外文翻譯--輪轂式電動(dòng)汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)

附 錄 A 外文翻譯 英文資料翻譯 原文 Wheel type electric cars driving system 1. Development situation and overview Wheel type electric car is a kind of driving type electric cars, there are two basic forms, namely direct driving type electric wheels and belt wheel edges reducer electric wheels. It will be installed on the wheel hub of motor is omitted, traditional clutch, the transmission, the main reducer and differential unit etc, simplifies configuration and improve the transmission efficiency, and to realize the electric control technology through the electronic differential control wheels. Electric wheel will become the future development direction of electric cars. The electric car wheel type of the study in Japan. Japans keio university of electric car research group has developed five different forms of vehicles. In 1991, with Tokyo electric power company jointly developed by IZA electric car seat, Cd - battery power method, with four rated power for 6.8 kW, 25kW reached the peak power of the rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor driving wheel speed can reach the highest, 176km/h. In 1996, the Japanese national institute of environmental groups jointly developed electric wheel drive system of rear wheel drive electric cars, the ECO electric wheel drive system chooses permanent brushless dc motor, power rating for 6.8 kW, for 20kW peak power, and planetary gear reducer, the electric wheels adopt mechanical braking and motor is a combination of regenerative braking. In 2001, the group launched by using lithium battery for power supply, eight high power ac synchronous motor driving wheel independent KAZ electric car. The installation of the eight wheels, and greatly increased the power, thereby the highest speed 311 km/h. The electric system KAZ used in high speed, high performance of motor rotor inside, the peak power can reach 55 kW, improve the ability of the limit speed KAZ cars, make its 0 100km/h acceleration time reach 8s. In order to make the motor output speed with the actual requirements, wheel rotation KAZ electric system matching planet gear. Using KAZ front disc brake drum brake using, rear. In 2003, Toyota motor company launched in Tokyo motor show the fuel cell concept car is also used to end an argument - N electric wheel drive technology. General motors corp. In 2001, the new trial wire four wheel drive car fuel cell concept also USES electric wheel drive Autonomy, electric wheel drive system of flexible control and arrangement, the better able to realize control technology. Domestic electric wheel drive mode study also made some progress. Tongji university chunhui series of fuel cell vehicles using the concept of four brushless dc motor driving wheel independent electric wheels module. Byd in 2004 Beijing auto ET concept car also adopted new drive electric car: four wheel drive motor independent pattern edge. Chinese academy of sciences, Beijing three-ring general electric company developed electric car brushless dc motor with wheels, say again electric wheels. A single wheel electric power, voltage 7.5 kW, double rear 264 V direct drive. The Chinese institute of four wheel corporation 724 electric automobile, motor performance index for the power rating: 3 kW, rated speed 3000r/min, rated voltage is 110 V. 2. Structure analysis Wheel electric drive system have direct driving type electric wheels and belt wheel edges reducer electric wheels are two basic forms. It depends on the rotor speed is using high-speed rotor motor or within. Direct drive a car with the rotor motor, electric wheels and a complete parts assembly wheel, electronic differential mode, motor, decorate in the wheels within wheels drive vehicle driven directly. Its main advantage is the motor, small volume, light quality and low cost, high transmission efficiency, compact structure, vehicle structure layout and design, also facilitate the retrofit design. This electric wheel directly in the installation of the wheel rim driving wheel rotation. But when the electric car in large torque, need is installed in the direct drive motor must type electric wheels can provide large in low torque. In order to make the car can have good performance, motor must also has a wide range of torque and speed adjustment. The work of the impact and vibration and the wheel rims wheels, request must be strong and reliable supporting, at the same time, because of the spring load, to ensure the quality of the comfort of vehicle suspension systems, elastic elements and damping element optimization design, motor output torque and power is limited, the system of wheel size high cost. Belt wheel gear wheel drive electric power while using high-speed rotor motor system in modern high-performance electric cars, suitable for the operation. It KuangYongChe originated from the traditional electric wheels, belongs to the slowdown driven type, the electric motor speed wheels allow in operation, usually the highest speed motor design in 4000-20000 r/min, its purpose is to obtain higher than the power, and the other performance of motor without special requirement, and can be used in ordinary speed motor rotor. In motor and reducer institution arrangement between the wheels, deceleration and increase torque of electric cars, thus ensuring the role in the speed to make enough big torque. Motor output shaft through institutions and wheel drive shaft, motor bearing not connected directly under the load and the road wheels, improve the working conditions of the bearings, Adopts fixed planetary gear reducer, ratio of the system with large range of speed and torque, give full play to the characteristics of the motor speed, eliminate the motor torque and power under the influence. Size wheel In the design of main consideration should be given to the solution of gear noise and lubrication problem, work of motor and internal system structure design requirements. Figure 1 for wheel edges deceleration ware electric wheels. 3. Wheel type electric car key technology (1)The wheel motor and its control technology Currently used electric wheels of the rotor motor speed and high-speed rotor motor are within the radial magnetic flux permanent magnet motor wheel. Within the high-speed rotor motor structure and the traditional permanent magnet synchronous motor or brushless dc motor are basically the same. The highest speed motor coil and mainly by friction loss and variable factors such as organization ability. As the rotor wheeled permanent magnet motor electric car driven directly by the actuator, motor NdPeB installation of the surface of the rotor surface-mounted stator slots structure more rare. The wheel diameter had substructure of constraint conditions make the armature diameter increase and improve the motor ability, At the same time, had made motor cooling conditions worsen substructuring for long time, overload ability have certain effect. Adopt stator slots structure, few &reduce volume, simplified structure, to generate electricity needed to improve the indexes of harmonic. Magnetic rotor position sensor adopts magnetic resistance type, and motor multipole rotating transformer ontology integration installation, compact structure. Motor driven by axial Angle transform technique, use axis rotation Angle transform chip will output signal is transformed into digital signals, for the current instruction position of each phase of the synthesis of circuit current instruction, With the current negative feedback signal current instruction by current regulator (CR), control type inverter power circuit, SPWM drive motor running. Wheel type electric vehicle generally has two or four wheel edges of multiple motor, implement coordinated control. The key to achieve technology is the drive motor operating control, including the vehicle steering stability control, differential control system dynamic performance optimization and control, etc. In the stab ility control, traction control system for the main research direction, the comprehensive energy strategy in battery technology progress, not enough before are equally important. In order to research on vehicles, electric cars and the optimization design of effective mathematical model and the rapid and effective system operation control algorithm is also world research hotspot. (2) Energy and energy management system Battery electric vehicle is the source, is also restricted the development of key factors of electric cars. Electric car battery is the main performance indexes than energy, energy density, power, circle life and cost, etc. To make electric cars and fuel automobile competition, the key to develop high energy, power and long-life efficient battery. So far, the electric car battery after three generations of development, has achieved breakthrough progress. The first generation is lead-acid batteries, mainly is the valve-control lead-acid battery (VRLA), due to its high price lower than energy, and discharge, high magnification is currently only high-volume production electric car batteries. Second generation is mainly alkaline battery, have Ni - Cd, Ni fd-mh, making - S, Li ion - and Zn/Air etc. Various battery, the ratio of energy and power than lead-acid battery is high, can greatly improve the performance of the electric vehicle dynamic range and lead-acid batteries, but the price is high. Article 3 the batteries in fuel cells. Fuel cells directly will fuel energy into electricity, high efficiency, energy transformation of energy and power than than all high, and can control the reaction process, energy conversion process can be continuous, is the ideal car batteries, but is still in the development stage, and some key technology is still a breakthrough. Because the electric vehicle Co., LTD, its energy vehicle driving car fuel mileage far less than the level of energy management system, the purpose is to maximize the use of the vehicle, increase energy limited trip mileage. Intelligent energy management systems acquisition from each subsystem, the sensor information input these sensors and temperature sensor, including car when the source current and voltage recharge sensor, motor current and voltage sensor, speed and acceleration sensor and the outside environment and climate, sensors, etc. Energy management system can realize the following basic functions: the energy distribution system, The prediction of the surplus energy and continue to trip mileage, Provide the best driving mode, When the regenerative braking rationally adjust the renewable energy, Automatic temperature control and adjustment. Intelligent management system as the brain, electric car, with great flexibility and adaptability. 4. Conclusion The paper introduces development status of electric vehicle wheel type and structure characteristics, illustrates the steering wheel motor-driven car control model and key technologies. Compared with the traditional electric cars and electric car wheel type of vehicle structure, transmission efficiency and dynamic performance, range, etc are very obvious advantages, is the future development direction of electric cars. At present, low quality of high power, wheel motor research is still hot. At the same time, the power steering wheel, driving, braking torque and speed of motor control is the key and difficult point for future research. 輪轂式電動(dòng)汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng) 1、發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 輪轂式電動(dòng)汽車是一種新興的驅(qū)動(dòng)式電動(dòng)汽車，有兩種基本形式，即直接驅(qū)動(dòng)式電動(dòng)輪和帶輪邊減速器電動(dòng)輪。它直接將電機(jī)安裝在車輪輪轂中，省略了傳統(tǒng)的離合器、變速器、主減速器及差速器等部件，簡(jiǎn)化了整車結(jié)構(gòu)，提高了傳動(dòng)效率，并且能通過控制技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)電動(dòng)輪的電子差速控制。電 動(dòng)輪將成為未來(lái)電動(dòng)汽車的發(fā)展方向。 目前國(guó)際上對(duì)輪轂式電動(dòng)汽車的研究主要以日本為主。日本慶應(yīng)義塾大學(xué)的電動(dòng)汽車研究小組已試制了 5 種不同形式的樣車。其中， 1991 年與東京電力公司共同開發(fā)的 4座電動(dòng)汽車 IZA，采用 Ni-Cd電池為動(dòng)力源，以 4個(gè)額定功率為 6.8kW、峰值功率達(dá)到 25kW的外轉(zhuǎn)子式永磁同步輪轂電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)，最高速度可達(dá) 176km/h。 1996年，該小組聯(lián)合日本國(guó)家環(huán)境研究所研制了電動(dòng)輪驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)電動(dòng)汽車 ECO，該車的電動(dòng)輪驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)選用永磁直流無(wú)刷電動(dòng)機(jī)，額定功率為 6.8kW，峰值功率為 20kW，并配以行星齒輪減速機(jī)，該電動(dòng)輪采用機(jī)械制動(dòng)與電機(jī)再生制動(dòng)相結(jié)合的方式。 2001 年，該小組又推出了以鋰電池為動(dòng)力源，采用 8 個(gè)大功率交流同步輪轂電機(jī)獨(dú)立驅(qū)動(dòng)的電動(dòng)轎車 KAZ。該車安裝了 8 個(gè)車輪，大大增加了該車的動(dòng)力，從而使該車的最高速度達(dá)到 311 km/h。KAZ的電動(dòng)輪系統(tǒng)中采用高轉(zhuǎn)速、高性能內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子型電動(dòng)機(jī)，其峰值功率可達(dá) 55 kW，提高了 KAZ轎車的極限加速能力，使其 0 100km/h加速時(shí)間達(dá)到 8s。為了使電動(dòng)機(jī)輸出轉(zhuǎn)速符合車輪的實(shí)際轉(zhuǎn)速要求， KAZ 電動(dòng)輪系統(tǒng)匹配行星齒輪減速機(jī)構(gòu)。 KAZ前輪采用 盤式制動(dòng)器，后輪采用鼓式制動(dòng)器。 2003年日本豐田汽車公司在東京車展上推出的燃料電池概念車 FINE-N 也采用了電動(dòng)輪驅(qū)動(dòng)技術(shù)。美國(guó)通用汽車公司 2001 年試制的全新線控 4 輪驅(qū)動(dòng)燃料電池概念車Autonomy 也采用電動(dòng)輪驅(qū)動(dòng)型式，電動(dòng)輪驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)靈活的控制與布置方式，使該車能更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)線控技術(shù)。 國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)電動(dòng)輪驅(qū)動(dòng)方式的研究也取得了一些進(jìn)展。同濟(jì)大學(xué)研制的 “春暉 ”系列燃料電池概念車采用了 4個(gè)直流無(wú)刷輪轂電機(jī)獨(dú)立驅(qū)動(dòng)的電動(dòng)輪模塊。比亞迪于 2004年在北京車展上展出的 ET概念車也采用了電動(dòng)汽車最新驅(qū)動(dòng)方式： 4個(gè)輪邊電機(jī) 獨(dú)立驅(qū)動(dòng)模式。中國(guó)科學(xué)院北京三環(huán)通用電氣公司研制的電動(dòng)轎車用直流無(wú)刷輪轂電機(jī)，又稱電動(dòng)車輪。單個(gè)電動(dòng)車輪功率為 7.5 kW，電壓 264 V，雙后輪直接驅(qū)動(dòng)。中船總公司 724研究所的 4輪電動(dòng)汽車，其電動(dòng)機(jī)性能指標(biāo)為：額定功率 3 kW，額定轉(zhuǎn)速 3000r/min，額定電壓為 110 V。 2、結(jié)構(gòu)分析 輪式電驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)有直接驅(qū)動(dòng)式電動(dòng)輪和帶輪邊減速器電動(dòng)輪兩種基本形式。這取決于是采用低速外轉(zhuǎn)子還是高速內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子電動(dòng)機(jī)。直接驅(qū)動(dòng)式汽車采用低速外轉(zhuǎn)子電動(dòng)機(jī)，電動(dòng)輪與車輪組成一個(gè)完整部件總成，采用電子差速方式，電機(jī)布置在車輪內(nèi)部，直接驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪帶動(dòng)汽車行駛。其主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是電機(jī)體積小、質(zhì)量輕和成本低，系統(tǒng)傳動(dòng)效率高，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，既有利于整車結(jié)構(gòu)布置和車身設(shè)計(jì)，也便于改型設(shè)計(jì)。這種電動(dòng)輪直接將外轉(zhuǎn)子安裝在車輪的輪輞上驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。然而電動(dòng)汽車在起步時(shí)需要較大的轉(zhuǎn)矩，也就是說安裝在直接驅(qū)動(dòng)型電動(dòng)輪中的電動(dòng)機(jī)必須能在低速時(shí)提供大轉(zhuǎn)矩。為了使汽車能夠有較好的動(dòng)力性，電動(dòng)機(jī)還必須具有很寬的轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速調(diào)節(jié)范圍。由于電機(jī)工作產(chǎn)生一定的沖擊和振動(dòng)，要求車輪輪輞和車輪支承必須堅(jiān)固、可靠，同時(shí)由于非簧載質(zhì)量大，要保證車輛的舒適性，要求對(duì)懸架系統(tǒng)彈 性元件和阻尼元件進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，電機(jī)輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩和功率也受到車輪尺寸的限制，系統(tǒng)成本高。 帶輪邊減速器電動(dòng)輪電驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)采用高速內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子電動(dòng)機(jī)，適合現(xiàn)代高性能電動(dòng)汽車的運(yùn)行要求。它起源于礦用車的傳統(tǒng)電動(dòng)輪，屬于減速驅(qū)動(dòng)類型，這種電動(dòng)輪允許電動(dòng)機(jī)在高速下運(yùn)行，通常電動(dòng)機(jī)的最高轉(zhuǎn)速設(shè)計(jì)在 4000 20000 r/min，其目的是為了能夠獲得較高的比功率，而對(duì)電動(dòng)機(jī)的其它性能沒有特殊要求，可以采用普通的內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子高速電動(dòng)機(jī)。減速機(jī)構(gòu)布置在電動(dòng)機(jī)和車輪之間，起到減速和增矩的作用，從而保證電動(dòng)汽車在低速時(shí)能夠獲得足夠大的轉(zhuǎn)矩。電機(jī) 輸出軸通過減速機(jī)構(gòu)與車輪驅(qū)動(dòng)軸連接，使電機(jī)軸承不直接承受車輪與路面的載荷作用，改善了軸承的工作條件；采用固定速比行星齒輪減速器，使系統(tǒng)具有較大的調(diào)速范圍和輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩，充分發(fā)揮驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)的調(diào)速特性，消除了電機(jī)輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩和功率受到車輪尺寸的影響。設(shè)計(jì)中主要應(yīng)考慮解決齒輪的工作噪聲和潤(rùn)滑問題，對(duì)電機(jī)及系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)方案設(shè)計(jì)要求更高。圖 1為輪邊減速器型電動(dòng)輪示意圖。 圖 1 輪邊減速器型電動(dòng)輪示意圖 3、 輪轂式電動(dòng)汽車關(guān)鍵技術(shù) （ 1）輪轂電機(jī)及其控制技術(shù) 目前電動(dòng)輪所用的低速外轉(zhuǎn)子電動(dòng)機(jī)和高速內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)子電動(dòng)機(jī)都是