GCSE考試物理復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié).doc

資料目前只整理出這么多，想要更多最新其他學(xué)科的真題或者資料的，請(qǐng)發(fā)郵件至，郵件標(biāo)題請(qǐng)注明什么學(xué)科，謝謝合作。1. General Physics 普通物理1.1 Length and time 長(zhǎng)度和時(shí)間1. Use and describe the use of rules and measuring cylinders to determine a length or a volume.使用并且描述如何用尺子和量筒測(cè)量長(zhǎng)度和體積。2. Use and describe the use of clocks and devices for measuring an interval of time.使用并且描述如何用鐘表和一些儀器測(cè)量時(shí)間間隔。3. Use and describe the use of a mechanical method for the measurement of a small distance.使用并描述利用機(jī)械的方法測(cè)量短距離。4. Measure and describe how to measure a short interval of time (including the period of a pendulum).測(cè)量和描述怎樣測(cè)量一個(gè)短時(shí)間間隔（包括單擺的周期）。1.2 Speed, velocity and acceleration 速率，速度，加速度1. Define speed and calculate speed from total distance/total time.定義速率和計(jì)算 ：速率=總路程/總時(shí)間2. Plot and interpret a speed/time graph or a distance/time graph.畫和解釋 速率/時(shí)間 圖像或者 路程/時(shí)間 圖像3. Recognize from the shape of a speed/time graph when a body is (a) at rest, (b) moving with constant speed, or (c) moving with changing speed.從 速率/時(shí)間 圖像中辨認(rèn)出：(a) 靜止，(b) 勻速運(yùn)動(dòng)和 (c) 變速運(yùn)動(dòng)。4. Calculate the area under a speed/time graph to determine the distance traveled for motion with constant acceleration.計(jì)算 速率/時(shí)間 圖像中的面積得出勻加速運(yùn)動(dòng)的路程。5. Demonstrate some understanding that acceleration is related to changing speed.解釋加速度和速度的改變量之間的聯(lián)系。6. State that the acceleration of free fall for a body near to the Earth is constant.說(shuō)明地球表面附近的物體自由降落的加速度是衡定的。7. Distinguish between speed and velocity.區(qū)分速率和速度。8. Recognize linear motion for which the acceleration is constant and calculate the acceleration.認(rèn)識(shí)勻加速的運(yùn)動(dòng)并且計(jì)算加速度。9. Recognize motion for which the acceleration is not constant.認(rèn)識(shí)非勻加速運(yùn)動(dòng)。10. Describe qualitatively the motion of bodies falling in a uniform gravitational field with and without air resistance (including reference to terminal velocity).定性的描述計(jì)和不計(jì)空氣阻力物體在均勻重力場(chǎng)中下落的運(yùn)動(dòng)（包括設(shè)計(jì)到末速度。1.3 Mass and weight 質(zhì)量和重量1. Show familiarity with the idea of the mass of a body.熟練掌握一個(gè)物體的質(zhì)量的概念。2. State that weight is a force.陳述重量是一種力。3. Demonstrate understanding that weights (and hence masses) may be compared using a balance.闡明重量（因此質(zhì)量）可以用天平來(lái)比較。4. Demonstrate an understanding that mass is a property which resists change in motion.闡明質(zhì)量是物體阻礙加速度的一種性質(zhì)5. Describe, and use the concept of, weight as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass.描述和利用重力是重力場(chǎng)作用在物體上的效果的概念。1.4 Density 密度1. Describe an experiment to determine the density of a liquid and of a regularly shaped solid and make the necessary calculation.描述一個(gè)測(cè)量液體或者規(guī)則形狀的固體的密度的實(shí)驗(yàn)并做必要的計(jì)算。2. Describe the determination of the density of an irregularly shaped solid by the method of displacement and make the necessary calculation.描述通過(guò)替代法測(cè)量一個(gè)不規(guī)則形狀的固體的密度并做必要的計(jì)算。 1.5 Force 力(a) Effects of forces 力的作用效果1. State that a force may produce a change in size and shape of a body.說(shuō)明一個(gè)力可以改變一個(gè)物體的大小和形狀。2. Plot extension/load graphs and describe the associated experimental procedure.畫 伸長(zhǎng)量/力 的圖像并描述這個(gè)相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程。3. Describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body.描述力可以怎樣改變一個(gè)物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)。4. Find the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same line.求共線的兩個(gè)或多個(gè)力的合力。10. Interpret extension/load graphs.解釋 伸長(zhǎng)量/負(fù)荷 的圖象。11. State Hookes Law and recall and use the expression F = k x.說(shuō)明胡克定律并記住使用F=kx。12. Recognize the significance of the term limit of proportionality for an extension/load graph. 從 伸長(zhǎng)量/負(fù)荷 圖像中辨認(rèn)出正比例限度。13. Recall and use the relation between force, mass and acceleration (including the direction).記住和應(yīng)用力，質(zhì)量和加速度之間的關(guān)系。（F=ma）。14. Describe, qualitatively, motion in a curved path due to a perpendicular force (F = mv2 / r is not required).定性的描述物體在一個(gè)垂直力的作用下沿曲線運(yùn)動(dòng)。 (b) Turning effect 轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)效果5. Describe the moment of a force as a measure of its turning effect and give everyday examples. 描述力矩是力的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)效果量度并且取例子。6. Describe, qualitatively, the balancing of a beam about a pivot.定性的描述一個(gè)桿關(guān)于支點(diǎn)的平衡。15. Perform and describe an experiment (involving vertical forces) to verify that there is no net moment on a body in equilibrium.演示和描述一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明物體在合力矩為零時(shí)會(huì)保持平衡。16. Apply the idea of opposing moments to simple systems in equilibrium.應(yīng)用反向的力矩簡(jiǎn)化一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的平衡。(c) Conditions for equilibrium 平衡的條件7. State that, when there is no resultant force and no resultant turning effect, a system is in equilibrium. 描述當(dāng)合力為零并且合力矩為零時(shí)，系統(tǒng)保持平衡。(d) Centre of mass 質(zhì)心8. Perform and describe an experiment to determine the position of the centre of mass of a plane lamina. 演示和描述一個(gè)在幾何平面內(nèi)找出物體質(zhì)心的實(shí)驗(yàn)。9. Describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of mass on the stability of simple objects. 定性的描述質(zhì)心的位置對(duì)物體穩(wěn)定的影響。(e) Scalars and vectors 標(biāo)量和矢量17. Demonstrate an understanding of the difference between scalars and vectors and give common examples. 闡明和理解標(biāo)量和矢量之間的區(qū)別并且提出常見(jiàn)的例子。18. Add vectors by graphical representation to determine a resultant.通過(guò)圖像表示求兩個(gè)矢量的和。19. Determine graphically a resultant of two vectors.通過(guò)畫圖求兩個(gè)矢量的和1.6 Energy, work and power 能量，功和功率(a) Energy能量1. Demonstrate an understanding that an object may have energy due to its motion or its position, and that energy may be transferred and stored.描述和理解一個(gè)物體由于運(yùn)動(dòng)和位置產(chǎn)生的能量，這個(gè)能量能夠被轉(zhuǎn)換和儲(chǔ)存。2. Give examples of energy in different forms, including kinetic, gravitational, chemical, strain, nuclear, internal, electrical, light and sound.給一些不同形式的能量的例子，包括動(dòng)能，勢(shì)能，化學(xué)能，彈性勢(shì)能，核能，內(nèi)能，電能，光能和聲能，3. Give examples of the conversion of energy from one form to another and of its transfer from on place to another.給一些從一種形式的能量轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種形式的能量，從一個(gè)地方傳播到另一個(gè)地方。4. Apply the principle of energy conservation to simple examples應(yīng)用能量守恒的簡(jiǎn)單的例子。8. Recall and use the expressions k.e.= mv2 and p.e. = mgh記住和應(yīng)用表達(dá)式K.e=1/2mv和p.e=mgh(b) Energy resources 能源5. Describe how electricity or other useful forms of energy may be obtained from(i) chemical energy stored in fuel (ii) water, including the energy stored in waves, in tides, and in water behind hydroelectric dams (iii) geothermal resources (iv) nuclear fission (v) heat and light from the Sun 描述電能和其它有用的能量形式怎樣從下列能源獲得的：(i) 儲(chǔ)存在然連中的化學(xué)能。(ii) 水包括儲(chǔ)存在波和潮汐中的能量和水力電氣水壩后面的水里面的重力勢(shì)能(iii) 地?zé)崮?iv) 核裂變(v) 來(lái)自太陽(yáng)的熱和光能9. Show an understanding that energy is released by nuclear fusion in the Sun.描述和理解太陽(yáng)的核裂變釋放能量10. Show a qualitative understanding of efficiency 定性的理解效率(c) Work 功4-relate, without calculation, work done to the magnitude of a force and the distance moved不通過(guò)計(jì)算找出做功與力的大小和移動(dòng)的路程之間的關(guān)系5-describe energy changes in terms of work done描述能量的改變就是做功6-recall and use W = Fd = E記住和應(yīng)用(d) Power 功率1-relate, without calculation, power to work done and time taken, using appropriate examples不用計(jì)算用合適的例子找出功率與做功和時(shí)間的關(guān)系2-recall and use the equation P = E/t in simple systems 記住和應(yīng)用在一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的系統(tǒng)P=E/t1.7 Pressure壓強(qiáng) 1-relate, without calculation, pressure to force and area, using appropriate examples不通過(guò)計(jì)算，通過(guò)合適的例子得出壓強(qiáng)，力和面積之間的聯(lián)系2-describe the simple mercury barometer and its use in measuring atmospheric pressure描述簡(jiǎn)單的水銀氣壓計(jì)和用它來(lái)測(cè)量大氣壓強(qiáng)3-relate, without calculation, the pressure beneath a liquid surface to depth and to density, using appropriate examples不通過(guò)計(jì)算通過(guò)合適的例子得出液體表面下的壓強(qiáng)，升讀和密度之間的關(guān)系4-use and describe the use of a manometer描述壓力計(jì)的應(yīng)用5recall and use the equation p = F/A記住，會(huì)用等式P=F/A6-recall and use the equation p = hg記住會(huì)用等式p=pgh2. Thermal Physics熱學(xué)物理2.1 Simple kinetic molecular model of matter物質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)單分子動(dòng)能模型(a) States of matter物質(zhì)的狀態(tài)1-state the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases描述固體，液體，氣體性質(zhì)的區(qū)別(b) Molecular model分子模型 1-describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases定性的描述固體，液體，氣體的分子結(jié)構(gòu)2-interpret the temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules以分子運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)描述氣體的溫度3-describe qualitatively the pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules以分子運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)定性的描述氣體的壓強(qiáng)。4-describe qualitatively the effect of a change of temperature on the pressure of a gas at constant volume定性的描述體積不變時(shí)溫度的變化對(duì)壓強(qiáng)的影響。5-show an understanding of the random motion of particles in a suspension as evidence for the kinetic molecular model of matter解釋和理解粒子的隨機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng) 是分子動(dòng)力學(xué)模型的一個(gè)實(shí)例6-describe this motion (sometimes known as Brownian motion) in terms of random molecular bombardment用分子的隨機(jī)碰撞來(lái)描述一種運(yùn)動(dòng)（布朗運(yùn)動(dòng)）7-relate the properties of solids, liquids and gases to the forces and distances between molecules and to the motion of the molecules聯(lián)系固體，液體，氣體的性質(zhì)與分子間力，分子間距離和分子的 運(yùn)動(dòng)8-show an appreciation that massive particles may be moved by light, fast moving molecules展示一定質(zhì)量的粒子被光照后移動(dòng)，并且移動(dòng)加快。(c) Evaporation蒸發(fā) 1-describe evaporation in terms of the escape of more-energetic molecules from the surface of a liquid以高能量的分子從液體表面逃離的方式描述蒸發(fā)。2-relate evaporation and the consequent cooling聯(lián)系蒸發(fā)和冷卻結(jié)果3-demonstrate an understanding of how temperature, surface area and wind over a surface influence evaporation描述理解溫度，表面積和表面的氣流對(duì)蒸發(fā)的影響。(d) Pressure changes改變壓強(qiáng)1-relate the change in volume of a gas to change in pressure applied to the gas at constant temperature 聯(lián)系溫度不變時(shí)，體積的改變引起壓強(qiáng)的改變。2-recall and use the equation pV = constant at constant temperature記住和應(yīng)用當(dāng)溫度不變時(shí)等式，PV=常數(shù) 2.2 Thermal properties 熱性質(zhì)(a) Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases固體，液體和氣體的熱膨脹。1-describe qualitatively the thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases定性的描述固體，液體和氣體的熱膨脹。2-identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of thermal expansion描述和解釋一些生活中熱膨脹的實(shí)例3-describe qualitatively the effect of a change of temperature on the volume of a gas at constant pressure mention定性的描述提到的壓強(qiáng)一定時(shí)，溫度對(duì)氣體的影響。4-show an appreciation of the relative order of magnitude of the expansion of solids, liquids and gases說(shuō)明并展現(xiàn)固體、液體、氣體之間膨脹的關(guān)系(b) Measurement of Temperature 溫度的測(cè)量1-appreciate how a physical property which varies with temperature may be used for the measurement of temperature and state examples of such properties賞識(shí)一下變化溫度的物理性質(zhì)被用來(lái)測(cè)量溫度并描述一個(gè)類似的例子2-recogize the need for and identify fixed Points識(shí)別和辨認(rèn)所需要的固定點(diǎn)3-describe the structure and action of liquid in glass thermometers描述一個(gè)液體溫度計(jì)的結(jié)構(gòu)和作用4-demonstrate understanding of sensitivity, range and linearity說(shuō)明和理解靈敏度，變化范圍和線性5-describe the structure of a thermocouple and show understanding of its use for measuring high temperatures and those which vary rapidly描述熱偶的結(jié)構(gòu)和理解用它來(lái)測(cè)量迅速變化的高溫(c) Thermal capacity 熱容量1-relate a rise in temperature of a body to an increase in internal energy描述一個(gè)物體的溫度升高內(nèi)能增加。2-show an understanding of the term thermal capacity 理解說(shuō)明熱容量3-describe an experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance描述一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)量一個(gè)物體的比熱容量。(d) Melting and boiling 熔化和沸騰1-describe melting and boiling in terms of energy input without a change in temperature溫度不變時(shí)用吸收的能量描述融化和沸騰2-state the meaning of melting point and boiling point描述熔點(diǎn)和沸點(diǎn)的意義3-describe condensation and solidification描述液化和凝固4-distinguish between boiling and evaporation區(qū)分沸騰和蒸發(fā)5-use the terms latent heat of vaporization and latent heat of fusion and give a molecular interpretation of latent heat用蒸發(fā)潛熱和熔化潛熱和給定的分子解釋潛熱。6-describe an experiment to measure specific latent heats for steam and for ice描述一個(gè)測(cè)量水流和冰的淺比熱。2.3 Transfer of thermal energy熱能的傳遞(a) Conduction 傳導(dǎo)1-describe experiments to demonstrate the properties of good and bad conductors of heat描述一個(gè)熱導(dǎo)體性能好壞的實(shí)驗(yàn)。2-give a simple molecular account of heat transfer in solids給出在固體中一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單分子熱能的轉(zhuǎn)移。(b) Convection 對(duì)流1-relate convection in fluids to density changes and describe experiments to illustrate convection液體密度的改變和轉(zhuǎn)換的關(guān)系，描述一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)解釋轉(zhuǎn)換。(c) Radiation 輻射1-identify infra-red radiation as part of the electromagnetic spectrum辨認(rèn)紅外輻射是電磁光譜的一部分。2-describe experiments to show the properties of good and bad emitters and good and bad absorbers of infra-red radiation描述一些實(shí)驗(yàn)證明紅外輻射好的和壞的釋放者和吸收者。(d) Consequences of energy transfer能量轉(zhuǎn)移的結(jié)果1-identify and explain some of the everyday applications and consequences of conduction, convection and radiation辨認(rèn)和解釋生活中傳導(dǎo)，轉(zhuǎn)換和輻射的應(yīng)用和結(jié)果。3. Properties of waves, including light and sound波的性質(zhì)包括光和聲3.1 General wave properties普通波的性質(zhì) 1-describe what is meant by wave motion as illustrated by vibration in ropes, springs and by experiments using water waves通過(guò)用波動(dòng)的意義解釋繩子，彈簧和水波的振動(dòng)試驗(yàn)2-use the term wavefront用波振面 3-give the meaning of speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude給出速率，頻率，波長(zhǎng)和幅度的意義。4-recall and use the equation v = f 記住和應(yīng)用等式速率=平率時(shí)間5-distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves and give suitable examples區(qū)分橫波和縱波并且舉出合適的例子。6-describe the use of water waves to show用水波描述(i) reflection at a plane surface平面反射(ii) refraction due to a change of speed折射由于速率的改變。(iii) diffraction produced by wide and narrow gaps通過(guò)寬的或窄的縫隙產(chǎn)生衍射。7-interpret reflection, refraction and diffraction using wave theory用波的理論解釋反射，折射和衍射。3.2 Light光(a) Reflection of light 光的反射1-describe the formation, and give the characteristics, of an optical image by a plane mirror描述形成，給出特點(diǎn)在平面鏡中呈現(xiàn)的光學(xué)圖像。2-use the law angle of incidence = angle of reflection會(huì)用入射角等于反射角3-perform simple constructions, measurements and calculations演示簡(jiǎn)單的結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)量和計(jì)算。(b) Refraction of light 光的衍射1-describe an experimental demonstration of the refraction of light描述一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)解釋光的衍射現(xiàn)象。2-use the terminology for the angle of incidence i and angle of refraction r and describe the passage of light through parallel-sided transparent material會(huì)用術(shù)語(yǔ)入射角i折射角r并且描述光通過(guò)兩個(gè)透明的平行板。3-give the meaning of critical angle給出一些重要角度的意義。4-describe internal and total internal reflection描述內(nèi)部的和總的反射5-recall and use the definition of refractive n in terms of speed記住和應(yīng)用以速度定義折射率n.6-recall and use the equation sin i /sin r = n 記住和應(yīng)用等式sin i/sin r=n7-describe the action of optical fibres 描述纖維光學(xué)的作用。(c) Thin converging lens 薄的匯聚透鏡1-describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light描述薄聚焦透鏡對(duì)一束光的作用。2-use the term principal focus and focal length會(huì)用主焦點(diǎn)和焦距。3-draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of a real image by a single lens用光線圖來(lái)解釋通過(guò)單鏡頭形成的實(shí)相。4-draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of a virtual image by a single lens畫光線圖來(lái)解釋通過(guò)單鏡頭形成的虛像。5-use and describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass用和描述利用一個(gè)單鏡頭作為一個(gè)放大鏡。(d) Dispersion of light 光的分散1-give a qualitative account of the dispersion of light as illustrated by the action on light of a glass prism定性的分析當(dāng)光通過(guò)棱鏡分散的行為(e) Electromagnetic spectrum電磁波譜1-describe the main features of the electromagnetic spectrum and state that all e.m. waves travel with the same high speed in vacuo描述電磁波的主要特點(diǎn)和描述所有的波以同樣的速度在真空中傳播。2-state the approximate value of the speed of electro-magnetic waves描述電磁波速度值。3-use the term monochromatic用單一的一色的。3.3 Sound 聲音1-describe the production of sound by vibrating sources描述聲音是由振動(dòng)產(chǎn)生。2-describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves描述聲音的縱向特性。3-state the approximate range of audible frequencies描述可聽(tīng)得見(jiàn)波的大概頻率。4-show an understanding that a medium is required in order to transmit sound waves展示和理解聲音的傳播需要介質(zhì)。5-describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air描述一個(gè)測(cè)量聲音在空氣中傳播的速度。6-relate the loudness and pitch of sound waves to amplitude and frequency聲波的響度和音調(diào)與振幅和頻率之間的關(guān)系。7-describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo描述聲音的反射產(chǎn)生回聲。8-describe compression and rarefaction描述壓縮和稀疏9-state the order of magnitude of the speed of sound in air, liquids and solids描述液體和固體在空氣中傳播速率大小的順序。4. Electricity and magnetism電和磁4.1 Simple phenomena of magnetism簡(jiǎn)單的磁現(xiàn)象1-state the properties of magnets描述磁體的性質(zhì)。2-give an account of induced magnetism說(shuō)明感生磁性3-distinguish between ferrous and nonferrous materials區(qū)分含鐵和不含鐵的材料。4-describe methods of magnetisation and of demagnetisation描述磁化和消除磁性的方法。5-describe an experiment to identify the pattern of field lines round a bar magnet描述一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)辨認(rèn)一個(gè)條形磁鐵周圍的場(chǎng)線圖案。6-distinguish between the magnetic properties of iron and steel區(qū)分鐵和鋼的磁性。7-distinguish between the design and use of permanent magnets and electromagnets區(qū)分和設(shè)計(jì)永久磁體和電磁體。4.2 Electrical quantities電學(xué)物理量(a) Electric charge電荷1-describe simple experiments to show the production and detection of electrostatic charges描述一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的實(shí)驗(yàn)證明靜電荷的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)現(xiàn)2-state that there are positive and negative charges描述存在正電荷和負(fù)電荷。3-state that unlike charges attract and that like charges repel描述同種電荷排斥，異種電荷吸引。4-describe an electric field as a region in which an electric charge experiences a force描述電場(chǎng)是一個(gè)電荷受力的區(qū)域5-distinguish between electrical conductors and insulators and give typical examples區(qū)分導(dǎo)體和絕緣體并給出典型的例子。6-state that charge is measured in coulombs描述電荷由庫(kù)倫來(lái)測(cè)量。7-state the direction of lines of force and describe simple field patterns, including the field around a point charge and the field between two parallel plates描述力的方向和簡(jiǎn)單的場(chǎng)的圖案，包括點(diǎn)電荷周圍的場(chǎng)和兩個(gè)平行板之間的場(chǎng)。8-give an account of charging by induction9-recall and use the simple electron model to distinguish between conductors and insulators記住和應(yīng)用簡(jiǎn)單的電子模型區(qū)分導(dǎo)體和絕緣體。(b) Current電流1-state that current is related to the flow of charge描述電流和流動(dòng)電荷的關(guān)系。2-use and describe the use of an ammeter用和描述電流表的用法。3-show understanding that a current is a rate of flow of charge and recall and use the equation l = Q/t理解電流是流動(dòng)電荷的變化率，記住何用等式I=Q/t4-distinguish between the direction of flow of electrons and conventional current區(qū)分電子的流動(dòng)方向和傳統(tǒng)電流的方向。(c) Electro-motive force 電動(dòng)勢(shì)5-state that the e.m.f. of a source of electrical energy is measured in volts描述一個(gè)電能源的電動(dòng)勢(shì)用伏特測(cè)量。6-show understanding that e.m.f. is defined in terms of energy supplied by a source in driving charge round a complete circuit理解電動(dòng)勢(shì)被定義為能源提供的能量迫使電荷環(huán)繞整個(gè)電路。(d) Potential difference 電勢(shì)差1-state that the potential difference across a circuit component is measured in volts描述通過(guò)一個(gè)電路元件的電勢(shì)差用伏特測(cè)量。2-use and describe the use of a voltmeter用和描述電壓表的用法。(e) Resistance 電阻1-state that resistance = p.d./ current and understand qualitatively how changes in p.d. or resistance affect current描述電阻