高一英語(yǔ)形容詞和副詞用法以及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句講解與練習(xí).doc

高一英語(yǔ)形容詞和副詞用法以及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句講解與練習(xí) 李茜 發(fā)布時(shí)間： 2009-7-29 13:08:34 形容詞和副詞用法以及非限制性定語(yǔ)從句講解一、形容詞及其用法1、形容詞修飾名詞，說(shuō)明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常，可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類，其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。1）直接說(shuō)明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞，它有級(jí)的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中 可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。例如：hot。2）敘述形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，所以又稱為表語(yǔ)形容詞。這類形容詞沒(méi)有級(jí)的變化，也不可用程度副詞修 飾。大多數(shù)以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如：afraid 害怕的。這類詞還有： well，unwell， ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3）形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí)，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，要 放在這些詞之后。例如：something nice。2、以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞1）大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively， ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。2）有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞，也為副詞，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。3、用形容詞表示類別和整體1）某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。2）有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體，與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等。4、多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋合薅ㄔ~-數(shù)詞-描繪詞-（大小，長(zhǎng)短，形狀，新舊，顏色）-出處-材料性質(zhì)-類別-名詞。例如：a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car。二、副詞及其基本用法副詞主要用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。1、副詞的位置1） 在動(dòng)詞之前。2） 在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后。 3） 多個(gè)助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，副詞一般放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞后。注意：a. 大多數(shù)方式副詞位于句尾，但賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，副詞可以提前，以使句子平衡。b. 方式副詞well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。2、副詞的排列順序1） 時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)副詞，小單位的在前，大單位在后。2） 方式副詞，短的在前，長(zhǎng)的在后，并用and或but等連詞連接。3） 多個(gè)不同副詞排列：程度+地點(diǎn)+方式+時(shí)間副詞。注意：a. 副詞very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。b. 副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。3、注意一些既可作副詞也可作形容詞的詞1）close與closely close意思是“近”；closely 意思是“仔細(xì)地”。2）late 與lately late意思是“晚”；lately 意思是“最近”。3）deep與deeply4）high與highly high表示空間高度；highly表示程度，相當(dāng)于much。5）wide與widely wide表示空間寬度；widely意思是“廣泛地”，“在許多地方”。6）free與freely free的意思是“免費(fèi)”；freely 的意思是“無(wú)限制地”。 三、形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)大多數(shù)形容詞（性質(zhì)形容詞）和副詞有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化，即原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)，用來(lái)表示事物的等級(jí)差別。原級(jí)即形容詞的原形，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。1、規(guī)則變化單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞，加詞尾-er，-est來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。構(gòu)成法原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)一般單音節(jié)詞末尾加-er, -estlargelargerlargest以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的單音詞和少數(shù)以- le結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞只加-r,-stnicenicernicest以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)單音節(jié)詞，雙寫結(jié)尾的輔音字母，再加-er, -estbigbiggerbiggest以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，改y為i，再加-er，-estbusybusierbusiest少數(shù)以-er,-ow結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞末尾加-er, -estclever/narrowcleverer/ narrowercleverest/ narrowest其他雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞，在前面加more，most來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)interestedmore interestedmost interested2、 不規(guī)則變化原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)goodbetterbestwell（健康的）worseworstbadill（有病的）oldolder/elderoldest/eldestmuch/manymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest3、 as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí) + as1）在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中可用so as。2）當(dāng)as as 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式：as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞/ as + many/much +名詞。3）用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，放在as的前面。4）倍數(shù)+ as + adj. + as 倍數(shù)+ the + of。4、比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞 + than注意： 1）要避免重復(fù)使用比較級(jí)。2）要避免將主語(yǔ)含在比較對(duì)象中。3）要注意對(duì)應(yīng)句型，遵循前后一致的原則。4）要注意定冠詞在比較級(jí)中的使用。5、可修飾比較級(jí)的詞1）a bit，a little，rather，much，far，by far，many，a lot，lots，a great deal，any， still，even等。2）還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語(yǔ)。3）以上詞（除by far）外，必須置于比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞的前面。四、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只是對(duì)主句內(nèi)容，或先行詞的補(bǔ)充、解釋或附加說(shuō)明。主句與先行詞或從句之間一般用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，常常單獨(dú)翻譯。沒(méi)有它，主句意思仍然完整。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有as，which，who，whom，whose等，作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)及定語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞有when，where等，作定語(yǔ)從句的狀語(yǔ)。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中一般不能省。1. which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)說(shuō)明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分，that不能用于引導(dǎo)非 限制性定語(yǔ)從句。2. 有時(shí)as也可用作關(guān)系代詞。引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，可以代主句的全部或部分內(nèi)容。常表說(shuō)話人 關(guān)于說(shuō)話的依據(jù)、態(tài)度、評(píng)論、看法等。有“正如、像”等意思。定語(yǔ)從句可以置主句句首、句中 或句末。 3. 在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，用who，whom代表人，用which代表事物。4. 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是非限制性的。5. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單 數(shù)，6. as，which是指代主句內(nèi)容的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，表依據(jù)、評(píng)論與表事實(shí)、狀態(tài)等沒(méi)有多大差別， 又在主句末時(shí)，有時(shí)可以通用。 7. who，whom，whose等引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，指代人的普通名詞、專有名詞等。表示正是或?qū)Ｖ?先行詞等情況。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。 8. when，where引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，作定語(yǔ)從句的狀語(yǔ)。whenand then，whereand there。 why不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。鞏固性練習(xí)形容詞和副詞1. The apple tastes _ and sells _.A. well; well B. good; good C. good; well D. well; good2. Afraid of saying something wrong, they kept _ all the time at the meeting.A. silent B. silence C. silently D. quietly3. Joan pushed the door _ and went in hurriedly.A. opened B. openly C. open D. opening4. They all looked _ at the master and felt quite _.A. sad; sad B. sadly; sadly C. sad; sadly D. sadly; sad5. He arrived at last, _.A. was tired and hungry B. had hunger and angerC. tired and hungry D. tiredly and hungrily6. _ after he took office, the economic recession swept over the world.A. Short B. Shorter C. Shortly D. Shortest7. “Have you replied to those letters?” “No, _ time to do my other work yet.”A. I have had hardly B. I have hardly have C. I hardly have had D. Hardly have I had8. When I opened the door, I saw an old woman who was _ dressed.A. bad B. poor C. good D. badly9. Please dont speak so _; I can hardly follow you.A. soon B. quick C. fast D. fastly10. He is _ interested in English. He often works at it _ into the night.A. deep; deep B. deeply; deep C. deep; deeply D. deeply; deeply11. Chicago is the second _ city in the United States.A. larger B. largest C. larger D. the largest12. He looked dead but the faint pulse proved that he was still _.A. live B. life C. alive D. lively13. When she entered the room, she found her baby _.A. sleep B. slept C. asleepD. falls asleep14. His health is _.A. as poor as, if not poorer than, his sistersB. as poor, if not poorer than, his sisterC. poor as his sisters if not poorD. as poor, if not poorer than his sisters15. The students are _ young people between the age of sixteen and twenty.A. most B. almostC. mostly D. at most16. We decided not to climb the mountain because it was raining _.A. badly B. hardly C. strongly D. heavily17. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _ fresh for several days.A. be stayed B. stay C. be stayingD. have stayed18. Although I _ you for 20 years, I dont know exactly what is going on in your mind.A. have married with B. have been married with C. have been married toD. have got married to19. According to the rules in the library, you can _ the book for two weeks at the most.A. borrow B. lend C. keep D. rent20. Although he sometimes tells lies, I _ him this time.A. am believing B. have believed C. believe D. believe in定語(yǔ)從句1. The house, _ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired.A. the roof of which B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof of it2. Who _ has common sense will do such a thing?A. which B. who C. whom D. that3. Antarctic, _ we know very little, is covered with thick ice all the year around.A. which B. where C. that D. about which4. He often helps the students _ he thinks are not quick at their studies.A. whom B. who C. when D. because5. Mr. Smith will never forget the day _ he spent with his students.A. when B. which C. during which D. on which6. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, _ live my grandparents and some relatives.A. which B. where C. that D. who7. Some of the roads are flooded, _ made our journey more difficult.A. which B. it C. what D. that8. He must be from Africa, _ can be seen from his skin.A. that B. as C. who D. that9. He has two sons, _ work as chemists in the USA.A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom10. The buses, _ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.A. most of that B. which most C. most of which D. that most11. My glasses, _ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.A. which B. with which C. without which D. that12. Mr. Wu, _everybody likes, is going to give us a talk on “culture shock”.A. who B. which C. that D. it13. _, the compass was first made in China.A. It is known to all B. It is known that C. We all knowD. As is known to all14. He is a man of great experience, _ much can be learned.A. Who B. that C. from whom D. from which15. It was such a serious mistake, _ caused by carelessness.A. which I think was B. which I think it