科技英語寫作語法錯(cuò)誤舉例.ppt

from TheACSStyleGuide Chapter2 科技英語寫作語法錯(cuò)誤舉例 1Subject VerbAgreements例1Applicationofthistechniquetostudiesonphytoplanktonbiomassanditsenvironmentsaredescribed 說明 Thesubjectis application whichissingular Applicationofthistechniqueto isdescribed Sometimes twosingularsubjectsjoinedby and causethiserror 例2GrowthandisolationofM13viruswasdescribed GrowthandisolationofM13virusweredescribed Exception Asubjectthatispluralinformbutsingularineffecttakesasingularverb 例3Thenameandaddressofeachcontributorisgivenonthetitlepage 例4Researchanddevelopmentisattractingagrowingnumberofyoungscientists However whentwoormoresubjectsarejoinedby or theverbtakesthenumberoftheclosestsubject 例5Applicationoruseswerenoted Usesorapplicationwasnoted Collectivenounstakeasingularverbwhenthegroupasawholeismeant theytakeapluralverbwhenindividualsofthegrouparemeant 例6Theseriesisarrangedinorderofdecreasingsize 說明 Referstotheseriesasaunit 例7Aseriesofcompoundsweretested 說明 Referstoeachcompound 例8Aseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins Mn 500 700 hasbeenpreparedfromphenolphthaleinandepichlorohydrinusingK2CO3 Na2CO3 H2OascatalystsinsteadofNaOH H2O Aseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins Mn 500 700 hevebeenpreparedfromphenolphthaleinandepichlorohydrinusingK2CO3 Na2CO3 H2OascatalystsinsteadofNaOH H2O 例9Experimentaldatathatweobtainedarecomparedwithpreviouslyreportedresults 說明 Referstothedataasindividualresults 例10Afterthedataaredistributed wecanmeettodiscussthem Afterthedataisdistributed wecanmeettodiscussit 說明 Referstothewholecollectionofdataasoneunit 例11Noneofthesampleswassoluble Noneofthesamplesweresoluble 說明 Referstoindividuals 例12Thisgroupofworkersarewellawareoftheirresponsibilities Thisgroupofworkersiswellawareofitsresponsibilities 說明 Referstothegroupasaunit Unitsofmeasurementaretreatedascollectivenounsandthereforetakeasingularsubject 例13Themixturewasstirred and5mLofdiluentwereadded Themixturewasstirred and5mLofdiluentwasadded 例14FivegramsofNaCLwereaddedtothesolution FivegramsofNaCLwasaddedtothesolution 例15Threeweeksareneededtocompletetheexperiment Threeweeksisneededtocompletetheexperiment Compoundsubjectscontainingthewords each every and everybody maytakesingularverbs 例16Eachflaskandeachholderwassterilizedbeforeuse Bothcomponentsofthecompoundsubjectmustcontainthewordsinquestion Otherwise theverbmustbeplural 例17Eachstudentandalloftheprofessorswereinvited RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClausesWhenaclauseinacompoundsentenceisrestrictive theclauseisnecessarytothesenseofthesentence thesentencewouldbecomepointlesswithouttheclause Restrictiveclausesarebestintroducedby that not which 例18Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupwhichwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupthatwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl Whenaclauseisnonrestrictive itaddsinformation butthesentencedoesnotloseitsmeaningiftheclauseisdeleted Nonrestrictiveclauseareintroducedby which aresetoffbycommas 例19Thecurrent voltagecurves whichareshowninFigure6 clearlydemonstratethereversibilityofallfourprocesses 3DanglingModifiers 垂懸修飾語 Oneformofadanglingmodifierisaverbalphrasethatnotreferclearlyandlogicallytoanotherwordorphraseinthesentence 例20Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules theorthohydrogenscouldbeassignedtothehigh frequencypeak Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules wecouldassigntheorthohydrogenstothehigh frequencypeak 例21Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluated thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluatedbyusingtheproceduredescribedpreviously Or Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously wecanevaluatethepartitionfunction 4AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbsBesurethateachsubjectinacompoundsentencehastheproperverbsandauxiliaryverbs 例22Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn andthesamplescollectedin10 mLincrements Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn andthesampleswerecollectedin10 mLincrements 補(bǔ)充 科技英語寫作表達(dá)的幾個(gè)問題 平山健三英語化學(xué)論文寫作方法市原英語論文的寫作方法周春暉科技英語寫作英文現(xiàn)刊 1簡(jiǎn)明2富于變幻3辨析近義詞4語法修辭及其他 1 由which that where引出的從句 2 不要在一個(gè)名詞前用一串詞進(jìn)行修飾 3 詞序 4 利用時(shí)態(tài)表示事件發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系 5 介詞1 與描寫實(shí)驗(yàn)過程有關(guān)的介詞2 由相同介詞引起的相互平行的對(duì)等結(jié)構(gòu) 1簡(jiǎn)明例AscanbeseenfromFig 1 growthisrapid Growthisrapid Fig 1 Fig 1showsthatgrowthisrapid AsshowninFig 1 Fig 1shows Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62 38kJ molbymeansoftheethirdpeakareainDSCcurve Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62 38kJ molfrom orby theethirdpeakareainDSCcurve 下述句式可以更加簡(jiǎn)捷的形式表達(dá)常以介詞或副詞代替anumberof several someatatemperatureofatatsomefuturetimelateratthepresenttime moment nowaverylimitednumberoffewbymeansofbyorwith duetothefactthatbecauseorsinceduringthetimethatwhileforaperiodofforforthereasonthatbecauseorsincefromthestandpointofaccordingtogreater orhigher numberofmoreifconditionsaresuchthatifcomparedwithA BwasbiggerBwasbiggerthanA considerableamountofmuchconsiderablenumber orproportion manyormostinacarelessmannercarelesslyinaconsiderablenumberofcasesofteninasimilarmannersimilarlyinallcasesalways allinanycaseanyhowinconsequenceofthisfacttherefore inexcessofmorethaninfewcasessometimes rarely seldominmanycaseschemistsare manychemistsare inordertoto inregardtoinrelationtoinrespecttointhecaseofinthecontextof以上可使用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~ 例如in for about with insomecasessometimesintermsofininthecaseofsodiumwithsodiumintheeventthatifinthenearfuturesooninthetemperaturerangeofbetween and inviewofthefactthatsinceorbecause largenumber s ofmanylargeproportionofmanyofgreatimportanceimportantofsuchhardnessthatsohardthatonthebasisoffrom by becauseontheorderofabout overthepastfewyearsrecently inrecentyearsowingtothefactthatsince becauseasmallnumberofafewsubsequenttoafterasufficientnumberofenoughwithreferencetoaboutpriortobefore Itisapparentthat Apparently hence thusItappearsthat Apparently Itisinterestingtonotethat Interestingly Itwasin1977that In1977 Itisclearthat Clearly Itisourconclusionthat Weconcludethat Itispossiblethat Itmaybesaidthat Perhaps Possibly ProbablyItisoftenthecasethat Often Itispossiblethatthecauseis Thecausemaybe 可去掉It 改用動(dòng)詞 而不用名詞Itistheaimofthepresentinvestigationtoprovide Thisinvestigationisaimedtoproviding 兩種類型的復(fù)雜句及其簡(jiǎn)化有被動(dòng)式從句與主動(dòng)式從句之分 被動(dòng)式從句 Heusesaninstrumentwhichiscalledaspectroscope Heusesaninstrumentcalledaspectroscope 簡(jiǎn)化為后置的過去分詞 帶有介詞 which句子的簡(jiǎn)化 1 atwhich whereAirportisaplaceatwhichspecialattentionispaidtotheweather Airportisaplacewherespecialattentionispaidtotheweather 2 bymeansofwhich wherebyAfuseboxisadevicebymeansofwhichexcessiveloadsareavoided Afuseboxisadevicewherebyexcessiveloadsareavoided DefinitionofthermalanalysisAgeneraltermcoveringagroupofrelatedtechniqueswherebythedependenceoftheparametersofanyphysicalpropertyofasubstanceontemperatureismeasured 3 ofwhich whoseVenusisaplanetofwhichthesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200 Venusisaplanetwhosethesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200 有介詞from in for者不能簡(jiǎn)化Laboratoriesareroomsinwhichexperimentsareconducted 有助動(dòng)詞的句子 不能簡(jiǎn)化Hereisalistofexperimentswhichwillbe shouldbe havebeendonethisyear 這里是今年要做的 必須做的 已做過的實(shí)驗(yàn)明細(xì)表 主動(dòng)式從句 例ThemanwholecturesonThursdayisanexpertindynamics ThemanlecturingonThursdayisanexpertindynamics 簡(jiǎn)化為現(xiàn)在分詞 作后置定語 再簡(jiǎn)化被動(dòng)式Airwhichiscompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes Aircompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes Compressedaircompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes 主動(dòng)式Malaysiaisacountrywhichproducesrubber Malaysiaisacountryproducingrubber Malaysiaisarubber producingcountry 2富于變幻比如 稱作 一詞Suchfractionsarecalledasnon freezingwater Suchfractionsarereferredtoasfreezingboundwater Thiswaterisdesignatedasfreezingwater 再比如 報(bào)道 闡述 主張 確認(rèn)Conflictingdatahavebeenpresentedinliteratureconcerningthecompatibilityofpoly vinylchloride PVC andpoly methylmethacrylate PMMA Thus Schureretal 1 reportedPVC PMMAtobemiscibleonlyinblendshavingaPVCcontentgreaterthan60 w w whereasRozinskaetal 2 claimedPVC PMMAtobeimmiscible Ontheotherhand Parmeretal 3 assertedPVC PMMAtobemiscibleoverthewholerangeofcompositionshowingasingleglasstransition Tg inthesecondDSCheatingratetraces MiscibilityofPVC PMMAhasalsobeenconfirmedbyAlbertetal 4 bynon radiativeenergytransferandNMR 3辨析近義詞例1absorbedby adsorbedonadsorbedon 吸附于表面 absorbedby 吸收其中 如 adsorbedonthesurfaceofsilveriodide 吸附于碘化銀的表面 waterwasabsorbedbythesponge 水被泡沫材料吸收 例2accuracy precisionaccuracy 準(zhǔn)確定 示值 實(shí)驗(yàn)值 與被測(cè)量真值 約定真值 的一致程度 precision 精密度 某一物理量多次測(cè)量值的一致性 或稱數(shù)據(jù)的分散性 例如 Althoughhighprecisionwasachieved accuracywaslow 雖然達(dá)到高精密度 但準(zhǔn)確度低 例3actually infact在例句 Actually thereactionratesbyemployingsomeothermethodswereconsiderablyslower 中 對(duì)于科學(xué)論文來講 這里使用infact更為合適 與書面語言相比 actually更多用于口語 例4adjust calibratecalibrate的名詞形式是calibration 校準(zhǔn) 在規(guī)定條件下為確定測(cè)量儀器或測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的示值與被測(cè)量相對(duì)應(yīng)的已知值之間關(guān)系的一組操作 可以用校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果評(píng)定測(cè)量儀器 測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的示值誤差 或給任意標(biāo)尺上的標(biāo)記賦值 有時(shí)把校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果表示為校正因子或取校正曲線形式的一系列校正因子 可按上述的校正對(duì)測(cè)量結(jié)果做調(diào)整 adjust 例如 Theresultsofthecalibrationpermittedustoadjustthefinalresult 校準(zhǔn)的結(jié)果允許我們?nèi)フ{(diào)整最終結(jié)果 例5common general ordinary usual routinecommon 普通的 共同的 Aluminamonohydrateisacommoncomponentofmanybauxites ofwhichtheFrenchbauxitesaretypical 氧化鋁單水合物是許多鋁土礦的共同成分 general 一般的 OneofthebestandmostgeneralmethodsforpreparingketonesinthearomaticseriesistheFriedel Craftreaction 制備芳酮類化合物一般最好的方法之一是Friedel Craft反應(yīng) ordinary 普通的 通常的 如 Heavywaterdifferssomewhatfromordinarywaterincertainphysicalproperties 重水在某些物理性質(zhì)方面與普通的水有所不同 ordinarypressure 常壓 ordinarytemperature 常溫 Usual 常規(guī)的 Undertheseconditiontheend pointoftitrationcouldbefoundaccuratelyintheusualway 在這種條件下 按常規(guī)的辦法可以精確發(fā)現(xiàn)滴定終點(diǎn) 茲以method為例 acommonmethod普通的方法ageneralmethod一般的方法ausualmethod常規(guī)的方法aconventionalmethod傳統(tǒng)的方法此外 routine 貫常的 如routinetest 慣常測(cè)試 是指按即定的程序開展的大量重復(fù)測(cè)試 例6bymeansof intermsofbymeansof與by using byusing同義 表示利用某種方法 手段 諸如IR DSC NMR X射線衍射等 開展研究 觀測(cè) intermsof通常用在采用某種理論 說法 參數(shù)來解釋實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 例如 ThethermalanddynamicmechanicalpropertiesofPES PPSblendshavebeeninvestigatedbymeansofDSCandDMA Sometimes wehavetostudythemiscibilityofpolymerblendsbymeansofacombinationoftwoormoremethodsinordertoconfirmtheexperimentalresults Foxequationinterpretstherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature Tg andcopolymercompositions Therelationshipbetweenglasstemperature Tg andcopolymercompositionswasinterpretedintermsofFoxequation 修改后 使重點(diǎn) Tg與組成的關(guān)系 更加突出 此句的重點(diǎn)并非是Fox方程 WehavepreparedthecomplexoftitlecompoundanddiscusseditsthermaldecompositionprocedurebyTG DTG DTA SEMandIRtechniquesandthecorrespondingnon isothermalkineticsbymeansoftheMalekmethod intermsoftheMalekmethod 例7curve thermogramcurve 曲線 thermogram 熱譜 thermogram的一種解釋是 住院病人 例行查房 體溫的逐日記錄 因此 以英國學(xué)者為主的熱分析名詞委員會(huì)主張稱熱分析的記錄為 曲線 而不稱 熱譜 如DTAcurve DTA曲線 DSCcurve DSC曲線 例8derivative differentialderivative 微商 表示某物理量P對(duì)溫度T或時(shí)間t的微商 dP dT 或dP dt 如derivativethermogravimetry 微商熱重法 differential 差 差式 如differentialscanningcalorimetry 差式掃描量熱法 例9different various varyingdifferent 不同的 various 各種的 varying 改變 的 例如 Theresultsareclearlydifferent 結(jié)果顯然不同 Wetriedvarious 或severaldifferent methods 我們?cè)囘^各種方法 Theeffectofvaryingtheconditionwas 改變條件的影響是 例10mass weightmass 質(zhì)量 weight 重量 如 massofthesample 試樣質(zhì)量 或簡(jiǎn)稱試樣量 而不稱sampleweight 試樣重量 重量在本質(zhì)上與力是相同的 即是質(zhì)量與因重力而產(chǎn)生的加速度的乘積 例11often sometimes usually它們?cè)诒憩F(xiàn)時(shí)間的頻次上是不同的 usually often sometimes依次為 通常 常常 有時(shí) 頻次降低 如 Itwasusuallyobservedthat 通常觀測(cè) Itwasoftenobservedthat 常常觀測(cè) Itwassometimesobservedthat 有時(shí)觀測(cè) 例12standardmaterial certifiedreferencematerialstandardmaterial標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì) certifiedreferencematerial有證參樣 或稱有證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì) standardmaterial用于檢定儀器測(cè)量準(zhǔn)確度的物質(zhì) certifiedreferencematerial用一種或多種技術(shù)上正確的方法 鑒定了其特性值 具有可溯源性并附有鑒定機(jī)構(gòu)所發(fā)給的證書或其他文件的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物質(zhì) 4語法修辭及其他 1 由which that where引出的從句which1 通過which進(jìn)行雙擴(kuò)展Thechangeofheatoffusionofpolyethyleneasafunctionofthespecificvolumewhichthesamplehasatroomtemperature andwhichisrelatedtothecrystallinitythroughEq 5 inChapterIVisshowninFig IV12 2 由于插入從句 which遠(yuǎn)離它所代替的主句中的詞Inthecaseofcoldcrystallizationitissuggestedthatbyreasonofsomewhatrigidbackbonechainsinthesepolymers therewillbesomelocalordersuchasparallelchainsornematicdomains originatingduringquenchingthemeltandfrozenintheglassystate whichfavorssubsequentcrystallization 2 不要在一個(gè)名詞前用一串詞進(jìn)行修飾ThermaldecompositionkineticsofthecomplexesoflightrareearthbromideswithalaninebyDSCmethod DSCstudyonkineticsofthermaldecompositionforthecomplexesoflightrareearthbromideswithalanine 3 詞序Intheformofextendedhelicalchain thejunctionzonesarelinked Thejunctionzonesarelinkedintheformofextendedhelicalchain Foxequationinterpretstherelationshipbetweenglasstemperature Tg andcopolymercompositions Therelationshipbetweenglasstemperature Tg andcopolymercompositionswasinterpretedinterms