外文翻譯--電梯

Elevator An elevator or lift is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically. Languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator (e.g. Japanese) or lift (e.g. many European languages, Cantonese). Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a legal requirement in new buildings with multiple floors. Design Elevators began as simple rope or chain hoists. An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern day elevator consists of a cab (also called a cage or car) mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft, or in Commonwealth countries called a hoistway. In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons. In a traction elevator, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced with a counterweight. Hydraulic elevators use the principles of hydraulics to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car. Roped Hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent earth magnet motors, machine room-less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls. Which technology is used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic elevators are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes impractical for very high lift hoistways. For buildings of much over seven stories, traction elevators must be employed instead. Hydraulic elevators are usually slower than traction elevators. History The first reference about the elevator is located in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes built his first lift or elevator, probably, in 236 B.C. In some literary sources of later historical period lifts were mentioned as cabs, on the hemp rope and powered by hand or by animals force. It is supposed that lifts of this type were installed in the Sinai monastery of Egypt. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the palace buildings of England and France. In 1793 Ivan Kulibin created the elevator with the screw lifting mechanism for the Winter Palace of Saint Petersburg. In 1816 the elevator was established in the main building of sub Moscow village called Arkhangelskoye. In 1823, an ascending room made its debut in London. Henry Waterman, of New York, invented the lift (elevator) in 1850. He intended it to transport barrels of flour. In 1853, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. On March 23, 1857 the first Otis elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City. The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Coopers Cooper Union building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design for Cooper Union, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft was circular because Cooper felt it was the most efficient design. Later Otis designed a special elevator for the school. Today the Otis Elevator Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the worlds largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems. The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague. The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials including coal and lumber from hillsides. The technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today. In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely. U.S. Patent 147,853 In 1929, Clarence Conrad Crispen, with Inclinator Company of America, created the first residential elevator. Crispen also invented the first inclined stairlift. Elevator safety Elevators are characterized as being extremely safe. Their safety record of moving millions of passengers every day, with extremely low rate of incident, is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system, although fatalities due to malfunction have been known to occur on occasion. A certain number of passengers do die every year in elevator related incidents. In 1998, in the United States, it was reported that of the estimated 120 billion rides per year in the approximately 600,000 elevators in the U.S., 10,000 people wound up in the emergency room. because of elevator-related accidents. Statistically, its a safe ride, says Ray Lapierre, executive director of the Elevator Escalator Safety Foundation. Past problems with hydraulic elevators meant such elevators built prior to a code change in 1972 were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code had previously required only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders； in the event of a breach of the cylinder, an uncontrolled fall of the elevator might result. Because it is impossible to verify the system completely without a pressurized casing (as described below), it is necessary to remove the piston to inspect it. The cost of removing the piston is such that it makes no economic sense to re-install the old cylinder, and therefore it is necessary to replace the cylinder and install a new piston. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a life jacket. This is a device which, in the event of an excessive downward speed, clamps onto the cylinder and stops the car. In addition to the safety concerns for older hydraulic elevators, there is risk of leaking hydraulic oil into the aquifer and causing potential environmental contamination. This has led to the introduction of PVC liners (casings) around hydraulic cylinders which can be monitored for integrity. In the past decade, recent innovations in inverted hydraulic jacks have eliminated the costly process of drilling the ground to install a borehole jack. This also eliminates the threat of corrosion to the system and increases safety. Passenger service A passenger lift is designed to move people between a buildings floors. This apparent simplicity belies a complex and sophisticated mechanical, electrical and microelectronic system. Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 1,000 to 6,000 lb (455 to 2,727 kg) in 500 lb (230 kg) increments. Generally passenger elevators in buildings eight floors or less are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds up to 200 ft/min(1.0 m/s) hydraulic and up to 500 ft/min electric. In buildings up to ten floors, electric & gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s), and above ten floors speeds begin at 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s) up to 2000ft/min (10 m/s). Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars. For example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel located on the beach below. Types of passenger elevators Passenger elevators may be specialized for the service they perform, including: Hospital emergency (Code blue), front and rear entrances, double decker, and other uses. Cars may be ornate in their interior appearance, may have audio visual advertising, and may be provided with specialized recorded voice instructions. An express elevator does not serve all floors. For example, it moves between the ground floor and a skylobby, or it moves from the ground floor or a skylobby to a range of floors, skipping floors in between. Entrapment All elevators are required to have communication connection to an outside 24 hour emergency service, automatic recall capability in a fire emergency, and special access for fire fighters use in a fire. Elevators should not be used by the public if there is a fire in or around the building. Numerous building codes require signs near the elevator to state USE STAIRS IN CASE OF FIRE. However emergency evacuations in some countries do allow the use of the fire elevators. Capacity Residential elevators may be small enough to only accommodate one person while some are large enough for more than a dozen. Wheelchair, or platform lifts, a specialized type of elevator designed to move a wheelchair 6 ft (2 m) or less, often can accommodate just one person in a wheelchair at a time with a maximum load of 1000 lb (455 kg). Freight elevators A freight elevator (or goods lift) is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are often exempt from some code requirements. Freight elevators or service elevators (goods or service lifts) may be exempt from some of the requirements for fire service. However, new installations would likely be required to comply with these requirements. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited, though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight Elevators may have manually operated doors, and often have rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting. Stage and Orchestra lifts are specialized lifts for use in the performing arts, and are often exempt from some requirements. Local jurisdictions may govern their use, installation and testing, however they are often left out of local code enforcement provisions due to their infrequent installation. Vehicle elevators A car lift is installed where ramps are considered space-inconservative for smaller buildings (usually in apartment buildings where frequent access is not an issue). The car platforms are raised and lowered by chained steel gears (resembling bicycle chains in appearance). In addition to the vertical motion, the platforms can rotate about its vertical axis (up to 180 degrees) to ease driver access and/or accommodate building plans. Most parking lots of this type are however unable to accommodate taller vehicles. In spite of the sheer size of the car platform and its perceived passenger capacity, there are huge passenger and freight lifts that can accommodate more than the rated capacity of the car lift. Boat elevators In some smaller canals, boats and small ships can pass between different levels of a canal with a boat lift rather than through a canal lock. Paternoster A special type of elevator is the paternoster, a constantly moving chain of boxes. A similar concept moves only a small platform, which the rider mounts while using a handhold and was once seen in multi-story industrial plants. Material handling belts and belt elevators A different kind of elevator is used to transport material. It generally consists of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to prevent the material from sliding backwards. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain elevator. There have occasionally been lift belts for humans； these typically have steps about every seven feet along the length of the belt, which moves vertically, so that the passenger can stand on one step and hold on to the one above. These belts are sometimes used, for example, to carry the employees of parking garages, but are considered too dangerous for public use. 電梯 電梯或升降機(jī)是一種 垂直 移動(dòng) 的 貨物或人 的 運(yùn)輸設(shè)備。英語以外的語言可能有外來的基礎(chǔ)上無論是電梯（如日本）或 升降機(jī) （如許多歐洲語言，廣東話） 。因?yàn)榉傻妮喴瓮ǖ?，電梯往往是?種 在 有 多層樓 的 新建筑物 的必需設(shè)備 。 設(shè)計(jì) 電梯 由 簡(jiǎn)單的繩索或連鎖式吊籠 開始 。電梯基本上 就 是一個(gè)平臺(tái)， 用 機(jī)械手段或拉 高 或推高。一個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的電梯 就是一個(gè) 裝在一個(gè)平臺(tái) 上的的駕駛室 （也稱為 “ 籠 ” 或 “ 車 ” ）， 放 在一個(gè)被稱為 井道的 封閉空間，或在英聯(lián)邦國家被稱為 垂直通道的設(shè)備 。在過去，電梯驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)制，動(dòng)力由蒸汽和 液 壓活塞 提供 。在 “ 牽引 ” 電梯，車 是被 滾動(dòng)槽皮帶輪 通過 鋼絲繩 帶動(dòng) 的，在該行業(yè)稱 為 帶輪。車 的 重量是 由對(duì)重來 平衡與制衡。 液壓電梯 工作 的原 理 ， 壓 力迫使活塞 向上或向下 ，以 使車上升或下降 。液壓電梯 由 液壓 動(dòng)力通過 繩索， 來 提高和 降 低 電梯 。最近的 改革 ，包括永久 地 磁鐵馬達(dá)， 無齒輪曳引機(jī)帶動(dòng)的無機(jī)房式 ，微處理器控制。 其中用在新裝置 的 技術(shù)取決于多種因素。液壓電梯 造價(jià) 便宜，但安裝氣 缸 的長(zhǎng)度 過大 ， 需要 非常高 的電 梯垂直通 不切實(shí)際。超過 7 層的 建筑物，必須 使用 電梯牽引。液壓電梯通常是 低速 電梯。 歷史 第一 個(gè)與 電梯有關(guān) 的 參考 物， 是在羅馬建筑師 vitruvius 的 作品中 ， 據(jù) 報(bào)道說，阿基米德建立了他的第一 臺(tái) 升降機(jī)或電梯，大概在公元前 236 年這個(gè) 文學(xué)發(fā) 源歷史 后 期，升降機(jī)被 稱 為駕駛室， 系在 大麻繩索 上由人力 或動(dòng)物的力量 提供動(dòng)力 。這種類型的升降機(jī) 被 安裝在西奈半島的埃及修道院。在十七世紀(jì)， 這種 原始的 電梯設(shè)在英格蘭和法國 的 總統(tǒng)府的建筑物 里 。在 1793 年伊萬 庫歷濱 為圣彼得堡 的 冬宮 設(shè)計(jì) 了 帶有 起重螺桿的電梯 機(jī)構(gòu) ，。在 1816 年莫斯科村的 阿爾 汗金斯科 主體建筑 內(nèi)安裝了 電梯。在 1823 年， “ 升房 ” 首次在倫敦 安裝了 。 在 1850 年紐約 人 唐英年沃特曼發(fā)明了電梯。他打算 用它 運(yùn)輸桶 裝 面粉。 在 1853 年，以利沙介紹了安全電梯， 防 止 由于繩索 發(fā)生 斷裂而發(fā)生的電梯降落 。奧的斯安全電梯 的這個(gè) 設(shè)計(jì) 與 今天仍然使用的 一種有點(diǎn)類似 。 調(diào)速器 設(shè)備利用刻了痕跡的 滾筒 ，鎖定電梯 的速度避免下降 速度 過高。 在 1857 年 3 月 23 日第 一臺(tái)奧的斯 被安裝在紐約市 的 488 百老匯。第一電梯井 道出現(xiàn)在 第一電梯之前四年。建在紐約 的 彼得庫珀的庫珀聯(lián)盟的建 筑 ，開始于1853 年。一 個(gè) 電 梯井 道 被包括在庫珀聯(lián)盟 的 設(shè)計(jì) 中 ，因?yàn)閹扃暧行判?，一個(gè)安全的乘客電梯，不久將 被 發(fā)明。 井道 是圓形，因?yàn)閹扃暾J(rèn)為這是最有效的設(shè)計(jì)。后來，奧的斯為學(xué)校設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)特殊的電梯。今天，奧的斯電梯公司，現(xiàn)在的附屬公司聯(lián)合技術(shù)公司，是世界上最大的垂直運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)制造商。 第一臺(tái)電動(dòng)電梯， 由 維爾納馮西門子于 1880 年建立。電動(dòng)升降機(jī) 的 安全和速度 均由 弗蘭克 斯普拉格顯 著改進(jìn) 。電梯 的 發(fā)展 由 原材料包括煤炭和 來自 山坡 的木材 所限制 。這些行業(yè)的發(fā)展和鋼梁建設(shè)技術(shù) 的 引進(jìn)一起 從而使得 客運(yùn)和貨運(yùn)電梯在今天 能夠 使用。 在 1874 年， j.w. meaker 獲得了 一 項(xiàng) 允許電梯門 安全 打開和關(guān)閉 的 專利 ， 美國專利 147853 在 1929 年，克拉倫斯林 康拉德 crispen 與美國 的 inclinator 公司， 建設(shè)了第一 臺(tái) 住宅電梯。 crispen 還發(fā)明了第一傾斜座椅電梯。 電梯安全 電梯的 優(yōu) 點(diǎn)是非常安全的。他們的安全紀(jì)錄 是 以 輸送以 百萬乘客 計(jì)算的 ，每天 的 事 故 率極低，是任何其他車輛系統(tǒng)無 法 比擬的，雖然已經(jīng)知道由于故障發(fā)生死亡 的 場(chǎng)合。每年 都有 一定數(shù)量的乘客這樣死在電梯 的相 關(guān)的事件。在 1998 年的 美國，據(jù)報(bào)道，估計(jì)每年 有 120000000000 人次乘坐電梯 ， 當(dāng) 時(shí) 大約 600000電梯在美國。 由于 電梯事故 1.0 萬人 死在 了急診室。 “ 按 統(tǒng)計(jì) 上說 ，這是一個(gè)安全的旅程 ” ， 雷 .拉皮埃爾說，電梯扶手電梯安全 基金會(huì) 執(zhí)行董事 。 液壓電梯過去的問題 意味著這種 電梯之前 確立的原 則在 1972 年可能 遇到原則性的失敗而 變化。該 規(guī) 則以前只需要單底部的液壓缸 ；在 汽缸斷裂的事故中 ，電梯因 不受控制 而下降 。因?yàn)樗遣豢赡?去 核實(shí)該系統(tǒng)完全沒有加壓套管（如下所述） ， 移開 活塞檢查是必要的。 移開 活塞 的代價(jià)正如 重新安裝舊缸 一樣毫無經(jīng)濟(jì)意義，因此取代缸和安裝一個(gè)新的活塞是必要的。另一種解決辦法，安裝 “ 救生衣 ” 以防止氣缸 破裂 。這是 一種 裝置，一旦發(fā)生過度下降的速度 時(shí) ， 會(huì) 夾 緊 缸并 車 停 。 此外， 從 安全的 角度考慮 ， 老化的 液壓電梯，有液壓油泄漏進(jìn)入含水層的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，造成環(huán)境的潛在污染。這 將 導(dǎo)致 涂在 液壓缸 周圍 的聚氯乙烯襯板（外殼） 的引進(jìn) ， 它 可監(jiān)測(cè) 其 完整性。 在過去十年中，最近 的 倒置液壓千斤頂?shù)膭?chuàng)新，已消除了 為 安裝鉆孔千斤頂?shù)?昂貴的鉆井地面 加工費(fèi)用 。這也消除了 對(duì) 系統(tǒng)腐蝕威脅，并提高安全性。 客運(yùn)服務(wù) 一 臺(tái) 乘客電梯的設(shè)計(jì) 是為了在 一座大廈的 各 樓層 運(yùn)輸乘客 。這種明顯 而 簡(jiǎn)單卻包含 一個(gè)復(fù)雜和精密的機(jī)械，電氣和微電子系統(tǒng)。 客運(yùn)電梯的能力 取決于 可用的樓面空間。一般乘客電梯， 載重 能力 以 500磅（ 230 公斤）增薪點(diǎn) ， 從 1000 到 6000 磅（ 455 至 2727 千克）。一般在 8層 樓的建筑物乘客電梯或更少是液壓或電動(dòng) 的 ，時(shí)速液壓可以達(dá)到 200 英尺 /分鐘（ 1.0 米 /秒）和電 動(dòng) 多達(dá) 500 英尺 /分鐘。在 10 層 以上的 建筑物，電氣及無齒輪電梯有可能速度高達(dá) 500 英尺 /分鐘（ 2.5 米 /秒） ，以及 10 層