!2011年綜合類職稱英語教材新增文章篇目、答案及譯文.doc

二0一一年職稱英語綜合類新增文章篇目閱讀理解新增文章篇目C級 (2011新增) 第八篇 The State of Marriage Today C級*第三十一篇 Pool Watch*第三十二篇 The Cherokee Nation*第三十三篇 A Ride in a Cable-car*第三十四篇 （10新增） Career With a Uniform*第三十五篇 （10新增） Dorm Food More Comfy*第三十六篇 A Tale of Scottish Rural Life*第三十七篇 Who Wants to Live Forever?*第三十八篇 Immigration and Problems (2011新增) Excessive Demands on Young People*第三十九篇 Eat to Live*第四十篇 New US Plan for Disease Prevention+第四十一篇 The Operation of International Airlines+第四十二篇 Sauna+第四十三篇 Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack?+第四十四篇 （10新增）Americans Get Touchy+第四十五篇 （10新增）Women Staying in Mini-Skirts for Longer+第四十六篇 Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed+第四十七篇 The Best Way to Reduce Your Weight (2011新增) Spoilt for Choice 多不勝選+第四十八篇 Finding Enlightenment in Scotland+第四十九篇 The Beginning of American Literature+第五十篇 Older Volcanic Eruptions第八篇The State of Marriage Today C級 Is there something seriously wrong with marriage today? During the past 50 years，the rate of divorce in the United States has exploded：almost 50of marriages end in divorce now, and the evidence suggests it is going to get worseIf this trend continuesit will lead to the breakup of the family，according to a spokesperson for the National Family AssociationSome futurists predict that in l 00 yearsthe average American will marry at least four timesand extramarital affairs will be even more common than they are now But what are the reasons for this，and is the picture really so gloomy? The answer to the first question is really quite simple：marriage is no longer the necessity it once wasThe institution of marriage has been based for years partly on economic needWomen used to be economically dependent on their husbands as they usually didnt have jobs outside the homeBut with the rising number of women in wellpaying jobs，this is no longer the case，so they dont feel that they need to stay in a failing marriage In answer to the second question，the outlook may not be as pessimistic as it seemsWhile the rate of divorce has risen，the rate of couples marrying has never actually fallen very much，so marriage is still quite popularIn addition to thismany couples now cohabit and dont bother to marryThese couples are effectively married，but they do not appear in either the marriage or divorce statisticsIn factmore than 50Of first marriages surviveThe statistics are deceptive because there is a higher number of divorces in second and third marriages than in first marriagesSo is marriage really an outdated institution? The fact that most people still get married indicates that it isntAnd it is also true that married couples have a healthier life than single people：they suffer less from stress and its consequences，such as heart problems，and married men generally consider themselves more contented than their single counterpartsPerhaps the key is to find out what makes a successful marriage and apply it to all of our relationships!練習： 1Which is true about the problem of marriage in the United States today? A) Divorce leads to the breakup of the family B) Half of the married couples get divorced： C) American people marry more than four times D) More and more people are getting divorced2What does “this is no longer the case” in paragraph two mean? A) It is not necessary to get married any more B) Women do not need a husband any longer C) Women are not economically dependant any more D) Many wives do well-paying jobs outside home now3Why may the outlook of marriage not be as gloomy as it appears? A) Many people still like to get married B) The rate of divorce has actually decreased C) Over 50of the marriages continue to exist D) The statistics of divorce is not quite true。4How do people usually feel in their marriage life? A) They are much healthier B) They feel no longer single C) They are more satisfied D）They suffer a lot less5Which of the following about marriage is NOT mentioned in the passage? A) There will be more relationships outside marriage B) Many people try to get married again after divorce C) Marriage has long been partly an economical need D) It is a fact that most people choose to get married詞匯：Divorce n離婚Evidence n證據(jù)，跡象Futurist n未來主義者Explode v激增，迅速擴大Predict v預言，預料，預報Extramarital adj婚外的Gloomy adj陰暗的；令人沮喪的Institution n制度，習俗Outlook n展望，前景Pessimistic adj悲觀的Cohabit v同居Effectively ad實際上Statistics n統(tǒng)計，統(tǒng)計資料Deceptive adj迷惑的，騙人的Outdated adj舊式的，過時的Indicate v表明，暗示Consequence n結(jié)果，后果Contented adj滿足的，滿意的Counterpart n對應的人(或物)注釋：National Family Association：美國國家家庭聯(lián)合會*第三十八篇Excessive Demands on Young People B級Being able to multitask is hailed by most people as a welcome skill，but not according to a recent study which claims that young people between the ages of eight and eighteen of the so-called Generation M1 are spending a considerable amount of their time in fruitless efforts as they multitask. It argues that, in fact, these young people are frittering away as much as half of their time again as they would if they performed the very same tasks one after the other. Some young people are juggling an ever larger number of electronic devices as they study. At the same time that they are working, young adults are also surfing on the Internet, or sending out emails to their friends, andor answering the telephone and listening to music on their iPods2or On another computer. As some new device comes along it too is added to the list rather than replacing one of the existing devices.Other research has indicated that this multitasking is even affecting the way families themselves function as young people are too wrapped up3 in their own isolated worlds to interact with the other people around them. They can no longer greet family members when they enter the house nor can they eat at the family table. All this electronic wizardry is supposedly also seriously affecting young peoples performance at university and in the workplace. When asked about their perception of the impact of modern gadgets on their performance of tasks, the overwhelming majority of young people gave a favourable response. The response from the academic and business worlds was not quite as positive. The former feel that multitasking with electronic gadgets by children affects later development of study skills, resulting in a decline in the quality of writing, for example, because of the lack of concentration on task completion. They feel that many undergraduates now urgently need remedial help with study skills. Similarly, employers feel that young people entering the workforce need to be taught all over again, as they have become deskilled. While all this may be true, it must be borne in mind4 that more and more is expected of young people nowadays; in fact, too much. Praise rather than criticism is due in respect of5 the way todays youth are able to cope despite what the older generation throw at them練習：1 According to a recent study, what is probably true about the multitasking Generation M? A)They are highly commended for being so effective and efficient B)They waste more time than they should save, contrary to common assumptions C)They should prioritize and focus on the most important tasks on hand D)They need to improve their organizational skills SO as to complete all their tasks2With the advent of new gadgets, what will happen to Generation Ms present e-devices? A)They make way for the latest and greatest and are retired by the young people B)They are put away temporarily but stay in rotation for their owners to choose from C)They become part of the ever increasing collection of novelties D)They are either sold or traded so that their owners can update their toys and hobbies3How will multitasking affect Generation M adversely? A) It makes them feel lonely and pitiful. B) It makes them aloof and elusive to family and friends. C) It makes them selfish and possessive D) It makes them impolite and ungrateful4What is the biggest problem for multitasking undergraduates in universities?A) They should adjust their academic attitudes seriously.B) They should seek psychological professionals for assistance.C) They should take some crash courses to catch up with their classmates.D) They should try harder to focus on one task before moving on to the next.5In dealing with todays youth, what approach should parents take? A) Be supportive and understanding. B) Be realistic and lower their expectations. C) Be encouraging and let their children stick to their old habits. D) Be patient and hope everything will work out just fine eventually.詞匯： excessive adj過多的，額外interact vi交流，溝通，互動multitask vi同時進行多個任務wizardry n魔力，法術(shù)supposedly adv據(jù)認為，據(jù)推測hail vt贊揚performance n表現(xiàn)，行為claim vt聲稱，主張perception n認識，看法，見解considerable adj. 相當大的，相當多的impact n. 影響，作用gadget n. 小巧的機械裝置fritter vt. 消費，浪費overwhelming adj. 壓倒性的juggle vt. 耍弄，玩耍majority n. 大多數(shù)electronic device n. 電子裝置，電子儀器academic adj. 學術(shù)的，學校的decline n. 下降，衰退surf vi. （網(wǎng)上）沖浪，漫游，瀏覽concentration n. 專心，專注indicate vt. 表明，指出remedial adj. 補習的，補救的affect vt. 影響deskilled adj. 逐漸失去技能的isolated adj. 鼓勵的，與世隔絕的due adj. 應有的，適當?shù)淖⑨專?. Generation M： M代表 multimedia。Generation M 即“多媒體時代”，是指伴隨著計算機和因特網(wǎng)的普及而成長起來的一代年輕人。他們多出生于1980年之后，熱衷于計算機、因特網(wǎng)、視頻游戲、智能手機。這些新媒體和傳統(tǒng)媒體如電視、印刷品、音響制品結(jié)合起來，使得他們的世界異常豐富多彩。“多媒體時代”的另一特征就是可以 multitask，即多項任務同時進行，如他們可以_邊上網(wǎng)沖浪、一邊聽著音樂、一邊看著電視里的MTV、一邊和朋友短信聊天、同時還做著自己的家庭作業(yè)。2iPod：美國蘋果公司的一款音樂播放器，除了可以播放MP3音樂外，iPod還可以作為高速移動硬盤使用，可以顯示聯(lián)系人、日歷和任務，以及閱讀電子書和聆聽有聲電子書以及播客(Podcasts)。3be wrapped up in注意力完全集中于4bear in mind記住5in respect of關(guān)于，就而言+第四十七篇 Spoilt for Choice A級Choice, we are given to1 believe, is a right. In daily life, people have come to expect endless situations about which they are required to make decisions one way or another. In the main2, these are just irksome moments at work which demand some extra energy or brainpower, or during lunch breaks like choosing which type of coffee to order or indeed which coffee shop to go to.But sometimes selecting one option as opposed to another can have serious or lifelong repercussions. More complex decision-making is then either avoided, postponed, or put into the hands of the army of professionals, lifestyle coaches, lawyers, advisors, and the like, waiting to lighten the emotional burden for a fee2 But for a good many4 people in the world, in rich and poor countries，choice is a luxury, not a right. And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices, the whole system is merely an illusion, created by companies and advertisers wanting to sell their wares5 The main impact of endless choice in peoples lives is anxiety. Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of consumer goods induces a sense of powerlessness, even paralysis, in many people, ending in the shopper giving up and walking away6 or just buying an unsuitable item that is not really wanted in order to solve the problem and reduce the uneaseRecent surveys in the United Kingdom have shown that a sizeable proportion of electrical goods bought per household are not really neededThe advertisers and the shareholders of the manufacturers are, nonetheless, satisfied. It is not just their availability that is the problem, but the speed with which new versions of products come on the market. Advances in design and production mean that new items are almost ready by the time that goods hit the shelves7Products also need to have a short lifespan so that the public can be persuaded to replace them within a short time. The classic example is computers, which are almost obsolete once they are bought. At first, there were only one or two available from a limited number of manufacturers, but now there are many companies all with not only their own products but different versions of the same machineThis makes selection a problemGone are the days when one could just walk with ease into a shop and buy one thing8: no choice, no anxiety. The plethora of choice is. not limited to consumer items. With the greater mobilitv of people around the world, people have more choice about where they want to live and work-a fairly recent phenomenon. In the past, nations migrated across huge swathes of the earth in search of food, adventure, and more hospitable environments. Whole nations crossed continents and changed the face of history. So the mobility of people is nothing new. The creation of nation states and borders9 effectively slowed this process down. but what is different now is the speed at which migration is happening.練習：1What is the difference between the decision to shop in a certain supermarket and the decision to drop out of college according to the first paragraph? A)The former is a right while the latter is notB)The latter has more impact on lifeC)The former may happen for many times in lifeD)The latter requires a fee.2When people can not easily decide what to buy，what is the least possible choice? A)Give up B)Walk awayC)Buy an unsuitable item D)Seek advice3Why do products have short lifespan nowadays? A)They are more often replaced with better ones B)They have Worse quality C)They have too many versions D)Computer technology advances too fast4How does migration differ from the past? A)People now migrate across the whole earth B)People now migrate for better life C)People now have more choice about where to migrate D)People now migrate for better environment5Which is the best summary of the writers attitude towards choice in a commercial society? A) More choice，more anxietyB) Better more choice than no choice C) Better no choice than more choiceD) All choice is not easy詞匯：spoil vt使某人掃興irksome aaj令人心煩的 brainpower n智能option n選擇repercussions n(常指意料之外的)影響，后果complex adj復雜的postpone vt&vi延遲，延緩professional n專業(yè)人士adj內(nèi)行的coach n教練員，指導luxury n難得的享受illusion n幻覺，想象ware n商品，貨物impact n影響anxiety n焦慮，不安consumer n消費者induce vt引起，導致paralysis n麻痹unsuitable adj不恰當?shù)?，不適宜的unease n焦慮，不安sizeable adj相當大的，頗大的proportion n部分，比例shareholder n股東manufacturer n制造商，廠家nonetheless adv然而，不過availability n可獲得性，可使用性version n版本obsolete adj過時的，被淘汰的plethora n過多，過剩phenomenon n現(xiàn)象migrate vi遷徙swathe n大片土地 hospitable 有利的，適宜的skip v跳過obese adj肥胖的metabolic adj新陳代謝的psychiatric adj精神病的abnormal adj異常的 注釋：1be given t0：傾向于2in the main-大體上，基本上3More complex decision-making is then either avoided，postponed，or put into the hands of the army of professionals，lifestyle coaches，lawyers，advisors，and the like，waiting to lighten the emotional burden for a fee對于情況更復雜的決策，人們或者回避、拖延，或者求助于各式各樣的專業(yè)人士-生活方式指導人員、律師、咨詢師等等，而他們也正等著你付費來緩解心理重負呢。put A in the hands of B由B為A做決策。the like等等，諸如此類的(人或物)。4a good many：也可說a great many， (用來強調(diào)所指數(shù)量)非常多的。5And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices，the whole system is merely an illusion，created by companies and advertisers wanting to sell their wares對那些自認為行使選擇權(quán)的人來說，這整個體制不過是銷售商和廣告商為了賣貨而制造出的人來說，這整個體制不過是銷售商和廣告商為了賣貨而造出的一種幻覺而已。exercise ones right 行使權(quán)力。6. Easy access to a wide range of consumer goods induces a sense of powerlessness, even paralysis, in many people, ending in the shopper giving up and walking away.購物更便捷，商品更豐富，但這卻讓很多人感到不知所措，甚至麻痹，最后只好放棄挑選，一走了之。access to獲得的渠道。7. hit the shelves：上架，上市8. Gone are the days when one could just walk with ease into a shop and buy one thing那種無它可選，輕松購物的日子一去不復返了。此句為倒裝句。9. nation states and borders：國家和疆域。完形填空新增文章篇目第五篇 Why People Use Pseudonyms*第十二篇 Sport or Spectacle?+第十五篇 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years第五篇Why People Use Pseudonyms C級 You cant choose the name you are given at birth，but in many countries you can change it legally when you reach adulthood. Of course, most people never change their names -1- they feel unhappy about them. However, some people do -2- this course of actionparticularly artists! What makes an artist want to change their name? Sometimes its for purely -3-reasons, such as the Nobel Prize winning poet from Chile, Neflali Reyes. He didnt want his father to -4- he was writing poetry, so he changed his name to Pablo Neruda when he was a young man-5- other times the reason may appear eccentric; take the case of the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa, -6- wrote under 75 different names. The reason ?” When I use a different name, I always write in a different way, he explained. In most cases，-7- ,the reason is for social, historical, political, or cultural reasons. Here are some of most -8-:The persons real name is jus -9- long and difficult to remember. Lets be honest, Madonna Louise Ciccone is not as 10- to remember as just plain Madonna. And short names are much easier to remember：William Bradley became Brad Pitt and Edson Arantes do Nascimento became PeleSometimes names are changed for marketing 11-For example，if a name sounds too foreign, it may be changed to something that is more recognizable in a 12-. So in the film world, Ramon Estsvez adop