英譯中翻譯技巧.doc

英譯中翻譯技巧一、 翻譯總的原則1. 表達應(yīng)建立在理解的基礎(chǔ)上。2翻譯時既要忠實于原文，又要符合漢語的習(xí)慣。3翻譯不可太拘泥于原文的形式。二、翻譯技巧1詞法翻譯1.1增詞譯法為使譯文在語法、語言形式上符合譯文習(xí)慣和在文化背景、詞語聯(lián)想方面與原文一致起來，使得譯文在與原文在內(nèi)容、形式和精神等三方面都對等起來，需在原文的基礎(chǔ)上添加必要的詞、詞組、分句或完整句。e.g. 1) They were frank and candid with each other in a relaxed way.譯文：他們相互之間開誠布公、直言不諱而且氣氛十分輕松。2)Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.譯文：準備工作完成不了，那可怎么辦？3)Our rushing is understandable, but costly.譯文：人們的忙碌是可以理解的，但是為此付出的代價卻是昂貴的。試比較：1) 他喜歡指出別人的缺點，但用意是好的。譯文：He likes to point out other peoples shortcomings, but he means well.(增加主語)2)屋里準有人，我聽見有人聲。譯文：There must be someone in the room, for I heard a voice. (增加連接詞)說明：增詞譯法在英譯漢中主要是添加原文中雖無形式卻意在其中的成分；在漢譯英中一般是增添原文中為了語言簡潔而被省去的成分如，主語、賓語、物主代詞、連接詞、介詞等1.2減詞譯法就是把原文中需要的譯文中不需要的詞、詞組等在翻譯時加以省略，以適應(yīng)譯文語法和習(xí)慣表達法的需要。e.g. 1) One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.(省略主語)譯文：要掌握一門外語，非下苦功不可。 2)Modesty helps a person to make progress whereas conceit makes a person lag behind.譯文：虛心使人進步，驕傲使人落后。（省略結(jié)構(gòu)詞）3)In his speech he laid special stress on raising the quality of the products.譯文：他在講話中特別強調(diào)了提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。(省略物主代詞)1.3轉(zhuǎn)性譯法在翻譯過程中經(jīng)常需要根據(jù)譯文的習(xí)慣進行詞性轉(zhuǎn)換，如：把原文中的名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動詞，把原文中的副詞轉(zhuǎn)換為介詞，等等。e.g. 1) The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 譯文：政府號召建立更多的技術(shù)學(xué)校。（名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞）2) Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 譯文：千百萬山區(qū)人終于擺脫了貧窮。（介詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞）3)He objected that the plan is not practical.譯文：他反對的理由是：這個計劃不現(xiàn)實。（動詞轉(zhuǎn)為名詞）1.4詞與短語的重復(fù)（換形譯法）1) You should do whatever you are asked to .譯文：讓你做什么，你就應(yīng)該做什么。2) We thank you very much for the warm hospitality accorded to our trade group during this visit to your country and for the close cooperation in the business discussions.譯文：我們非常感謝你們在我貿(mào)易小組訪問貴國期間給予的盛情款待，感謝你們在業(yè)務(wù)洽談中給予的密切合作。3）I hope that the discussion will not last too long, for it will only waste time.我希望討論不要太久，太久了只會浪費時間。 試比較：1）我不喜歡抽煙，抽煙對身體沒好處。譯文：I dont like smoking; it is no good to health.2)許多家用電器都是在中國制造的。這些家用電器性能可靠，操作方便。譯文：A lot of home appliances are made in China. They are reliable in performance and easy in operation.1.5詞義的引伸1）They have their smiles and tears.譯文：他們有歡樂又有悲傷。2） I was not one to let my heart rule my head.譯文：我不是那種讓感情統(tǒng)治理智的人。1.6具體譯法在翻譯中有時需要把原文中抽象或者比較抽象的單詞、詞組、成語或者句子用具體或者比較具體的單詞、詞組、成語或者句子來進行翻譯。 e.g. 1) Her jealousy is the cause of her failure.譯文：她的嫉妒心理是她失敗的根源。一、 Johns lightheartedness, however, did not last long.譯文：然而，約翰那種輕松愉快的心境沒有持續(xù)多久。1.7抽象譯法 為了譯文的忠實和通順，我們往往把原文中帶有具體意義或具體形象的單詞、詞組、成語和句子，進行抽象化處理。e.g.1) I was practically on my knees but he still refused.譯文：我?guī)缀跏强嗫喟?，但他仍然拒絕。2)The matter was finally settled under the table.譯文：事情終于私下解決了。2. 句法翻譯 2.1英語被動語態(tài)的譯法英語被動語態(tài)的句子譯成漢語時，很多情況下可以譯成主動句，但也有一些可以保留被動語態(tài)。a. 譯成漢語主動句，原文中的主語在譯文中仍作主語e.g. By the time you arrive, the preparation will have been completed. 你們到達的時候，準備工作將已經(jīng)完成。b. 譯成漢語無主句, 原文中的主語在譯文中作賓語e.g. Other possibilities were talked about at the meeting. 會上還討論了其它可能性。Attention should be paid to the effective measures to prevent air pollution. 應(yīng)當注意采取有效措施防止空氣污染。He was asked not to be late again by the teacher.老師要他不要再遲到。c. 譯成帶表語的主動句e.g. The decision was not taken lightly. 這個決定不是輕易作出的。d. 譯成漢語主動句，補充主語“人們”The issue has not yet been thoroughly explored. 人們迄今對這一問題尚未進行過徹底的探索。e. 譯成漢語被動句e.g. The famous actress was given a hearty welcome. 那位著名的演員受到了熱烈的歡迎。I was so moved by his words that I gave him 10 Yuan. 我為他的這些話所深深感動，所以后來就給了他10元錢。2.2換序譯法 英語和漢語在句法結(jié)構(gòu)上差異很大，在翻譯時，需要經(jīng)常調(diào)整原文語序。a. 定語位置的調(diào)整 英語中短語、句子、副詞作定語或形容詞修飾不定代詞要后置，而漢語定語一般放在所修飾的詞前面e.g. I have something important to tell you. 我有重要事情告訴你。b. 同位語位置的調(diào)整e.g. The college interviewed only two applicants for the job, Professor Brown and me. 學(xué)院只面試了布朗教授和我兩位這份工作的應(yīng)聘人。 c. 狀語位置的調(diào)整英語中各類狀語修飾動詞時，一般放在動詞之后，而漢語則放在動詞之前。 英語語序：主語+謂語+（賓語）+ 狀語漢語語序：主語+狀語+謂語+（賓語） 英語中時間、空間、地點狀語的排列一般是從小到大，而漢語中則是從大到小.漢語的狀語語序是時間地點方式動詞，英語的習(xí)慣語序是動詞方式地點時間。 e.g. 1.Modern science and technology are developing rapidly（后置） 現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)正在迅速發(fā)展。（前置） 2. He lives at 120 Park Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City. 他住在福州市倉山區(qū)公園路120號。 3. He studies English hard at home every night. 他每天晚上都在家里刻苦學(xué)習(xí)英語。d.狀語從句位置的調(diào)整 英語中的時間、地點、條件、原因、讓步等狀語從句可前可后，而漢語中的這類狀語從句一般前置。e.g. 1. He had to stay in bed because he was ill. 因為他病了，他只好呆在床上。 2. I still hope you will come back if arrangements could be made 如果能安排，我還是希望你來.Health food gained popularity when people began to think more seriously about the possible effect of food on their health.Send me a message in case you have any difficulty. e. 英語的句子重心在前，漢語的句子重心在后。英語的句子主語突出，漢語的句子主題突出。因此，英漢互譯時必須注意調(diào)整句子的語序。 e.g. 1.It is good you are so considerate. 你想得這樣周到太好了 。 2. 發(fā)生這樣的事不是你的錯 。 It is not your fault that this has happened. It is no use gathering a lot of facts and data without making a thorough study and scientific analysis of them.2.3定語從句的譯法1前置法 譯成帶“的”的定語詞組，放在被修飾詞之前，變?yōu)閱尉?，這種方法一般用于限制性定語從句比較短的情況。e.g. The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下工作的人對他怕得要死。The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. 如果要從智力方面進行任何比較的話, 那么對所有被比較者來說, 前兩個因素 必須是一樣的。2后置法，尤其是非限制性定語從句 如果從句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，譯成漢語前置定語顯得太長而不符合漢語表達習(xí)慣時，往往譯成后置的并列分句。另外在處理此類定語從句時, 一般遵循的原則是: 若保留先行詞, 則在第二個分句中加以重復(fù), 若省略, 則兩個并列分句中均不再保留。e.g. After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks，which continued well into the night.飯后，四個主要談判人物繼續(xù)進行會談,一直談到深夜。They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他們正在為實現(xiàn)一個理想而努力, 這個理想是每個中國人所珍愛的, 在過去,許多中國人曾為了這個理想而犧牲了自己的生命。Fast-food restaurants are now expanding rapidly all over the United States, where speed is a very important factor.He can not remember his father, who died when he was three years old.3. 翻譯成狀語從句 英語中有些定語從句, 兼有狀語從句的職能, 在邏輯上(即意義上)與主句有狀語關(guān)系, 說明原因、結(jié)果、讓步、假設(shè)等關(guān)系, 翻譯時應(yīng)善于從英語原文的字里行間發(fā)現(xiàn)這些邏輯上的關(guān)系, 然后翻譯成漢語中相應(yīng)的偏正復(fù)合句。例如: e.g. He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old. 他不記得他父親了, 因為他父親死時他才三歲。Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion.衣服盡管才穿了沒幾次, 也因款式過時而不得不擱置一邊.2.4.名詞從句的譯法名詞從句包括主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。翻譯這類從句比較容易，大多數(shù)可按原文順序譯，但也有一些特殊處理的方法。1主語從句。該句型可先譯主語從句，形式主語可譯可不譯。例如：It does not matter which method you chose.（你選擇哪一種方法都無關(guān)緊要。）2賓語從句。有it作形式賓語時，可先譯that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如：I owe it to you that I have been so successful.（我這么成功，多虧了你。）3同位語從句。3.1用順譯法將同位語從句譯為漢語的獨立句e.g. Can you produce any evidence that he was not at home that night? 你能不能提出證據(jù)，證明那天夜里他不在家。3.2. 把同位語從句翻譯成前置修飾語e.g. There was little probability that they would succeed.他們成功的可能性極小。3.3. 譯成賓語 被同位語所說明的名詞，若是由動詞轉(zhuǎn)化或派生而來的名詞，通?？蓪⑦@類名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語的動詞，而將同位語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞的賓語。e.g He expressed the hope that