人教版必修4unit1第四課時(shí)語法課件（63張）

1、Unit 1 Women of Achievement,Grammar Agreement between subject and verb,Useful structures,語法詳解： 所謂主謂一致是指主語和謂語動(dòng)詞之間,即主語的人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定著謂語動(dòng)詞對(duì)應(yīng)的形式,The boy _ diving,They _ diving,Both Jack and Tim _ diving,All of them _ diving,Neither Jack nor Tim _ walking,is,are,are,is,are,Finish the following exercises,Bob

2、,Bob _ a worker,is,Mike,Mike and Bob _ workers,are,Both Mike and Bob _ workers,are,Neither Mike nor Bob _a teacher,is,Bill,Neither of them _ (know) how to teach English,knows/know,All of them _ workers,None of them _ (know) how to teach English,are,knows/know,主謂一致主要有以下幾種情況,1. and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上單數(shù)名詞或者代詞作主語

3、的時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞有以下兩種情況： He and she _both students of this school. Tom and mary are good friends 如果指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同的人或事物的時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),一、語法一致原則,are,2) 但如果連接兩個(gè)以上的名詞指的是同一個(gè)人或物, 或者指同一概念的時(shí)候, 謂語要用單數(shù)。 1.The writer and singer has come to our school . The knife and fork _on the table. 刀叉在桌子上。 Salt and water鹽水 needle and thre

4、ad 針線 bread and butter黃有面包 表示一種事物,is,3)有and 連接的單數(shù)并列主語前有no ,each, every ,many a 修飾后用單數(shù)例如： No boy and no girl _ (like) the book. Each boy and each girl here _ (be) clever,likes,is,2. 如果主語是單個(gè)不定式, 動(dòng)詞ing形式或從句的時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。 When he is coming _ (seem) very important. 他什么時(shí)候要來看起來很重要。 Collecting stamps _ (be)

5、 his hobby. 收集郵票是他的愛好。 To learn English well _ (be) very important. Where he comes from and where he will go _ (be) not known.,seems,is,is,are,3. with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, rather than ,like, without, except, but, including 謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)看這些詞前的主語例如： The teacher, together with his

6、students, is planting trees in the street. His parents as well as he are going to take a trip,4. 定語從句的關(guān)系代詞who, which, that在從句中作主語時(shí)，要與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。 Those who enjoy singing may join us. Tom, who is your friend, should help you. He is one of my friends who are fond of music. He is the only one of my fr

7、iends that is fond of music,either . or; neither . nor; not only . but also, whether.or在句子中連接主語的時(shí)候在或there be句型中,謂語動(dòng)詞要和就近的主語保持一致,二、就近原則,Neither you nor I am wrong. There are two chairs and a desk in the room. There is a desk and two chairs in the room,Not only the students but also the teacher wishes

8、 for a holiday,三、概念一致原則,所謂概念一致原則是指謂語動(dòng)詞和主語一致不是取決于主語的語法形式, 而是其實(shí)際意義。有的主語名詞在形式上是單數(shù), 但在意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)；有的主語名詞在形式上是復(fù)數(shù), 但在意義上卻是單數(shù),1. 集合名詞作主語, 動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù), 也可以用復(fù)數(shù)。主要由句子的意思決定。強(qiáng)調(diào)整體謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；指全體人員時(shí), 動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)。這一類常見的集合名詞有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group,His family _going out. 他們?nèi)乙獬觥?His family _all music l

9、overs. 他們?nèi)胰硕际且魳窅酆谜?is,are,2. 某些名詞如people, police, cattle等,形式上是單數(shù), 但意義上是復(fù)數(shù), 謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。people指“民族”時(shí)是例外。 The police are searching for a thief. The cattle are eating grass on the hill,3.表示時(shí)間重量長度價(jià)值等名詞的復(fù)數(shù)做主語，謂語用單數(shù) 1.thirty years is not long in history 2. 5,000 kilometres is a long distance,4. 有些名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式

10、一樣, 作主語的時(shí)候, 其謂語動(dòng)詞由上下文決定, 這一類名詞有: means, works, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。 Not every means is useful. 不是每種方法都好使。 Not all means are useful. 不是所有的方法都好使,5. the rest of; half of; part of; majority of; percent of; one third of在句子中加名詞作主語的時(shí)候,謂語動(dòng)詞與of后面的名詞保持一致,Half of the students _finished their

11、composition. 一半的學(xué)生已經(jīng)完成了他們的作文。 Half of the apple _bad. 一半的蘋果壞了。 About 60 percent of the students in our school _boys. 我們學(xué)校, 大約百分之六十的學(xué)生是男生,have,is,are,6. 某些名詞如clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses等, 通常只用其復(fù)數(shù)形式, 但當(dāng)它們被a pair of 修飾時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如: The pair of shoes is worn out. 這雙鞋破了。 The shoes are worn out. 鞋子破

12、了,某些名詞以s結(jié)尾如maths, politics, physics, news, plastics 等，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)。 Physics is a very interesting subject. 物理是一門很有趣的學(xué)科,四.特殊代詞 1.不定代詞復(fù)合不定代詞作主語, 謂語動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)，如someone ,somebody, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing。 Someone is asking for you. 有人找你。 Not

13、hing is found in the room. 在屋子里什么也沒找到,2.Neither 和either和none None of the money is spent on education None of the stories is /are interesting Neither of them likes/like English,Every boy and every girl in the class is diligent. 班級(jí)中的每個(gè)男孩女孩都很用功。 No sound and no voice is heard. 聽不到任何聲音,注意：以a number of 作

14、主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù); 以the number of 作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 A number of new books are on the desk. The number of students in you class is 50,2. 表示數(shù)量的one and a half 后, 名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式, 但是其短語作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如： One and a half bananas is left on the table,1. this kind of book = a book of this kind (這種書) , 其謂語用單數(shù); 短語this kind

15、of men = men of this kind = these kind of men (口語) (這一類人), 但this kind of men 的謂語用單數(shù), men of this kind 和these kind of men 的謂語用復(fù)數(shù), all kinds of 后跟復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如,應(yīng)該注意的幾個(gè)問題,This kind of men is dangerous. Men of this kind are dangerous. 2. 在主謂倒裝的句子中,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。例如: Between the two windows hangs a p

16、icture,3. “分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“ a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞要與短語中of 后面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致,這是因?yàn)槎陶Z中后面的名詞是中心詞,而短語中前面的量詞是修飾語。例如,Lots of damage was caused by fire. About three-fourths of the earths surface is covered with water. Three-fifths of

17、 the workers here are women. 和這種情況類似的還有“a number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)”。但是,“the number of + 名詞”的中心詞卻是number。試比較,A number of students have gone to the countryside to help with the autumn harvest. The number of pages in this book is two hundred,注意: a (large) quantity of 修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 A large quanti

18、ty of people is needed here,quantities of 修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞,其短語作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。例如: Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table. 短語in quantity, in large quantities 意為 “大量”; in small quantities 意為“少量,4. a great deal of, a large amount of, 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù); large amounts of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語作主語時(shí), 謂語動(dòng)詞通常用

19、復(fù)數(shù)。例如,A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time. Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge,6. 如果主語由“the + 形容詞(或過去分詞)”結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任時(shí),謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù);這類詞有: the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dub, the oppressed, the injured

20、, the wounded, the unemployed 等; 但也有少數(shù)的過去分詞與定冠詞連用時(shí)指個(gè)別,則用單數(shù)。例如,The blind study in special school. The departed(死者)was a well-known engineer. 這類形容詞或分詞如果要表示個(gè)體時(shí),就要與名詞man, person 或表示人的單數(shù)連用。例如: an old man, a rich person, the (a) wounded soldier,高考鏈接,1. As a result of destroying the forests, a large _ of d

21、esert _ covered the land.(上海2001） A. number; has B. quantity; has C. number; have D. quantity; have,B,精析：a large number of 后面要接復(fù)數(shù)名詞，所以A不能作為答案。因?yàn)閐esert是單數(shù)，所以要填 has。這句話的意思是“毀壞森林的結(jié)果是，大片沙漠覆蓋了陸地”答案 B,2. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.(上海2000) A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth,

22、are C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are,C,精析: 分?jǐn)?shù)的分子用基數(shù)詞,分母用序數(shù)詞表示.如果分子大于1, 分母序數(shù)詞后加-s. 分?jǐn)?shù)和百分比作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的形式取決于分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)后面的名詞.句子中的主語 land是單數(shù),所以謂語動(dòng)詞要用is covered. 答案C,3 - Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _ to go to university. - So do I.（全國1998） A. hopes B. hope C. hoping D. do hope,

23、A,精析：這句話的主語是 Each of the students，是單數(shù)，所以要 hopes 選作謂語。現(xiàn)在分詞短語working hard at his or her lessons 作狀語，表示伴隨的情況。有的考生盲目地把 lessons 當(dāng)成了主語，填寫了hope，發(fā)生了錯(cuò)誤。本題的譯文：每一個(gè)努力學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生都想上大學(xué)。我也是。答案 A,4. _ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.（上海2001） A. Several million B. Many millions C. Several m

24、illions D. Many million,A,精析: 在million前如果有具體的數(shù)字或 several等詞時(shí)，要用單數(shù)形式。 many一般不與 million等詞連用. 表示“數(shù)百萬”，英語為 millions of。這句話的意思是“每天，世界上有幾十萬人通過 e-mail傳遞信息?！贝鸢?A,5.The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons. (NMET96) A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were

25、; were,C,6. The number of students in this school _ by 5% every year.(MET92) A. rise B. raise C. rises D. raises the number of+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語，表示的數(shù)目(數(shù)量)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；a number of+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語，表示許多，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù),C,7. A good deal of money _ spent on books.(MET84) A. have B. has C. have been D. has been,D,9. A library with

26、 five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift. (MET90) A. is offered B. has offered C. are offered D. have offered,A,10. E-mail, as well as telephone, _ an important part in daily communication. (上海99) A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play,A,11. Nobody but Jane _ the secret. (MET86) A

27、. know B. knows C. have known D. is known 12. All but one _ here just now. (MET87) A. is B. was C. has been D. were,D,B,13. Either you or the headmaster _ the prize to these gifted students at the meeting.(上海94) A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out,D,14. Not only

28、 I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another.(MET87) A. is B. are C. am D. be,B,15. She is one of the few girls who _ in the kindergarten.(上海94) A. is well paid B. are well paid C. is paying well D. are paying well,B,16. He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.(上海2002春) A. is B. are C. have been D. has been,D,17. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.(上海2000) A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; i