海天名師丁雪明翻譯方法與技巧(句法)講義.doc

海天名師丁雪明翻譯方法與技巧(句法)講義 2010年06月08日海天考研 第一節(jié) 分句法與合句法翻譯英語句子時，有時我們可將原文的句子結構整個保存下來或只稍加改變；但是不少情況則必須將原來的句子的結構作較大的改變。分句法是指將原文的一個簡單句譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子；合句法則是把原文兩個或兩個以上的簡單句或一個復合句在譯文中用一個單句來表達。一分句法1.將原文中的一個單詞譯成句子They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他們根本沒有答復，這是不足為奇的。(將一個副詞譯為一個句子)That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.那地區(qū)是個麻煩的地方，這是大家最容易看得出的。(將一個形容詞譯為一句子)2將原文中一個短語譯成句子Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness, and choking the shadows.陽光射入了它能透過的幾乎所有地方，趕走了黑暗，驅散了陰影。(將一個分詞短語譯為句子)Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被創(chuàng)造也不能被消滅。這是一條普遍公認的規(guī)律。(將一個名詞語譯為一個句子)3將一個句子拆開譯成兩個或兩個以上句子His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因為他沒有遵守安全規(guī)則，機器出了故障。(將一個句子譯為一個主句和一個從句)二、合句法1將原文中兩個或兩個以上的簡單句譯成一個單句His father had a small .business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north and lately nearthe sea.他的父親在意大利北部近海的比薩做小生意(將兩個單句譯為一個單句)2將原文中的主從復合句譯成一個單句When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.我在談判時總是有些緊張。緊張時我就吃東西。(將兩個主從復合句分別譯成單句)3將原文中的并列復合句譯成一個單句From Florence, the river Arno ran down to Pisa, and then it reached the sea.阿諾河從佛羅薩流經(jīng)比薩入海。(并列分句合一)第二節(jié) 被動語態(tài)的譯法被動語態(tài)是動詞的一種特殊形式，表示句子中的主語是動作的承受者，也就是動作的對象。一般來說，只有需要動作對象的及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。漢語中往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來表示被動意義。一般不及物動詞不能構成被動語態(tài)，但不及物動詞和介詞結合構成短語詞后，相當于一個及物動詞，就可以構成被動語態(tài)，形成“不及物動詞的被動語態(tài)+介詞”這樣的結構。例如：A conclusion has been arrived at. 己經(jīng)得出一個結論。The design was not approved of at the meeting .該設計在會上未獲通過。英語中被動語態(tài)使用廣泛，而漢語中被動語態(tài)的使用范圍卻狹窄得多。英語被動語態(tài)的句子在譯成漢語時，很多情況下都可譯成主動句，但也是有一些可保持被動語態(tài)，在處理英語原文被動語態(tài)時，我們常采用下列方法。一、譯成主動句1. 原文主語仍譯成主語The whole nation was armed in a few days.幾天之內(nèi)全國就武裝起來了。The transistors are widely used in communication systems.晶體管廣泛用于通信系統(tǒng)。2原文主語譯成賓格A new kind of magnifying glass is being made in that factory.那個工廠正在制造一種新的放大鏡。Communications satellites are used for international live transmission throughout theworld.全世界都將通信衛(wèi)星用于國際的實況轉播。3譯成帶表語的主動句The crews were trained at Eglin Field, Fla.機組人員是在佛羅里達州埃格林空軍基地訓練的。The decision to attack was not taken lightly.進攻的決定不是輕易做出的。4譯成漢語的無主句The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.必須立即終止這種討厭的噪聲。What kind of device is needed to make the control system simple?需要什么裝置使控制系統(tǒng)簡化？5. 以“it”為形式主語的被動語態(tài)在譯文中常要改成主動形成，有時不加主語，有時則加上不確定的主語，例如“有人”，“大家”，“人們”，“我們”等。不加主語：It is hoped that 希望It is reported 據(jù)報It is said 據(jù)說It may be said that 可以說It must be admitted that 必須承認It must be pointed out 必須指出加主語It is asserted that 有人主張It is believed that 有人相信It is generally considered that 大家認為It is well known that 眾所周知It will be said 有人會說It was told that 有人曾經(jīng)說二、譯成被動句將英語原文中的被動句譯成漢語被動句時，常借且“被”、“給”、“遭”、“受”、 “把”、“使”、“由”等形式加以表達。例如：Radio waves are also known as radiant energy.無線電波也被認為是輻射能。Machines are made to run by electricity.機器由電帶動運轉。Is the air in this area still being polluted by smog?這個地區(qū)的空氣還在受煙霧污染嗎？Other processes will be discussed briefly.其它方法將簡單地加以討論。How long has nuclear power been known to scientists?核動力為科學家所認識己經(jīng)有多久了？The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.大火使這著名旅館幾乎全部毀滅。第三節(jié) 名詞從句的譯法英語名詞從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句等。翻譯時大多數(shù)可譯成相對應的漢語，但也還有一些其它處理方法。下面分別加以介紹：一、主語從句1以what, whatever, whoever等代詞引導的主語從句一般可按原文順序翻譯，例如：What he told me is only half-truth.他告訴我的只是些半真半假的東西而己，Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression。他此行所見所聞都給他留下了深刻的印象。2.以“it”作形式主語的主語從句1）邏輯主語從句如提前譯出，有兩種情況：若強調(diào)，“it”一般可譯出來；如不強調(diào)，“it”可不譯出來。It doesnt make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.他參不參加會議沒有多大關系。（不強調(diào)）It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.在飛機墜毀之后，駕駛員竟然還能活著，這看來是不可想象的。（強調(diào)）2）邏輯主語從句不提前，“it”一般不需譯出。It is suggested that the meeting should be canceled.有人建議取消會議。二、賓語從句1）用that, what, how等引起的賓語從句漢譯時一般不須改變順序。I told him that because of the last condition,Id have to turn it down.我告訴他，由于那最后一個條件，我只得謝絕。2）用“it”作形成賓語的句子，that賓語從句可按原文順序譯出，“it”可不譯。I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 oclock in the morning.我向他們講清楚了的，他們必須在上午十時前交卷。三表語從句與賓語從句一樣，一般可按原文順序譯出：His view of the press was that the reporters were either for him or against him.他對新聞界的看法是，記者們不是支持他，就是反對他。四同位語從句1. 同位語從句漢譯時不提前：He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.他表示希望再到中國來訪問。2. 同位語從句提前譯出：Yet,from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而，從一開始，我仍然活著這個事實卻偏偏被忽視了。It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.延遲應由他負責，這個事實是改變不了的。3用“即”或冒號、破折號引出同位語從句：But considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.但是現(xiàn)實地考慮一下，我們不得不正視這樣的事實：我們的前景并不妙。And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit.而且總有這種可能性-一個小小的電火花，可能會意外地繞過了最為精心設計的線路。4單詞、短語作同位語的譯法：1）說明身份，稱號的英語同位語往往放在專有名詞