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注明參考資料的來源(Documenting Sources)注明參考資料的來源有幾個(gè)目的:一是為了避免抄襲或剽竊行為;二是可以提供資料信息,提高讀者查閱效率;三是可以增強(qiáng)論據(jù)的權(quán)威性和論文的說服力。注明參考資料的來源包括寫注釋(notes)和寫參考文獻(xiàn),并且要遵循MLA或APA(American Psychological Association)兩種格式。文科英語論文的寫作都應(yīng)參照MLA格式。一、 寫注釋(Writing Explanation Notes)注釋的功能主要表現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面:一是對論文中的某個(gè)要點(diǎn)、術(shù)語或觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步解釋或說明, (稱為Explanation Notes)。例如:(論文原文)The Volstead Act provided for enforcement of the Eighteenth Amendment by empowering federal agents to prosecute bootleggers and other violators.(注釋) The law, passed in 1919, was named for its sponsor, Andrew Joseph Volstead, congressman from Minnesota.二是引導(dǎo)讀者參閱與論文相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)資料(稱為Reference Notes),例如:(論文原文)Mark Twain was convinced that the novels of Sir Walter Scott had infected the south with false romantic notions.(注釋) For a full account of Twains opinion of Scott, see Sydney J. Krause, Mark Twain as Critic (Baltimore: Johns Hopking UP, 1967)148-149從位置上看,注釋可分為腳注(footnotes)和尾注(endnotes),腳注位于當(dāng)頁的下端,而尾注則位于論文的末尾。如果是書的話,應(yīng)該依次寫出作者(或編者)、作品(斜體或下劃線)、出版城市、出版社(簡化形式)、出版年份、頁碼;如果是雜志中的某篇文章,則應(yīng)依次寫出作者、文章名(雙引號)、雜志名(斜體或下劃線)、期次、發(fā)表月份或年份、頁碼(不用加p)。如果某個(gè)注釋有兩行,第一行應(yīng)縮進(jìn)5個(gè)空格左右,而第二行則頂格。寫作時(shí)一定要特別注意逗號、括號和其它標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號的寫法。例如:Books:One author:John Smith, Cigarettes in History (New York: Smokers Press, 1966), p.3.Two authors:John Smith, Sam Jones, and William Rogers, You and the Filter Tip (New York: Smokers Press, 1959), p. 80More than three authors:John Smith, et el. , Menthol Madness (New York: Smokers Press, 1959), pp. 29-30Editor:Frank Klink, ed., A Good Cigar Is a Smoke (New York: American Academy for Habits, 1992), p. 54.Editors:Frank Klink and Phoebe Tipp, eds., A Pictorial Guide to Early American Ashtrays (Chicago: Smith and Franklin, 1945), p.102Translator:Roger Carp, Smoke in the Dining Car, Trans. Phoebe Tipp (Boston: Nicotine and Tar Publications, 1945), p.14.PeriodicalsThomas Puffington, “A Note on the Identity of the Marlboro Man,” The chesterfield Review,33 (February 1965), 234另外,要注意以下兩種情況(以注釋為例)第一,如果有兩次引文來自于同一本書或雜志,且這兩次引文的注釋之間沒有其它注釋插入,那么第二次引文的注釋只寫Ibid.(即:同上)和頁碼即可。Thomas Puffington, “A Note on the Identity of the Marlboro Man,” The chesterfield Review,33 (February 1965), 234Ibid.,236如果有其它注釋插入,則應(yīng)該寫作者的姓氏和頁碼。例如:Thomas Puffington, “A Note on the Identity of the Marlboro Man,” The chesterfield Review,33 (February 1965), 234Puffington, 249第二,如果引用同一作者的不同作品,那么應(yīng)在作者姓氏后加注其作品名稱的關(guān)鍵詞(斜體或下劃線)以示區(qū)別。例如:Puffington, Note, 249現(xiàn)在一般多采用MLA于1984年所建議使用的另一種注釋方法:括號標(biāo)注法(Parenthetical in-text citations)。根據(jù)括號標(biāo)注法,如果在引用時(shí)指明了原作者, 那么在引文后要用括號注明引文的頁碼,然后加句號表示結(jié)束;如果沒有指明原作者,引文后必須用圓括號同時(shí)寫出作者的姓氏和引文頁碼(其間應(yīng)有空格,但沒有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號)。例如:Richard Johnson puts heavy emphasis on the importance of “giving the child what she needs at the precise moment in her life when it will do the most good” (23).Another psychologist puts heavy emphasis on the importance of “giving thechild what she needs at the precise moment in her life when it will do the mostgood” (Johnson 23).另外,同腳注和尾注一樣,如果引用同一作者的不同作品,則應(yīng)在作者姓氏后加注其作品名稱的關(guān)鍵詞,以示區(qū)別,例如:(Johnson, Psychology 23); 如果兩個(gè)作者的姓氏相同,那么應(yīng)該用他們名字的首寫字母來加以區(qū)別。例如:(R. Johnson 23) 二、引用文獻(xiàn)的格式要求(一)引用文獻(xiàn)的基本格式這里我們分兩種情況來介紹引文的基本格式:第一種情況是把文獻(xiàn)作者作為句子的一部分(通常作主語),我們把它叫做“格式1”;第二情況是把作者的姓放在括弧里,我們把它叫做“格式2”。在同一篇論文中,以上兩種格式可以同時(shí)使用。格式1格式1的基本做法是,把作者的姓(Family name)作為句子的一部分(通常作主語),隨后用括弧標(biāo)出所引用文獻(xiàn)的出版年代。比如:Long (1991) argues that without this, outcomes such as those from immersion education are likely to occur, with a lack of sustained development.如果文獻(xiàn)有兩個(gè)作者,則要將兩個(gè)作者的姓都寫出來,并用and連接(不能用&符號連接)。比如:Perkins and Gass (1996) argue that, since proficiency is multidimensional, it does not always develop at the same rate in all domains.如果文獻(xiàn)有三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上(六個(gè)以下)的作者,論文中第一次引用時(shí)必須把所有作者的姓都寫出來,用逗號隔開,最后一個(gè)作者的姓用and連接。Sanders, Spooren and Noordman (1992) presents a useful taxonomy of coherence relations. 在第二次及以后再引用該文獻(xiàn)時(shí),只需寫出第一個(gè)作者的姓,再加上 et al.,比如:Sanders et al. (1992) studied coherence relations based on four criteria. 如果文獻(xiàn)有六個(gè)或六個(gè)以上的作者,論文中第一次引用時(shí)只需寫出第一個(gè)作者的姓,再加上 et al.和年代。使用格式1時(shí),如有必要(如直接引用整句或句子的一部分),可以在年代后面再加上所文獻(xiàn)的具體頁碼。出版年代與頁碼之間用冒號隔開。比如:Messick (1989:20) presents what he calls a progressive matrix.另外,頁碼也可以放在所引用文獻(xiàn)的末尾,比如:Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to express the other form of interconnectedness genealogical rather than ecological and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life” (p. 14).如果所引用的內(nèi)容在原文獻(xiàn)中跨頁(直接引用時(shí)一般應(yīng)該只跨兩頁),則要標(biāo)出頁碼范圍,比如:Hu (1994:56) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality”.或Hu (1994) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality” (pp. 56).使用格式1中時(shí),頁碼還可以用另外一種方法標(biāo)出,即在年代之后不用冒號而用逗號,然后用p.(所引文獻(xiàn)跨頁時(shí)用pp.),再加頁碼,比如:Messick (1989, p. 20) presents what he calls a progressive matrix.Hu (1994, pp. 56) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality”.注意,在同一篇論文中格式要統(tǒng)一。要么都采用冒號加頁碼的格式,要么都使用p./pp.的格式,不能交替使用。在直接引用文獻(xiàn)時(shí),如所引用的內(nèi)容較長(一般超過50單詞),則應(yīng)該另 起一段,左右縮進(jìn)。比如:Lorenz (1999) voiced a very similar view that because in written communication, coherence cannot be explicitly negotiated face-to-face between text producer and text receiver, “writers therefore have every reason for trying to be unequivocal and to make their ideas, intentions and arguments unmistakably clear. One way of doing this is to carefully signal logical relations and thereby signpost the path to coherence for the reader. Consequently, when looking at the fabrication of coherence in written discourse, we need to pay special attention to those explicit signposts of coherence, i.e. the texts cohesive ties” (p. 55).格式2格式2的基本做法是,把作者的姓、出版年代以及頁碼均放在括弧里,出版年代緊隨作者的姓,之后是頁碼。比如:This approach tends to assume an automatisation or practice view of learning (Bruton 2002).The first criticism is that the text-based researchers choose to study the text itself for “methodological convenience” (Givn 1995:59).使用格式2時(shí),作者的姓與出版年代之間也可以用逗號隔開,比如This approach tends to assume an automatisation or practice view of learning (Bruton, 2002).The first criticism is that the text-based researchers choose to study the text itself for “methodological convenience” (Givn, 1995:59).注意,在同一篇論文中,格式要統(tǒng)一,如果姓與年代之間用逗號,則都要用,不能有時(shí)用,有時(shí)不用。使用格式2時(shí),如果文獻(xiàn)有兩位作者,則必須把兩位作者的姓都寫出來,用&連接(不能用and),比如:During the 1970s there were considerable moves within language teaching to embrace the communicative approach (Brumfit & Johnson 1979). One validates not a test, but a principle for making inferences (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955:297).(二)轉(zhuǎn)引的格式所謂轉(zhuǎn)引,是指論文作者并沒有看到某個(gè)文獻(xiàn)的原始出版物,而是在另外一個(gè)文獻(xiàn)中看到的。比如Chapelle在其1998年的某個(gè)文獻(xiàn)中引用了Shepard在1993年發(fā)表的文章中的內(nèi)容。現(xiàn)在論文作者看到的是Chapelle的文獻(xiàn),而不是Shepard的原始文獻(xiàn)。如果論文作者希望引用Shepard的話,則應(yīng)該用下面的格式:If construct validity is seen as an exhaustive process that can be accomplished over a 50-year period, test developers may be inclined to think that any validity information is good enough in the short run (Shepard 1993: 444, cited in Chapelle 1998).上例中的cited in表示“轉(zhuǎn)引自”。注意,學(xué)位論文中不能有過多的轉(zhuǎn)引的內(nèi)容(參見有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)綜述的要求)。(三)如何引用論文集的文獻(xiàn)論文集是指各章節(jié)由不同作者撰寫并由一位或幾位作者編輯出版的著作。負(fù)責(zé)編輯出版的作者稱為editor(s),封面和扉頁一般會注明edited by,或在編輯者后面用括弧注明(Editor(s)。在論文集中,前言(Preface)、導(dǎo)論( Introduction)及每篇文章(或每章)都單獨(dú)署名。引用論文集的內(nèi)容時(shí),要根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)作者進(jìn)行引用,不能用編輯者的姓名進(jìn)行引用。比如,M. A. Gernsbacher和 T. Givn在1995年編輯出版了一本名為Coherence in Spontaneous Text的論文集。其中有A. Sanford和L. Moxey寫的一篇文章Aspects of coherence in written language: a psychological perspective。如果要引用這篇文章的內(nèi)容,則應(yīng)該按以下格式:Obviously Reinharts criterion of relevance is in fact obviously psychological, since “relevance can only be defined with respect to background knowledge, and reasoning processes” (Sanford & Moxey 1995:163).在這種情況下,論文后面的參考文獻(xiàn)的寫法是:Sanford, A. & Moxey, L. 1995. Aspects of coherence in written language: a psychological perspective. In Gernsbacher, M. A. & Givon, T. (Eds.), Coherence in Spontaneous Text. pp. 161-187. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.(四)如何引用中文文獻(xiàn)在用英文撰寫論文的過程中,如果要引用中文文獻(xiàn),要將引用的中文部分、作者以及出版物的信息翻譯成英文,然后按英文論文的引文格式引用。比如:For example, text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s were more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality” (Hu, 1994:56).These scholars chose to study coherence as a social phenomenon, rather than a mental phenomenon (Zhu & Yan, 2001).與以上兩例對應(yīng)的參考書目為:Hu, Z. 1994. Discourse Cohesion and Coherence (In Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.(胡壯麟,語篇的銜接與連貫,上海外語教育出版社。)Zhu, Y. & Yan, S. 2001. Reflections on Systemic-Functional Linguistics (In Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.(朱永生, 嚴(yán)世清,系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)多維思考,上海外語教育出版社)。注意,在英文論文中引用中文文獻(xiàn)時(shí)不能寫作者的全名(如Hu Zhuanglin, 1994),也不能直接用中文(如胡壯麟,1994或胡,1994)。在參考書目中,首先提供英文信息,并在文獻(xiàn)名稱后面加上(In Chinese),表示該文獻(xiàn)是用中文寫的。一般的學(xué)術(shù)期刊都會提供期刊名稱及文獻(xiàn)題目的英文翻譯,作者不要自己隨便翻譯。也有一種用漢語拼音來轉(zhuǎn)寫文獻(xiàn)名稱的做法,但這一做法并不流行。(五)關(guān)于引文的其他注意事項(xiàng)1關(guān)于重復(fù)引用。在同一段落中,連續(xù)兩次或兩次以上引用同一文獻(xiàn)時(shí)(中間沒有引用其他的文獻(xiàn)),從第二次開始,不重復(fù)文獻(xiàn)作者的姓和出版年代,而是用ibid.代替。如所引內(nèi)容在不同頁碼,可以在ibid.之后加上頁碼。比如:A principle of text sequencing is that “without overt indications to the contrary, the order of mention of certain items may be assumed to reflect the order of these items in reality or in our conceptualization of reality” (Dik, 1997:435). This equals to say that textual description of events or states-of-affairs should follow either the order which actually exists in the worlds described or the order in which we perceive the worlds. As Dik (ibid.:436) further points out, “as long as the ordering within the discourse is in accordance with these natural defaults, this adds to the overall coherence. Where such orders are shifted around, overt markers must warn the interpreter of this marked situation”.2有時(shí)論文中不是直接或間接引用文獻(xiàn),而只是為了描述或介紹研究現(xiàn)狀而提及某些文獻(xiàn),往往同時(shí)提及多種文獻(xiàn)。在這種情況下可以采用如下格式(注意使用e.g.,):The situation with accuracy is not so clear. Some studies (e.g., Foster & Skehan 1996; Skehan & Foster 1997; Mehnert 1998) do suggest that accuracy is raised when there is planning, but other studies (e.g., Crookes 1989; Ortega 1999; Wigglesworth 1997, 2001) do not support this claim. 在這種情況下,可以用兩種方法來安排文獻(xiàn)的順序。一是按文獻(xiàn)的年代排列,較早的排在前面(如上例);二是按作者的姓氏的字母順序排列。3在同一處提及一個(gè)作者不同年代的文獻(xiàn)時(shí),可在括弧中列出若干個(gè)年代,用逗號隔開,按時(shí)間順序排列。比如:According to Halliday (1973, 1978, 1985, 1994), language has three main metafunctions, namely, ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and textual metafunction.4如果需要同時(shí)引用某個(gè)作者在其獨(dú)立完成的某個(gè)著作中的觀點(diǎn)以及這個(gè)作者與其他作者合作的著作中的觀點(diǎn),可以采用下列兩種格式:However, McNamara (1995; McNamara & Lumley, 1997) has challenged the Bachman model.However, researchers have challenged the Bachman model (McNamara, 1995; McNamara & Lumley, 1997).5在同一篇論文中如果需要引用同一作者在同一年出版的兩種或兩種以上的文獻(xiàn),則在年代后面用a, b, c等進(jìn)行區(qū)分。比如:He draws up a possible research agenda that would flow from the inclusion of a social perspective and in-deed such a research agenda has already borne fruit in several studies of the nature of the interaction in oral tests (Porter 1991a, 1991b).在參考書目中按下列格式列出對應(yīng)的條目:Porter, D. 1991a. Affective factors in language testing. In Alderson, J. C. & North, B. (Eds.), Language testing in the 1990s: the communicative legacy (pp. 3240). London: Macmillan (Modern English Publications in association with the British Council).Porter, D. 1991b. Affective factors in the assessment of oral interaction: gender and status. In Anivan, S. (Ed.), Current developments in language testing (Vol. 25, pp. 92102). Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre. Anthology Series.6在同一論文中如果需要引用的兩個(gè)作者的姓氏相同(即使出版年代不同),則需要加上作者的名字(First name)的首字母加以區(qū)分。比如:R. Dawkins (1986) and M. S. Dawkins (1980) have contributed to an understanding of consciousness in animals.7如果所引用的文獻(xiàn)沒有具體的作者,而是某個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)出版物,在引用時(shí)用機(jī)構(gòu)的名稱代替作者的姓,比如:Retired officers retain access to all of the universitys educational and recreational facilities (Columbia University 1995:54).8詞典或百科全書一般用出版物的名稱,如果有大家熟悉的縮寫形式,也可以使用縮寫形式。2. 寫參考文獻(xiàn)(Writing Bibliography)參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)位于論文末尾,并按照作者姓氏的字母順序進(jìn)行排列。如果某參考資料有兩行,第二行應(yīng)縮進(jìn)5個(gè)左右的空格。三、參考書目的基本格式(一)專著的基本格式只一位作者的文獻(xiàn):作者姓+逗號+空格+作者名的首字母+點(diǎn)+空格+出版年代+點(diǎn)+空格+專著名稱(斜體)+點(diǎn)+空格+出版地點(diǎn)+冒號+空格+出版公司+點(diǎn)。比如:Connor, U. 1996. Contrastive Rhetoric: Cross-cultural Aspects of Second Language Writing. New York: Cambridge University Press.注意,專著的書名一定要用斜體(手寫論文或用舊式打字機(jī)時(shí)在書名下加下劃線),書名的每個(gè)單詞(冠詞和介詞除外,除非在句首)都要大寫。一般地,書名中的副標(biāo)題不需要全部大寫,只將第一個(gè)單詞的首字母大寫。兩位作者的文獻(xiàn):第一作者姓+逗號+空格+第一作者名的首字母+點(diǎn)+空格+&+第二作者的姓+逗號+空格+第二作者名的首字母+點(diǎn)+空格+出版年代+點(diǎn)+空格+專著名稱(斜體)+點(diǎn)+空格+出版地點(diǎn)+冒號+空格+出版公司+點(diǎn)。比如:Brown, G. & Yule, G. 1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.三位作者以上的文獻(xiàn)參照兩位作者的文獻(xiàn)的格式。比如:Butt, D., Fahey, R., Spinks, S., & Yallop, C. 1995. Using Functional Grammar: An Explorers Guide. Macquarie University: National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research.注意,參考書目的條目中不允許使用et al.來代替其他作者。應(yīng)列出文獻(xiàn)的所有作者的信息。(二)學(xué)術(shù)期刊的文章學(xué)術(shù)期刊的格式與專著基本相同,依次提供以下信息:作者、出版年代、文章名稱(正體,文章名的第一個(gè)單詞的首字母大寫,其余均為小寫)、期刊名稱(斜體,每個(gè)單詞的首字母大寫)、卷號(每年的若干期為一卷)、期號、文獻(xiàn)起始頁碼。比如:Bateman, J. A. & Rondhuis, K. J. 1997. Coherence relations: Towards a general specification. Discourse Processes, 24 (1), pp. 3-49.注意,如果所引用期刊的整卷統(tǒng)一編排頁碼(即一卷中的若干期連續(xù)編排頁碼),那么在參考文獻(xiàn)中不需要提供期號(issue number),只需提供卷號(volume number)和頁碼。 如果每一期單獨(dú)編排頁碼(即每期從第1頁開始),那么則需要提供期號,如上例。(三)論文集論文集全書:格式與專著基本相同,只是在編者后面要加上(Ed.)或(Eds.)如果只有一個(gè)編者,用Ed.;如果有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的編者,則用Eds.。如:Couture, B. (Ed.). 1986. Functional Approaches to Writing: Research perspectives. Norwood, NJ.: Ablex.Bublitz, W., Lenk, U., & Ventola, E. (Eds.), Coherence in Spoken and Written Discourse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publication Company.論文集中的文章:引用論文集中的文章時(shí),參考書目要提供以下信息:作者,出版年代,文章名稱(正體,只有第一單詞的首字母大寫),編者、論文集名稱、所引文章的起始頁碼、出版地點(diǎn)、出版機(jī)構(gòu)。比如:Coulthard, M. 1994. On analysing and evaluating written text. In Coulthard, M. (Ed.), Advances in Written Text Analysis. pp. 1-11. London & New York: Routledge. Bublitz, W. & Lenk, U. 1999. Disturbed Coherence: Fill me in. In Bublitz, W., Lenk, U., & Ventola, E. (Eds.), Coherence in Spoken and Written Discourse. pp. 153-174. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publication Company.(四)學(xué)術(shù)會議上宣讀的論文引用學(xué)術(shù)會議上宣讀的論文時(shí),需要提供作者姓名、年代、文章名稱、會議名稱、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等信息。比如:Jochens, J. 1992. Gender equality in law?: The case of medieval Iceland. Paper presented at the 26th Annual Conference of the Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, Binghamton, New York.(五)未出版的學(xué)位論文引用此類文獻(xiàn)時(shí)要注明是未出版的學(xué)位論文以及授予學(xué)位的機(jī)構(gòu)。比如:Cheng, X. 2003. A Functional Approach to Discourse Coherence. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Beijing Normal University.(六)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的文獻(xiàn)引用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的文獻(xiàn)時(shí),盡可能參照參考書目的基本格式,同時(shí)提供所引文獻(xiàn)所在的網(wǎng)站或網(wǎng)頁,在文獻(xiàn)名稱后面加上(On-line)。比如:Office of the U.S. Trade Representative. 1999. North American Free Trade Agreement On-line. Available Telnet: .(七)參考書目的排列順序排列參考書目的順序時(shí)要遵守以下規(guī)則:1所有條目按文獻(xiàn)作者的姓氏的字母順序排列。2同一作者在不同年代的文獻(xiàn)按時(shí)間先后順序排列。如:Halliday, M. A. K. 1989. Spoken and Written Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Halliday, M. A. K. 1994. An Intr

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