2013年職稱英語(yǔ)真題理工A試題及答案

1、.2013年職稱英語(yǔ)真題理工(A)第1部分：詞匯選項(xiàng)（第1-15題，每題1分，共15分）下面每個(gè)句子中均有1個(gè)詞或者短語(yǔ)劃有底橫線，請(qǐng)為每處劃線部分確定1個(gè)意義最為接近的選項(xiàng)。1. The rules are too rigid to allow for humane error.A. inflexibleB. generalC. complexD. direct2. This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.A. turned deadB. passed byC. carried awayD

2、. become extinct3. The contract between the two companies will expire soon.A. shortenB. endC. startD. resume4. Three world-class tennis players came to contend for this title.A. argueB. claimC. wishD. compete5. The methods of communication used during the war were primitive.A. simpleB. reliableC. ef

3、fectiveD. alternative6. Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law.A. moralB. regularC. fundamentalD. hard7. The drinking water has become contaminated with lead.A. pollutedB. treatedC. testedD. corrupted8. Come out, or Ill bust the door down.A. shutB. setC. breakD. beat9. She shed a few te

4、ars at her daughters wedding.A. wipedB. injectedC. producedD. removed10. They didnt seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.A. existenceB. importanceC. causeD. situation11. The tower remains intact even after two hundred years.A. unknownB. unusualC. undamagedD. unstable12. Many experts remai

5、n skeptical about his claims.A. doubtfulB. untouchedC. certainD. silent13. The proposal was endorsed by the majority of members.A. rejectedB. submittedC. consideredD. approved14. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.A. sendB. spreadC. hearD. confirm15. The police will need to keep

6、a wary eye on this area of town.A. nakedB. cautiousC. blindD. private第2部分：閱讀判斷（第16-22題，每題1分，共7分）New Understanding of Natural Silks MysteriesNatural silk, as we all know, has a strength that man-made materials have long struggled to match. In a discovery that sounds more like an ancient Chinese prove

7、rb than a materials science breakthrough, MIT researchers have discovered that silk gets its strength from its weakness. Or, more specifically, its many weaknesses. Silk gets its extraordinary durability and ductility (柔韌性) from an unusual arrangement of hydrogen bonds that are intrinsically very we

8、ak but that work together to create a strong, flexible structure. Most materials especially the ones we engineer for strength get their toughness from brittleness. As such, natural silks like those produced by spiders have long fascinated both biologists and engineers because of their light weight,

9、ductility and high strength (pound for pound, silk is stronger than steel and far less brittle). But on its face, it doesnt seem that silks should be as strong as they are; molecularly, they are held together by hydrogen bonds, which are far weaker than the covalent (共價(jià)的) bonds found in other molecu

10、les.To get a better understanding of how silk manages to produce such strength through such weak bonds, the MIT team created a set of computer models that allowed them to observe the way silk behaves at the atomic level. They found that the arrangement of the tiny silk nanocrystals (納米晶體) is such th

11、at the hydrogen bonds are able to work cooperatively, reinforcing one another against external forces and failing slowly when they do fail, so as not so allow a sudden fracture to spread across a silk structure.The result is natural silks that can stretch and bend while retaining a high degree of st

12、rength. But while thats all well and good for spiders, bees and the like, this understanding of silk geometry could lead to new materials that are stronger and more ductile than those we can currently manufacture. Our best and strongest materials are generally expensive and difficult to produce (req

13、uiring high temperature treatments or energy-intensive processes). By looking to silk as a model, researchers could potentially devise new manufacturing methods that rely on inexpensive materials and weak bonds to create less rigid, more forgiving materials that are nonetheless stronger than anythin

14、g currently on offer. And if you thought you were going to get out of this materials science story without hearing about carbon nanotubes (納米碳管), think again. The MIT team is already in the lab looking into ways of synthesizing silk-like structures out of materials that are stronger than natural sil

15、k like carbon nanotubes. Super-silks are on the horizon.16. MIT researchers carry out the study to illustrate an ancient Chinese proverb.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17. Silks strength comes from its weak hydrogen bonds working together.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18. Biologists and engineers

16、 are interested in understanding natural silks because they are very light and brittle.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19. If the hydrogen bonds break due to external forces, they break fast.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20. The MIT team had tried different materials before they studies natural si

17、lk in the research.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21. Carbon nanotubes are currently the most popular topic in materials science.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22. It is indicated that materials stronger than natural silk can be expected in the future.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意與完成句子

18、（第23-30題，每題1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2項(xiàng)測(cè)試任務(wù)：（1）第2326題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為指定段落每段選擇1個(gè)最佳標(biāo)題；（2）第2730題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為每個(gè)句子確定一個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。Black Holes1. Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are

19、near death can no longer burn due to loss of fuel, and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational (重力的) force, hydrogen ends up putting pressure onto the stars surface until it suddenly explodes then collapses. 2. Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen, other gase

20、s and a few metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass (恒星質(zhì)量) black hole, which can only occur if the star is large enough (should be bigger than the sun) for the explosion to break it into pieces, and the gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see an

21、d compare: if a star thats ten times the size of the sun ends up being a black hole thats no longer than 70 kilometers, then the Earth would become a black hole thats only a fraction of an inch!3. Objects that get sucked in a black hole will always remain there, never to break free. But remember tha

22、t black holes can only gobble up (吞噬) objects within a specific distance to it. Its possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole, but the sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits do not change because the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it

23、was a star, only this time its mass is totally contracted that it can end up as no bigger than a state.4. So far, astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einsteins theory of relativity. In the end, through numerous studies, they have discovered that black holes truly ex

24、ist. Since black holes trap light and do not give off light, it is nearly impossible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to study galaxies, space and the solar system to understand how black holes might evolve. It is possible that black holes can exist for millions of yea

25、rs, and later contribute to a bigger process in galaxies, which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists also credit black holes as helpful in learning how galaxies began to form.A. Is there proof that black holes really exist? B. What are different types of black holes?C. How are

26、 black holes formed?D. How were black holes named?E. What happens to the objects around a black hole?F. What are black holes made of?23. Paragraph 1 24. Paragraph 2 25. Paragraph 3 26. Paragraph 4 27. Black holes are formed after .28. When a large star explodes, the gravity compacts every piece into

27、 .29. A newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of .30. Albert Einsteins theory of relativity helps to prove . A. the creation of new entitiesB. an explosion of huge starsC. the tiniest particleD. the same amount of massE. the existence of black holesF. a fraction of an inch第4部分：閱讀理解（

28、第31-45題，每題3分，共45分）下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定1個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。第一篇Forecasting MethodsThere are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast. The method a forecaster chooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information available to the forecaster, the level of

29、difficulty that the forecast situation presents, and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast.The first of these methods is the persistence method; the simplest way of producing a forecast. The persistence method assumes that the conditions at the time of the forecast will not cha

30、nge. For example, if it is sunny and 87 degrees today, the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degrees tomorrow. If two inches of rain fell today, the persistence method would predict two inches of rain for tomorrow. However, if weather conditions change significantly from day t

31、o day, the persistence method usually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use.The trends method involves determining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high and low pressure centers, and areas of clouds and precipitation. Using this information, the forecaster can pred

32、ict where he or she expects those features to be at some future time. For example, if a storm system is 1,000 miles west of your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day, using the trends method you would predict it to arrive in your area in 4 days. The trends method works well when syst

33、ems continue to move at the same speed in the same direction for a long period of time. If they slow down, speed up, change intensity, or change direction, the trends forecast will probably not work as well.The climatology method is another simple way of producing a forecast. This method involves av

34、eraging weather statistics accumulated over many years to make the forecast. For example, if you were using the climatology method to predict the weather for New York City on July 4th, you would go through all the weather data that has been recorded for every July 4th and take an average. The climat

35、ology method only works well when the weather pattern is similar to that expected for the chosen time of year. If the pattern is quite unusual for the given time of year, the climatology method will often fail.The analog method is a slightly more complicated method of producing a forecast. It involv

36、es examining todays forecast scenario and remembering a day in the past when the weather scenario looked very similar (an analog). The forecaster would predict that the weather in this forecast will behave the same as it did in the past. The analog method is difficult to use because it is virtually

37、impossible to find a predict analog. Various weather features rarely align themselves in the same locations as they were in the previous time. Even small differences between the current time and the analog can lead to very different results.31. What of the following factors is NOT mentioned in choos

38、ing a forecasting method?A. Necessary amount of information.B. Degree of difficulty involved in forecasting.C. Practical knowledge of the forecaster.D. Creativity of the forecaster.32. The persistence method fails to work well whenA. it is rainy.B. it is sunny.C. weather conditions stay stable.D. we

39、ather conditions change greatly.33. The trends method works well whenA. weather features are constant for a long period of time. B. weather features are defined well. C. predictions on precipitation are accurate.D. the speed and direction of movement are predicable.34. The analog method should not b

40、e used in making a weather forecast whenA. the analog looks complicated.B. the current weather scenario is different from the analog.C. the analog is more than 10 years old.D. the current weather scenario is exactly the same as the analog.35. Historical weather data are necessary inA. the persistenc

41、e method and the trends method.B. the trends method and the climatology method.C. the climatology method and the analog method.D. The persistence method and the analog method.第二篇Students Learn Better With Touchscreen DesksObserve the criticisms of nearly any major public education system in the worl

42、d, and a few of the many complaints are more or less universal. Technology moves faster than the education system. Teachers must teach at the pace of the slowest student rather than the fastest. And particularly in the United States school children as a group dont care much for, or excel at, mathema

43、tics. So its heartening to learn that a new kind of “classroom of the future” shows promise at mitigating some of these problems, starting with that fundamental piece of classroom furniture: the desk.A UK study involving roughly 400 students, mostly aged 8-10 years, and a new generation of multi-tou

44、ch, multi-user, computerized desktop surfaces is showing that over the last three years the technology has appreciably boosted students math skills compared to peers learning the same material via the conventional paper-and-pencil method. How? Through collaboration, mostly, as well as by giving teac

45、hers better tools by which to micromanage individual students who need some extra instruction while allowing the rest of the class to continue moving forward. Traditional instruction still shows respectable efficacy (效力) at increasing students fluency in mathematics, essentially through memorization

46、 and practice dull, repetitive practice. But the researchers have concluded that these new touchscreen desks boost both fluency and flexibility the critical thinking skills that allow students to solve complex problems not simply through knowing formulas and devices, but by being able to figure out

47、what the real problem is and the most effective means of stripping it down and solving it.One reason for this, the researchers say, is the multi-touch aspect of the technology. Students working in the next-gen classroom can work together at the same tabletop, each of them contributing and engaging w

48、ith the problem as part of a group. Known as SynergyNet, the software uses computer vision systems that see in the infrared (紅外的) spectrum to distinguish between different touches on different parts of the surface, allowing students to access and use tools on the screen, move objects and visual aids

49、 around on their desktops, and otherwise physically interact with the numbers and information on their screens. By using these screens collaboratively, the researchers say, the students are to some extent teaching themselves as those with a stronger grasp on difficult concepts pull other students fo

50、rward along with them. 36. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the public education system?A. It does not catch up with the development of technology.B. Teachers pay more attention to fast learners than slow learners. C. Some similar complaints about it are heard in different countries.

51、D. Many students are not good at learning mathematics.37. What has been found after the new tech is employed?A. Teachers are able to give individualized attention to students in need.B. Students become less active in learning mathematics.C. Students show preference to the conventional paper-and-penc

52、il method.D. The gap between slow learners and fast learners get more noticeable.38. What is the benefit students get from the new tech?A. It makes them more fluent in public speech.B. It offers them more flexibility in choosing courses.C. It is effective in helping them solve physical problems.D. I

53、t enables them to develop critical thinking ability.39. What happens when students are using the desktop of the new tech?A. Every student has an individual tabletop.B. Students use different tools to interact with each other.C. The multi-touch function stimulates students.D. The software installed a

54、utomatically identifies different users.40. How does the new tech work to improve students mathematical learning?A. It helps fast learners to learn faster.B. It makes teachers instruction unnecessary.C. It enables them to work together.D. It allows the whole class to learn at the same pace.第三篇On the

55、 Trail of the Honey BadgersOn a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers mov

56、ements and behaviour as discreetly (謹(jǐn)慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animals reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to

57、 do.“The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they wont be shy about coming right up to you for someth

58、ing to eat. Theyre actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (兇惡的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.”The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The