3.Chapter2+Morphological+Structure+and+Word-ation.ppt

Chapter2MorphologicalStructureandWord Formation I ThecomponentpartsofawordAmorphemeistheminimalsignificantelement Itisalsothesmallestunitofgrammaticalanalysis books doors computers plural movement establishment nounform worked shouted added pasttense Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes Someareformedbyonemorpheme e g dog big andothersbytwoormoremorphemes lovely love ly unacceptable un accept able II Contentmorphemes 實(shí)義形位 grammaticalmorphemesandallomorphs 形位變體 P307Contentmorphemesknownasfreemorphemesorrootsarethosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves e g big take kind teach Grammaticalmorpheme 語(yǔ)法形位Grammaticalmorphemesarethosethatmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme Theyarealsocalledboundmorphemes e g dig s take s un kind teach ing Notice sometimeswordsconsistoftwocontentmorphemes housework classroom blackboardIII Methodsofword formation1 AffixationP308 Amorph形素isthephoneticrealization representation ofamorpheme Thesamemorphememayberepresentedinseveraldifferentphonologicalforms e g hunted id fished t buzzed d Thepasttensemorpheme ed isrealizedinthreedifferentmorphs d t id So d t id arethevariantsofthesamemorpheme ed andarecalledallomorphs Anallomorph形位變體isoneoftwoormorecomplementarymorphswhichmanifestamorphemeinitsdifferentphonologicalenvironments Allomorphsarevariantsofamorpheme e g thepluralmarkerinEnglishissometimesrealizedas z s or iz 自由詞根 自由形式詞根粘著詞根形位前綴派生詞綴粘附形式后綴詞綴屈折詞綴 III Methodsofword formation詞的構(gòu)成方式 Word formationistheprocessofcreatingnewwordsfromthematerialavailableinthelanguageaccordingtocertainstructuralandsemanticformulasandpatterns Sixmethodsofword formation 1 Affixation 詞綴法 2 Conversion 轉(zhuǎn)類法 3 Compoundingorcomposition 合成法 4 Blending 拼綴法 5 Back formation 逆成法 6 Shorteningorabbreviation 縮略法 Affixationistheprocessbywhichwordsareformedbyaddingaffixestoaroot stem prefixes comebeforetheroot unable dislike affixessuffixes comeaftertheroot careful hopeless 1 NegativePrefixesa meaning not without oppositeto apolitical havingnointerestinorassociationwithpolitics不關(guān)心政治的 對(duì)政治不感興趣或與政治無(wú)關(guān)的asexual 無(wú)性的 無(wú)性生殖的asexualreproductionatypical 非典型的 不規(guī)則的asocial notsociable孤僻的 不善社交的antisocial反社會(huì)的e g crime riots druguseandotherasocialbehavior犯罪 暴行 吸毒及其它反社會(huì)行為 amoral 與道德無(wú)關(guān)的 非道德性的 沒(méi)有是非觀念e g Youngchildrenareamoral dis meaning not theconverseof disgrace tobringshameordishonoron使羞辱 使蒙羞e g disgracedtheentirecommunity使整個(gè)社區(qū)蒙羞 grace tohonororfavor使 增光 使 榮耀Finepaintingsgracedthewallsoftheroom 這些精美的畫(huà)是四壁生輝 disarm 解除武裝 繳械 裁減軍備e g Thepolicedisarmedthecriminals disloyal lackingloyalty不忠實(shí)的 不忠誠(chéng)的distasteful unpleasant disagreeable使人不愉快的 令人反感的 討厭的dissimilar unlike different不一樣的 不同的 dispossess todeprive another ofthepossessionofsomething suchasrealproperty奪取 霸占 剝奪 另一個(gè)人 的財(cái)產(chǎn) 如不動(dòng)產(chǎn)disprove toprovetobefalse invalid orinerror refute證明 不真實(shí) 證明 虛假或不正確 反駁disuse v n 廢止 停止使用e g wordsthathavefallenintodisuse廢止不用的詞dishonest dissatisfaction displeased in il ir im 加在p b m前 meaning not lackof inaudible impossibletohear聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)的e g aninaudibleconversation聽(tīng)不到的談話injustice insensitive illogical illiterate illegitimate irresistible irresponsibility irrelevant immoral imbalance improbable immature non meaning not nonage 未成年 age 成年 法定年齡 nonprofit 非贏利的 不以贏利為目的的e g anonprofitorganization非盈利組織nonsmoker 不抽煙的人 禁止吸煙列車車廂nonviolenceP15 un averyproductiveaffixunsmiling 不笑的 面無(wú)笑容的 嚴(yán)肅的undemocratic 不民主的unambitious 無(wú)野心的 無(wú)大志的unfeeling 冷酷的 無(wú)情的uneatable unfortunate unthinkable untouchable unusable unlockthedoor untietherope unzipthejacket unplugtherecorder uncurlthehair undressthebaby uncorkthebottle unbuttonthecoat unrollthemap undothewrongs unearththespy unwraptheparcel unmask 脫去假面具unhorse tocausetofallfromahorse使從馬上落下 de meaning reversingtheaction deprivingof deform tospoilthenaturalformof misshape使失原形 使成畸形Agedeformsthespine deice tomakeorkeepfreeofice melticefrom除冰 防止 上結(jié)冰 融化 上的冰e g deicetheplane swingsbeforetakeoff起飛前除去機(jī)翼上的冰 demoralize di toweakenthecourage confidence etc 使沮喪 使無(wú)信心 使意志消沉Losingseveralmatchesinsuccessionhadcompletelydemoralizedtheteam decentralize 分散 行政權(quán) demystify tomakelessmysterious tomakesomethingeasiertounderstand使非神秘化 減少神秘性WhatIneedisabookthatwilldemystifytheworkingsofacarengineforme debug 尋出并拆除 內(nèi)的竊聽(tīng)器e g debugaconferenceroom拆除會(huì)議室內(nèi)的竊聽(tīng)器descale 除去水垢 scale 鍋垢 水垢 deforest di v 砍伐森林 去掉樹(shù)木Deforestationisdestroyinglargeareasoftropicalrainforest 2 PejorativePrefixesmal meaning badly bad addedtoverbs participles adjectives andabstractnouns maltreat malformed畸形的 malnourished malpractice professionalmisconduct瀆職 不當(dāng)?shù)脑\治malabsorption m l b s p n 吸收不良malfunction n 故障v 發(fā)生故障運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不正常 mis wrongly astray addedtoverbs participles andabstractnounsmisinterpret misleading misunderstandingmisbehave vi tobehavebadly舉止不端vt tobehave oneself inaninappropriateway行為不端 舉止不當(dāng)Thechildrenmisbehavedthemselvesatdinner 孩子們?cè)谕聿蜕吓e止不當(dāng)Theboywasalwaysgettingintroubleformisbehavingatschool mismanage 把 辦錯(cuò) 管理不善 處理不當(dāng)mistrust n v 不信任 猜疑e g mistrustsb sabilitytodoathing懷疑某人辦事能力mistime 使 言行等 不合時(shí)宜 搞錯(cuò) 的時(shí)間e g Thegeneralmistimedtheattack whichshouldhavebeenmadeanhourearlier e g mistimedremarks不合時(shí)宜的話 pseudo false imitation productivewithnounsandadjectivespseudonym假名 筆名 pseudo friend pseudoscience pseudo metal pseudo democratic pseudo fact 3 PrefixesofDegreeorSizearch ofhighestrank chief supreme archangel archbishop archduke大公 arch capitalist archenemy大敵 首敵arch rival主要競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手 extra very productivewithadj extra large extra strong extra bright extra fine extra special異常優(yōu)秀的hyper extreme hypercautious謹(jǐn)小慎微的 hypercritical苛求的 吹毛求疵的hypersensitive過(guò)度敏感的hyperactive活動(dòng)過(guò)度的 極度活躍的 macro large formingtechnicaltermsmacroeconomics宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) macrostructure宏觀結(jié)構(gòu) macrocosm theentireworld theuniverse整個(gè)世界 宏觀世界 宇宙 micro verysmall formingmostlyscientificortechnicaltermsmicrosurgery顯微外科手術(shù) microwave microfilm microcomputer microbiology microelectronics microeconomics 微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)microenvironment theenvironmentofaverysmall specificarea微環(huán)境 小環(huán)境 mini little minibus minicab微型出租車 mini camera小型照相機(jī) mini skirtminibikini超短兩截式女minibreak短暫停頓 休息 out surpassing withverbs nounsandadjectivestoformnewtransitiveverbsoutlive outrun outlast outrideoutjump比 跳得高 或遠(yuǎn) outsell賣得比 多outplay todefeatinagameoutdo todoorbebetterthan優(yōu)于 勝過(guò)Sheoutdidhiminrunningandswimming outweigh tobemoreimportantthanThemedicalbenefitsofX raysfaroutweightheriskofhavingthem outwit todefeatbybehavingmorecleverly以機(jī)智取勝 智取outnumber 數(shù)目超過(guò) 比 多outfox todefeatbybeingcleverer以計(jì)謀取勝 比 更狡猾outbrave tofightbravelyagainst usu withsuccess以勇敢戰(zhàn)勝 over excessive toomuch addedtoadjectives verbsandnounsover react反應(yīng)過(guò)度強(qiáng)烈 overcharge對(duì) 要價(jià)過(guò)高 overestimate overprotect over anxious Youmustlearnnottooverreacttocriticism Overeatingissurelythemaincauseofobesity Insurancecompaniesarealreadyoverburdenedwithsimilarclaims索賠 sub secondary lessimportant productiveinthissensewithnounstoformnewnounssubsystem次要系統(tǒng) 子系統(tǒng) subheading副標(biāo)題 subcontractor轉(zhuǎn)包商 subcommittee委員會(huì)的附屬委員會(huì) 小組委員會(huì) subculture亞文化群 一種文化內(nèi)具有獨(dú)特性的一群人 subplot aplotsubordinatetothemainplotofaliteraryworkorfilm次要情節(jié)sub notquite beneath inadjectivesandnounssubfreezing低于冰點(diǎn)的 subnormal低于正常的 substandard標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以下的 不合規(guī)格的e g Asubstandardserviceorproductisunacceptablebecauseitisbelowarequiredstandard super morethan beyond veryspecial superhero supernatural superconductor supersimplification superspeed superhuman supersophiscated superbomb超級(jí)炸彈 氫彈 ultra extreme productivewithadjectivesultra fashionable ultra intelligent ultraleft極左的 ultra pious ultramilitant極端好戰(zhàn)的 under insufficient beneath underpay topayinsufficientlyorlessthanisdeserved少付工資 支付工資不足或少于應(yīng)得的undervalue低估 評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)低 underdeveloped underused未充分利用的 underfinanced資金短缺的 財(cái)力不足的 4 PrefixesofOrientationandAttitudeanti against opposed productivewithnounsandadjectivesanti abortion antinuclear反對(duì)使用或生產(chǎn)核武器的 antiwar anticolonial preventing destroying anti aging防衰老的antifreeze 汽車水箱 防凍液antibacterial抗菌的 抗菌藥 counter against inoppositionto counteroffer anoffermadeinreturnbyonewhorejectsanunsatis factoryoffer反出價(jià) 還價(jià)counterespionage反間諜 活動(dòng) counteraccusation反控 counterstrike counterclockwise反時(shí)針?lè)降腸ounterattackn v 反攻 反擊 ChinawarnedoftoughcountermeasuresafteraJapanesecourtonSundayextendedthedetentionofaChinesetrawlercaptain illegallyheldinJapanaftercollisionsinwatersoffChina sDiaoyuIslandsonSept7 pro for infavorof proabortion贊成人工流產(chǎn)合法化的pro American親美的 5 LocativePrefixesextra outside withadjectivesextra curricular課外的 extramarital私通的 婚外的extrasolar 天 存在于或來(lái)自于 太陽(yáng)系以外的extraterritorial 治外法權(quán)的 在疆界以外的 不受管轄的 extragovernmental政府管轄之外的fore thefrontpartof placedatthefront forehead forearm foreleg forefoot inter between among interpersonal interstate州際的 intermarriage聯(lián)姻 異族結(jié)婚interplay相互影響 interdependence interline toinsertbetweenprintedorwrittenlines在字行間寫(xiě)入 插入 Theteacherinterlinedcorrectionsonthestudent sthemes 在學(xué)生作文的字里行間 教師加進(jìn)了修改的文字 intra within productivewithnounsandadjectivestoformadjectivesintra party政黨內(nèi)的 intrageneration intranasal鼻內(nèi)的intranational國(guó)內(nèi)的 民族內(nèi)的intravenous 醫(yī) 靜脈內(nèi)的 靜脈注射的e g intravenousdrip靜脈滴注 intravenousinjection靜脈注射 venous靜脈血管的 靜脈的 trans across fromoneplacetoanother transcontinental橫貫大陸的 transpacific太平洋彼岸的 橫渡太平洋的transworld環(huán)球旅游的 遍及全球的 世界范圍的 6 PrefixesofTimeandOrderex former productivewithnounsex husband ex professor exconvict有前科者post laterthan after productivewithnounsandadjectivespostgraduate post independence postdate toputadateon acheck forexample thatislaterthantheactualdate填遲日期 fore before foreknowledge knowledgeorawarenessofsomethingbeforeitsexistenceoroccurrence預(yù)知 先見(jiàn)之明foreword前言 序言 forethought事先的考慮 預(yù)謀 深謀遠(yuǎn)慮 forefather祖先 祖宗 pre before inadvance predetermine todetermine decideinadvance預(yù)先決定 預(yù)先斷定Thesefactorspredeterminetoalargeextenttheoutcome這些因素在很大程度上預(yù)先決定了其結(jié)果 pretrial pretrialimprisonment審前監(jiān)禁 pretrialhearings審判前聽(tīng)證會(huì) preview preschool學(xué)齡前的 入學(xué)前的 preschoolerprerequisite先決 必要 條件 前提 to Goodself esteemisaprerequisitetoahappylife premature早熟的 不成熟的 re again back reconsider redecoration remarriage reread refresh 使 精神振作 使 精力恢復(fù) 7 NumberPrefixesmono one single monotone awayofspeakingorsinginginwhichthevoiceneitherrisesnorfalls單調(diào)tospeakinamonotone用單調(diào)聲音說(shuō)monotonous monoplane monologue monocycle monorail monosyllabic uni one unilateral單方面 單邊的unicellular單細(xì)胞uniform統(tǒng)一的 相同的unicolored單色的unify使統(tǒng)一bi two bicycle bilingual biplane bisexualbilateral 兩邊的 雙方的e g abilateralagreement雙邊協(xié)定 bimonthly兩月一次的 雙月的e g abimonthlymagazine雙月刊biweekly 雙周的 半月刊 biangular雙角的 angular having forming orconsistingofanangleorangles 有角的 形成角的或由角組成的 tri three threetimes triangle tricycle trisyllabic triunity trinity 三位一體 tripartite composedofordividedintothreeparts三部分的 由三部分組成的或可分為三部分的relatingtoorexecutedbythreeparties三方的 與三方有關(guān)的或有關(guān)的或由三方執(zhí)行的e g atripartiteagreement三方協(xié)議 quadri four quadrisyllabic quadrangular quadricycle quadrilateral penta five pentathlon五項(xiàng)全能pentagon五角形 五邊形pentagram五角星形pentasyllable五音節(jié)pentameter五韻步詩(shī)hexa six 在元音前作hex hexagon六角形hexode六極管hexameter六韻步詩(shī)hexagram六角星形 sex 六 亦作sexi sexangle hexagon 數(shù) 六角形 六邊形sexdigitism六指 趾 狀態(tài)sexcentenary六百年的 六百周年紀(jì)念 centenary n 一百年adj 一百年的 semi hemi half semi automatic semi naked semifinal semi colony半殖民地semi transparent半透明的 semiconductor 物 半導(dǎo)體hemispherehemialgia 醫(yī) 偏頭疼 8 ConversionPrefixestraditionallya addedtoverbstoproducepredicativeadjectivesasleep atremble alive aglow發(fā)紅的 發(fā)亮的 興奮的awash levelwithandwashedoverbywaves與海潮齊平的 淹沒(méi)的 地 e g Theriveroverfloweduntilthestreetswereawash be withnounstoformtransitiveverbsbewail因 而悲嘆 哀悼 痛哭bewailone sbadluck悲嘆自己的命苦 begrudge 嫉妒 羨慕e g Shebegrudgedhisyouth 她羨慕他的青春 grudge n 懷恨 怨恨 妒忌Ialwaysfeelshehasagrudgeagainstme 我總覺(jué)得她對(duì)我懷恨在心 withnounsplus edtoyieldadjectivesbeloved被深愛(ài)的 bejeweled