人教版九年級英語第十三單元知識點總結.doc

人教版九年級英語第十三單元知識點總結Unit13.Were trying to save the earth!1 單詞litter bottom fisherman coal ugly advantage cost wooden plastic takeaway bin shark fin cruel harmful be harmful to at the top of chain the food chain ecosystem industry law scientific take part in afford turn off reusable pay for take action transportation recycle napkin throw away put sth to good use pull.down upside gate bottle president inspiration iron work metal bring back creativity二1.現(xiàn)在進行時定義：表示說話時（瞬間）正在進行的動作,也表示目前或現(xiàn)階段一直進行的動作。結構: 肯定句: 主語 + am/is/are + V-ing 否定句: 主語 + am/is/are + not + V-ing 疑問句: Am/Is/Are + 主語 + V-ing 用法：1）表示說話時正在進行的,目前正在發(fā)生的動作。 Look! The big bird is flying away. He is watching a movie now. 2） 表示目前一段時間內(nèi)正在進行,但說話時可能沒有進行的動作。Right now I am studying Chinese by distance learning. 我現(xiàn)在正通過遠程教育學習漢語。1) 2)常帶有表示目前時刻的時間副詞, 如：now, right now, at the (very) moment, for the time being, at present, these days 及Look! Listen! .3） 與always, constantly, forever, all the time等副詞連用,表示動作反復或習慣。此時句子常含有說話者的強烈情感在內(nèi)。表達較強的“責備”或“表揚”之意 You are always changing your mind. 你總是主意不定。(太煩人了) He is always helping others.他總是幫助別人。(他真是個好人) 4） 對于start,fly,drive等表示位置移動的動詞?？捎眠M行時態(tài)表將來。 He is leaving on Wednesday. Mary isn2. used to do見第四單元及use用法3. 被動語態(tài) 見第五單元注意：接雙賓語的詞的被動語態(tài)；make /let /have sb do的被動語態(tài)；see/ hear /notice /find /observe sb do 的被動語態(tài)；Its said/reported/believed/supposed/well-known；及無被動語態(tài)的三種情況（感官動詞、不及物動詞、sell/write等）4. 現(xiàn)在完成時: 用法：過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結果：強調(diào)結果Yesterday I finished my homework, thats to say, I have finished my homework now.過去已經(jīng)開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)：強調(diào)繼續(xù)I have lived here since 1990.現(xiàn)在完成時的構成 have/has+過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時的四個基本句型肯定句 He has finished the work. 一般疑問句 Has he finished the work?否定句 He has not finished the work. 兩回答 Yes ,he has. No, he hasnt.特殊疑問句 What has he done? 在下列情形下用現(xiàn)在完成時1九詞語already 已經(jīng) 肯定句中或句尾 I have already found my pen. = I have found my pen already.yet已經(jīng) 否定句和疑問句句尾 I have not finished the work yet.Have you bought ever曾經(jīng) 句中 Have you ever seen pandas?never從不 句中 I have never been to Beijing.just剛剛 句中 I have just done my work.before以前 句尾 I have never been there before.so far到目前為止 So far he has learned 200 words.how long多久 How long have you lived here?how many times多少次 How many times has he been to Beijing?2兩詞組havegone to去了某地 例：He has gone to Beijing (去了北京,沒回)havebeen to去過某地 例：He has been to Beijing. (去過北京,回了)3兩結構for two months for +一段時間Jim has lived here for 2 months.since last yearsince +過去時間點Lucy has been in Beijing since 3 years ago.since 3 years agosince 1990since he came heresince +過去時態(tài)句子He has been in China since he came here.4如果句子里面沒有時間狀語,漢語意思能夠加“已經(jīng)”,往往用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。Have you lost your library book? 你已經(jīng)弄丟了從圖書館借的那本書嗎？5現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)還常常用于下列句型They have planted many trees in the last/past few years. This is the best book I have ever read. It is the first time 在現(xiàn)在完成時中,一次性動詞不能和一段時間狀語連用例：He has bought the book for 3 years.（錯）因buy這個一次性動詞不能和一段時間for 3 years連用, 改正的辦法有：He has bought the book. (去掉一段時間for 3 years)He bought the book 3 years ago (改為一般過去時,使句子的意思不變)Its/It has been 3 years since he bought the book. = 3 years has passed since he bought the book. （改為固定句型 It is/It has been -since-）He has had the book for 3 years. （用延續(xù)性動詞have代替buy）另外 be here（錯） 改為：I have been here for 3 years.leave/go be awayHe has left for 3 hours.（錯） 改為：He has been away for 3 hours.begin/start be on The film has begun for 3 minutes.（錯） 改為：The film has been on for 3 minutes.open be open / close be closedThe shop has opened for 3 years.(錯) 改為：The shop has been open for 3 years.die be deadHis father has died for 3 years.(錯) 改為：His father has been dead for 3 years.finish/end be overHe has finished the work for 3 days.(錯) 改為：The work has been over for 3 daysjoin I have joined the army for 3 years.（錯）改為：I have been in the army for 3 years. 或I have been a soldier for 3 years.buy /catch haveI have bought the bike for 3 years.（錯） 改為：I have had the bike for 3 years.He has caught a cold for 3 days.（錯） 改為：He has had a cold for 3 days.borrow keepI have borrowed the book for 3 years. （錯） 改為：I have kept the book for 3 years.還有其它的歸納如下：break be broken get up be up marry be lose be lost5. 情態(tài)動詞1) 情態(tài)動詞本身有一定的詞義,表示說話人的情緒、態(tài)度或語氣,但不能單獨作謂語,只能與其他動詞構成謂語。常見的有：can (could), may (might), must, need, shall (should), will (would)等。2) 情態(tài)動詞無人稱和數(shù)的變化, 后接動詞原形。否定式是在情態(tài)動詞后面加not。個別情態(tài)動詞有過去式形式, 也可用來表達更加客氣、委婉的語氣。1.can和could的用法(1)can/could 表示“能力；許可；可能性”等。could 為 can 的過去式。如：Can I use your bike?(2)can 用在疑問句中,表示征求意見、請求許可,答語仍用 can; could 用在疑問句中,比can 更委婉、客氣,是一種禮貌的說法,并不表示過去時態(tài),答語用can,而不能用could。 如：Could you tell me the way to the zoo?Sorry. I cant. Im new here。注意 can 和could 只能用于現(xiàn)在時和過去時兩種時態(tài),將來時中用 be able to。另外, cant 可表示否定推測。如：That _ be Mr Wang. He has gone to Beijing。2.may和might的用法may/might 意為“可以”,表示同意、許可或請求對方許可,也可表示祝愿。may的否定形式為 may not。might 是may 的過去式,有兩種用法：一種表示過去式；一種表示虛擬語氣,使語氣更加委婉、客氣,或表示可能性更小。以may開頭的一般疑問句,其否定回答用mustnt, 而不用 may not。如：_ I use your pen? 我可以用你用的鋼筆嗎？You may put on more clothes. May you be happy!Might I borrow some money now?He might be alive. 3.must的用法must 意為“必須,一定,準是”,表示說話人認為有必要做某事,或命令、要求別人做某事以及對事物的推測。否定形式mustnt, 表示“不得”,“一定不要”。如：I _ finish my work today。You mustnt drive after drinking。(1)must 與 have to 的區(qū)別： must 表示說話人的主觀意愿；have to 表示客觀需要。如：I must do my homework first。It is raining hard outside; I _ stay at home。(2)回答由must 引導的疑問句的提問肯定回答：Yes, must.如：Must I go home now? Yes, you must.否定回答：No,neednt./No,dont/doesnt have to.Must I go home now? No, you _ _. (3)must 表示對事物的推測,意為“想必；一定”,只用于肯定句中；表“推測”時,情態(tài)動詞與動詞原形,(常為be動詞)連用,如：The man must be our teacher。4.need的用法(1)need 表示“需要,必須”,主要用于否定句和疑問句中。其否定形式為neednt,表示“沒有必要,不必”；對由need構成的疑問句進行回答時,其肯定回答用must,否定回答用 neednt。如Need we do some cleaning now?Yes, you must. No, you neednt. (2)need 還可作實義動詞,常用于下列結構：need to do sth“需要做某事”。如I need to learn more. need doing “某物需要被做”=need to be done。如：My hair needs cutting. =My hair needs to be cut.need +名詞或代詞。如：All living things need water. 5.shall和should的用法shall 用于第一人稱的句子中,表示提建議或請求； should用于各種人稱的句子中,強調(diào)義務或責任,意為“應該”。 如：_ we go out for a walk?You should study hard at school。should have done主要有兩個用法：用于推測過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。如：He should have arrived by now.用于指本該發(fā)生而實際上未發(fā)生的情況。如：You should have told me so before. 6.will和would的用法will用于第二人稱疑問句時,表示征求意見或提建議； would 為 will 的過去式,可用于多種人稱,表示意愿。如：Will you have a little soup?would have done主要有兩個用法：表“猜測過去”I guess the poet would have been about twenty when she wrote her first poem.表“過去本會發(fā)生,而實際并未發(fā)生”,沒有責備之意。I would have written before but I have been ill.本來我是會寫信的,但是由于我生病了。（用來說明某一情況,沒有責備之意）7. have tohave to 的陳述句形式肯定式：have to + 動詞原形I have to tidy my room.我得整理房間.否定式：dont (doesnt) + have to + 動詞原形You dont have to go if you dont want to.have to 的一般疑問句形式及簡略答語have to的一般疑問形式必須借助助動詞 do 或 does：Do you have to look after your sister? Yes,I do./ No,I dont.have to 的特殊疑問句形式What do you have to do on Sundays?have to 可用于各種時態(tài)A、 一般現(xiàn)在時：I have to visit Mr Wang. B、 一般過去時：That night we had to walk home because there was no bus.C、一般將來時：Well have to ask Zhang Ming instead.D、與may 連用：I think he may have to help his Dad in the garden.8. ought toought to的肯定式 應當, 應該You dont look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.ought to的否定式和疑問式ought to的否定形式是ought后直接加not構成,其否定形式可縮寫為oughtnt。One ought not (oughtnt) to cross the street against the red light.ought to的疑問式是將ought提到句首構成。Ought we to do it at once? Yes, you ought to.He ought to be here now, shouldnt (oughtnt) he?“ought to + have + done”表示過去應做某事而實際未做You ought to have told me that (but you didnt).這時ought to和should可以互換使用。三1.litter/rubbish/garbage/wastegarbage和rubbish含義相同,garbage美國英語,而rubbish英國英語。這兩個詞詞義較為具體,指必須及時清除的剩余物,比如廚房里的垃圾,生活垃圾等等。litter指公共場所丟棄的小片/塊垃圾,如紙片、塑料袋、易拉罐、飲料瓶等。 waste作名詞用時可表“廢物”的總稱。另：waste time in doing sth2. at the bottom of在.底部/at the top of在.頂部He shouted at the top of his voice in order that he might be heard.3.advantage1). have the (an) advantage over (of) 優(yōu)于,比占有優(yōu)勢。如：You have the advantage over (of) me in experience. 你經(jīng)驗比我豐富。有時用動詞 gain, get 等。如：They gained an advantage over the enemy. 他們比敵人占優(yōu)勢。2). take advantage of=make (full) use of(1) 利用(機會、時機等)。They took advantage of the fine weather to play tennis. (2) 利用(某人的處境、弱點等)。He always took full advantage of the mistakes made by his rivals. (3) 欺騙(某人),捉弄(某人),占(某人的)便宜。He has always been taking advantage of me.3). to sbs advantage對某人有利。It will be to your advantage to study abroad. 4. 四個花費句型5. be harmful to=do harm toSmoking is harmful to the health.= Smoking does harm to your health6. 四個參加辨析7. afford to do sth擔負得起干某事 常與can, could, be able to 連用He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.他告訴我公司無法支付如此巨額的工資。8. turn 短語turn in 歸還You must turn in your equipment before you leave the army. turn on 打開 could you turn on the light, please？turn off 關掉（煤氣,水,電,收音機,電視機等） Dont forget to turn off the light when you leave. turn up 出現(xiàn),到達 開大音量t turned up yet. I cant hear the radio very well; could you turn it up a bit？turn down 關小 拒絕 Can you turn the TV down? Im trying to get some sleep. He tried to join the army but was turned down because of poor health. turnout(tobe)+adj./n.證明是,結果是The experiment turned out to be a great success. turn into 把變成,譯成 Turn the following sentences into Chinese, please. turn to 翻到,求助于turn over 翻身,翻轉 She turned over and went to sleep. 9. throw away扔掉,丟棄 錯過(機會、優(yōu)勢或好處)He threw away the old sofa. Dont throw away this opportunity.10. workworkn.工作；（音樂、藝術）作品；工廠v.工作Hehasmuchworktodo.(U)Themangainedhiswealthbyprintingworksoffamouswriters.（做“作品”講,為可數(shù)名詞,但常用復數(shù)）Theglassworksis/arenearthestation.玻璃廠在車站附近。（做“工廠”講,只用復數(shù)形式,但謂語動詞單復均可）英語中有些名詞,單復數(shù)形式意義有差別。manner方式,方法manners禮貌,禮儀arm胳膊arms武器water水waters海水,水域wood木頭woods森林11. bring back歸還； 使想起These books must be brought back within a weekYourarticlebroughtbacksadmemoriesforme.bringup：撫養(yǎng)長大bringin：引進bringforward：提出bringabout：帶來,造成12. inspiration n inspire v激勵13. try to do =try ones best to do 努力去做某事。Every student should try to study hard in order to study in a university.14.be related to 與有關I am not related to him in any way. 我和他無任何關系。 15. play a part in doing sth 在方面起作用A good diet plays a large part in helping people live longer.16. turn into (使)變成 Joan is turning into quite a skilled musician. 譯成 Please turn this into English. 17. make a difference (to) 表示(對)產(chǎn)生影響或作用The new teacher always encourages little Tom. This has made a big difference to him.18. no longer意思是“不再” 有兩個短語和no longer同義,即notany longer和notany more,但他們側重的方面不同。no longer和notany longer側重時間。 e.g. He no longer lives here.= He doesnt live here any longer. 他不在這兒居住了。(一個時間以前他住在這兒,過了這個時間,他就離開了。) notany more =no more側重側重程度和數(shù)量You can drink no more. = You cant drink any more. 你不能再喝了。(喝酒的量到了一定程度,不能再繼續(xù)下去了。) 19.not onlybut also“不僅而且”; 其中的also有時可以省略。若連接兩個成分作主語,其謂語通常與靠近的主語保持一致。Not only you but also he has to leave. 不只是你,他也得離開。 not only放在句首,后接句子時要用倒裝結構。 Not only did my aunt teach at school, but (also) she wrote articles for newspapers.20.The number of.的數(shù)量,謂語用原形 a number of.大量的,謂語用單三當表示數(shù)值的高或低時,number要用high或low修飾。In that country, the number of children going to school is higher in cities than in towns and village.在那個國家,城市兒童入學人數(shù)比鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)及農(nóng)村要高。常與number搭配的動詞有grow, fall等。The number of families that own cars has been growing quickly recently.近來擁有轎車的家庭數(shù)量增長很快。21.put sth. to good use 好好利用22.build/make . out of 用建造/制造He built a model ship out of wood. 他用木頭造了個模型船。23.The top of the house is an old boat turned upside down. turned upside down 意為“被翻轉過來的；被顛倒過來的”,做后置定語修飾boat。24. be made of和be made from25. be known for 因而著名 be known as 作為而著名 be known to 對于某人來說是著名的26.bring sb/sth back to life 使復活,給以活力;27. Rethink, Reuse, Recycle ! re-是最常用的前綴之一re-表示以下三方面的意義： 1)表示“回”或“向后”的意思。return（回來）recall（回憶,召回）retract（縮回,取回） 2)表示“再”、“重新”、“重復”的意思。rethink（再思考）reuse（再運用）restart（重新開始）recycle（再利用） 3)表示“相反”、“反對”的意思。rebel（反叛,謀反）reverse （反轉,顛倒）resist（反抗,抵抗） 28. She is a most unusual woman.un-前綴,第一,表示否定意義。第二,表示“反動作”。即“相反的動作”。不舒服的 unending無盡的 unfortunate不幸的 unusual不平常的 unkind不仁慈的 unbind解開,釋放 uncover揭開的蓋子 unearth由地下掘出 unbutton 解開鈕扣 29.-ive是形容詞后綴 一般表示有.的create -ive = creative 30.recent -ly = recently形容詞加 ly變副詞31.Amy is an inspiration (n.靈感) to us all.后綴-tion附在動詞后面構成名詞 1)當單詞最后是t, d, te, de時,變名詞加tion或者ation, ition； 2)當單詞最后是元音字母時,變名詞加sion等。 32.cutdown砍倒,減少ThelittleboycutdowntheyoungtreewithanaxeThedoctortoldmetocutdownsmokinganddrinking.cutup切碎cutoff切斷,停止33.especially be full of noise/air/water pollution o. Cause the problem write to sb clean up used to do too much/too many/much too close down play a part in cut down instead of+doing make a difference around here=near here lead to idea for doing sthSolve the problems take the+交通工具 help/work起作用 remember to do/doing hear of /about/from be harmful to the food