is standing in the way of accomplishing them。 短語： make a decision:做出決策； stand in the way: 阻擋、防礙 3. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. (p2) 譯：通常管理者必須對(duì)未來的情況做出最佳預(yù)測(cè)，從而使偶然性盡可能少地發(fā)生，但因?yàn)椴淮_定性總是存在，所以決策常伴隨著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 分析：前半句是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)。 what the future will be 是 at 的賓語； as little as possible 做leave 的賓語； since 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句， 相當(dāng)于 because. 4. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. (p3) 譯：如果沒有選擇，就不會(huì)有決策。 分析：這是一句很簡(jiǎn)單的條件狀語從句，但它有一個(gè)很重要的考點(diǎn)： to be made。這是動(dòng)詞不定式做定語修飾 decision，有將來意味。比 如： The last question to be discussed today is how to divide the work among ourselves. 5. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. (p3) 譯：對(duì)于管理者而言，每次決策都受到政策、程序、法律以及慣例等因素制約。 分析：這句話的考點(diǎn)是 based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like。同樣是過去分詞短語做定語修飾 constraints。其中詞組： base on 以 為基礎(chǔ)。 如： The film is based on s short story by Jack London. 6. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. (p4) 譯：但是這種簡(jiǎn)化的傾向使得他們看不到其他可供選擇的方法。 分析：該句主語 the tendency to simplify，謂語 blinds； them 是賓語。 to simplify 是定語，修飾 the tendency； to other alternatives 是賓補(bǔ)。其中短語： blind sb to sth:使看不見； we shouldn t let our prejudices blind us to the facts. 7. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. (p6 line 4-6) 譯：因?yàn)閭€(gè)人（和組織）關(guān)于如何達(dá)到目的常有不同的觀點(diǎn)，哪種是最優(yōu)的選擇可能要看是誰做出決策。 分析：這是一個(gè)由 because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句。其中 how to attain the goals 做介詞 about的賓語， who makes the decision 做介詞 on 的 賓語。 8. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. (p7 line 2-4) 譯：其中有一些目標(biāo)比其它的更重要，但其順序和重要程度因人和不同的部門而異。 分析：請(qǐng)注意比較級(jí) more important than，詞組： vary from person to person 譯成中文：因人而異，可以推出：因季節(jié)而異 vary from season to season. 9. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on. (p7 line 5-7) 譯：當(dāng)面對(duì)同一件日常事情時(shí)，銷售經(jīng)理傾向于看銷售問題，而生產(chǎn)經(jīng)理則會(huì)看生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的問題，等等。 分析：前半部分為常考內(nèi)容，它是 when + 過去分詞短語，構(gòu)成時(shí)間狀 語部分。其中詞組： be presented with = be faced with 當(dāng)面對(duì) When faced with difficulties, we should be brave. 10. People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. (p9) 譯：人們經(jīng)常假設(shè)一項(xiàng)決策是孤立的現(xiàn)象。 分析：句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單：主謂賓（從句）。其中 assume: = imagine； isolated: adj 孤立的。 phenomenon: n 現(xiàn)象；復(fù)數(shù)變化較特殊： phenomena|重點(diǎn)單詞、詞組詳講 1. interview: n/v 采訪、面試； interviewer: n 采訪者； interviewee: n 被采訪者 e.g. 1. Whos the most famous person youve ever interviewed on TV? 2. In a TV interview last night, she denied she had any intention of resigning. 2. criticism: n 批評(píng)，評(píng)論； criticize: v 批評(píng)； critical: a 批評(píng)的、挑剔的、關(guān)鍵的； critic: n 評(píng)論家 , 請(qǐng)?zhí)钐羁础?1 He is a literary _. 2 We are at a _time in our history. 3 He cant take _. 4 The boy was _ by his father for being late for school. Answers: critic, critical, criticism, criticized 3. indifference: n 冷漠、漠不關(guān)心； indifferent: a 冷漠的，反義詞： enthusiastic: 熱情的 cf: different: a 不同的，名詞： difference； 反義詞： same. 4. inefficiency: n 無效，由此聯(lián)想得到： efficient: a 高效率的； efficiency: n inefficient: a 低效率的 5. conservative: a 保守的、保存的； conserve: v 保存； conservation: n 6. apply to sb for sth: 向某人申請(qǐng)某物 e.g. The student applied to the embassy for a visa. 7. take the trouble to do sth: 不辭勞苦、費(fèi)力地做某事 e.g. If you took the trouble to listen to what I was saying, youd know what I was talking about. 8. put oneself in somebodys place: 設(shè)身處地 If you put yourself in your mothers place, you will understand why she is so worried about you. 9. in hand: 手頭上有，進(jìn)行中 Ive got enough money in hand to buy a new car. 10. turn down: 調(diào)小，降低，拒絕 Turn down the TV, for the baby is sleeping. He turned down the job because the pay isnt good enough. 課文難句分析 1. The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far. （ p2） 譯：這里的關(guān)鍵詞是準(zhǔn)備和自信，它們將使你 前程遠(yuǎn)大。 分析： which will carry you far 非限定性定語從句，修飾 preparation and confidence。另外請(qǐng)注意： key 關(guān)鍵的； preparation 是 prepare 的名詞； confidence: n 信心。 Confident: a 有信心的； self-confidence: 自信心。 2. Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the origination you hope to work for. (p4) 譯：了解你所申請(qǐng)的工作和你希望為之工作的組織。 分析： you are applying for 定語，修飾 the job； you hope to work for 定語修飾 the origination。詞組： apply to sb for sth 向某人 申請(qǐng)什么。 3. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job. (p6) 譯：它表明你對(duì)雇主和你的工作 的態(tài)度冷漠，不感興趣。 分析： it 主語； shows 謂語； an unattractive indifference 賓語； to your employer and to your job 間接賓語。 Show sth to sb=show sb sth.另外，請(qǐng)注意： indifference: 冷漠，漠視。 4. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job. (p7) 分析： who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job 全部都是定語，修飾 somebody。注意介詞 with 表示帶有。； have interest in sth 對(duì)有興趣。 5. Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for. (p8) 譯：你找到的任何有關(guān)未來雇主的信息在面試中都能為你所用，以表示你費(fèi)了心思去掌握一些關(guān)于你希望為其工作的人的事實(shí)。 分析：從這個(gè)句子的長(zhǎng)度大家也能看出這是一個(gè)復(fù)雜句。主體結(jié)構(gòu)為： anything can be used to your advantage. that you find out about the prospective employer 是定語從句； during the interview 狀語； to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for 是目的狀語； who you hope to work for 是另外一個(gè)定語從句修飾 the people. 詞組： to your advantage: 對(duì)你有利； work for sb 為某人工作。 6. Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite. (p10) 譯：面試中如果你想確切地知道某些話的含義，不要害怕請(qǐng)對(duì)方解釋清楚，但一定要有禮貌。 分析：基本句型： not be afraid to do sth； 不 要害怕去做某事； ask for clarification 要求澄清； that has been said during the interview 定語，修飾 something； what was implied 賓語； do be polite: 其中 do 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，如：do be careful! I do love you! He does lie to us! 7. Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication. (p16) 譯： 拿著邀請(qǐng)你面試的通知書，以防萬一交談出現(xiàn)困難時(shí)顯示。 分析：這是一個(gè)祈使句。 Have 動(dòng)詞，拿著； the letter 賓語； inviting you for an interview現(xiàn)在分詞做定語； ready to show 狀語； in case there is any difficulty in communication 條件狀語從句；詞組： there is some difficulty in sth/doing sth 在方面有困難。如 ： We have some difficulty speaking English fluently. 8. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. (p20) 譯：由五個(gè)人構(gòu)成的專門小組幾乎不可能輪流與你握手。 分析：這句話的重點(diǎn)在于 that a panel of five ants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn 是一個(gè)同位 語從句，是對(duì) little likelihood 的解釋。其中： likelihood: n 可能性，相當(dāng)于 possibility； go through經(jīng)歷； in turn:輪流。 9. Would you mind rephrasing the question, please? (p23) 譯：您介意換個(gè)說法來問這 個(gè)問題嗎？ 分析：考點(diǎn) mind doing sth. 如： Would you mind turning down the TV? 語法：介紹 as 的相關(guān)用法 as 是一個(gè)乍一看簡(jiǎn)單，但實(shí)際在英語中用法很復(fù)雜的小詞。從詞類上講，可以用作介詞、副詞、連詞以及關(guān)系代詞；從語法功能角度來看 ，可以構(gòu)成介詞賓語，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，時(shí)間狀語從句，方式狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，比較狀語從句和定語從句。此外 as 還出現(xiàn)在很多固 定搭配中，如： as if, as though, as long as, as to, as for, so as to, etc. 請(qǐng)看下列例句 ,并請(qǐng)分析出 as 的具體用法。 1. I work as an English teacher in a middle school. 2. Run as fast as you can. 3. Young as he is, he knows more than I. 4. Just as I was leaving, the telephone rang. 5. Please do as I have told you. 6. As I am the oldest child in my family, I must take care of the other children. 7. Such people as you have described are rare now 第二章 Learn new words and phrases 1. astronomer: n 天文學(xué)家； astronomy: n 天文學(xué) 2.explode: v 爆炸 ,由此聯(lián)想： explosive: a 爆炸性的 /n 炸藥 ； explosion: n 爆炸 1). When the bomb_, many people were seriously wounded. 2). The unexpected _ frightened the little girl. 3). It might be possible to convert _ energy into heat. Answers: exploded, explosion, explosive 3. density: n 密度；聯(lián)想產(chǎn)生： dense: a 密度大的，反義詞： sparse； densely: ad 高密度地； densely-populated 人口稠密的； sparsely-populated 人口稀疏的 1). The _ fog kept the travelers from finding the correct direction. 2). The business area of the city is _ populated. 3). This liquid has a much greater _ than water. Answers: dense, densely, density 4. shrink: v 收縮、退縮、縮水 1). As a result of careless washing, the jacket has shrunk to a childs size. 2).The girl shrinks at the sight of blood. 5. measurement: n 衡量、測(cè)量； 由此聯(lián)想： measure: n 措施 /v 衡量、測(cè)量； measurable: a 可衡量的，可測(cè)量的 1). We must take _ to protect our environment. 2). We have come within _ distance of success. 3). Clocks give us a _ of time. 4). There the rainfall is _ not in inches but in feet. Answers: measures, measurable, measurement, measured 6.implication: n 含義、暗示； imply: v 暗示 7. basis: n 基礎(chǔ)、根據(jù)， 由此可以聯(lián)想得到： base: n 底部； v 以為底，為根據(jù)； basic: a 基礎(chǔ)的，根本的； basically: ad 根本上來說 , 1). If you want to improve your English, you must have a solid _. 2). The furniture of out dorm is really _: two beds, two chairs and tables. 3). The charges are false for they are not _ on proven facts. 4). Since no better plan can be worked out, we have to adopt the _ workable one. Answers: basis, basic, based, basically 8. observatory: n 天文臺(tái)；由此可以聯(lián)想得到： observe: v 觀察； observation: n 觀察； observer: n 觀察家 9. convincing: a 有說服力的，使人信服的； convince: v 使人信服； convinced: a 感到有說服力的，常見搭配： convince sb of sth； convince sb that 1). He gave us a convincing speech. 2). He convinced me f his sincerity. 10. operate: v 運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、操作、動(dòng)手術(shù)； operation : n 手術(shù)，操作； operator: 操作者 11. research into 對(duì)進(jìn)行研究 She is researching into possible cures for AIDS. 12. swallow up: 吞沒、耗盡 Many small businesses have been swallowed up by large companies. 13. apply to sb/sth：適用于某人 /某事，請(qǐng)對(duì)比： apply to sb for sth 向某人申請(qǐng)某事； apply A to B 將 A 應(yīng)用于 B 1). You should apply what you have learned to your work. 2). I applied to him for a new job. 3). The study method doesnt apply to everyone Analyze the important sentences among the text 1. Well, its difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.(p1) 譯：哦，這個(gè)問題很難回答，因?yàn)槲覀兺ǔＳ脕砻枋鲆环N科學(xué)現(xiàn)象的現(xiàn)有術(shù)語在這里不夠用。 句子分析： it 是形式主語， to answer this question 是句子主語； since 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon 是定語從句，修飾 terms； inadequate: 不充分的，不合格的。 2. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space not a thing into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape-not even light. (p1) 譯：天文學(xué)家和科學(xué)家認(rèn)為黑洞是一個(gè)空間區(qū)域，而不是一個(gè)物體，物質(zhì)會(huì)掉進(jìn)黑洞而沒有物體可以從中逃脫出來，即使是光也不行。 句子分析： into which 和 from which 引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)定語從句，介詞： into 和 fall 搭配； from 和escape 搭配。這種介詞 +which 的定語從句的形式 請(qǐng)多注意。 3. The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. (p2) 譯：（關(guān)于黑洞形成的）理論就是一些星球的密度增長(zhǎng)到某個(gè)特定的點(diǎn)就會(huì)爆炸。 句子分析：這是一個(gè)主系表結(jié)構(gòu)句。 that 用來引導(dǎo)表語從句，不可省略。其中又包含一個(gè) when 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。 to a particular point 是達(dá)到某一個(gè)特定的點(diǎn)的含義。 4. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. (p2) 譯：但如果星球很大（比我們的太陽還要大得多），其收縮過程可能很劇烈，以致于產(chǎn)生了黑洞。 句子分析：這是一個(gè) if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句， so that 表示如此以致，是結(jié)果狀語從句。 如： Im so tired that I can even sleep on my way home. 5. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the fo