人教版英語選修8課文原文及課文譯文[23頁]

1、人教版英語選修8課文原文及課文譯文Unit1 Alandofdiversity 第一單元 一個多元文化的國土ReadingCALIFORNIA California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. The customs and lang

2、uages of the immigrants live on in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the history of California.NATIVE AMERCANS Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living

3、 in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffered greatly. Tho

4、usands were killed or forced into slavery. In addition, many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. However, some survived these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state.THE SPANISH In the 18th century California was ruled by Sp

5、ain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people and took their land. Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. Of the firs

6、t Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of Mexico. In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the

7、 war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong Spanish influence in the state. That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.RUSSIANS In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began

8、 settling in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco.GOLD MINERS In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The nearest, and th

9、erefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. Some died or returned home, but most remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardsh

10、ip. They settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.LATER A RRIVALS Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail n

11、etwork from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California, although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the Chinatowns of Los Angeles and San Francisco. Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly

12、fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. By the 1920s the film industry was well established in Hollywood, California. The industry boom attracted

13、Europeans including many Jewish people. Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the United States.Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. People from Africa have been living in Califor

14、nia since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries.MOST RECENT ARRIVALS In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotian

15、s. Since its beginning in the 1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California.THE FUTURE People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will

16、be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures.加利福尼亞 加利福尼亞是美國的第三大州，而且是人口最多的州。加州與眾不同之處在于它也是美國最具多元文化的一個州，它吸引了來自世界各地的人們。這些移民的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣以及語言在他們的新家都得以延續(xù)。當(dāng)你了解了加利福尼亞的歷史后，你就不會對此感到驚訝了。美洲土著人 最早的一批人具體是在什么時候來到我們現(xiàn)在所知道的加利福尼亞地區(qū)的，誰也說不清楚。然而，很可能至少

17、在15 ,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亞了?？茖W(xué)家們認(rèn)為，這些遷居者通過一條史前時代曾經(jīng)存在的大陸橋穿越北極地區(qū)的白令海峽到達(dá)美洲。歐洲人在16世紀(jì)來到這兒后，土著人遭受了極大的苦難，成千上萬的人被殺害或被迫成為奴隸。此外，歐洲人帶來了疾病，使許多人染病而死，不過，還是有一些人在經(jīng)歷了這些恐怖時期后活下來了。今天住在加利福尼亞的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。西班牙人 在18世紀(jì)的時候，加利福尼亞是由西班牙統(tǒng)治的西班牙士兵最早是在1 6世紀(jì)初期來到南美洲的，他們同土著人打仗，并奪去了他們的土地。兩個世紀(jì)以后，西班牙人在南美洲的大部分地區(qū)定居下來，而且還在我們現(xiàn)在稱之為美國的西北沿海地區(qū)

18、住下來。在首批移居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他們的職責(zé)是向原住民傳授天主教。1821年，墨西哥人從西班牙獲得了獨立-加利福尼亞于是成了墨西哥的一部分。1846年美國向墨西哥宣戰(zhàn)，美國贏得戰(zhàn)爭勝利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亞割讓給美國。但是，這個州至今仍然保留著很強的西班牙的影響。這就是為什么今天還有40%的加利福尼亞人仍然把西班牙語作為第一或第二語言的緣故。俄羅斯人 19世紀(jì)初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄羅斯獵人開始在加利福尼亞定居下來。今天，住在圣弗朗西斯科（舊金山）及其周邊地區(qū)的美籍俄羅斯人約有25,000人。淘金礦工 1848年，在美國同墨西哥開戰(zhàn)之后不久，在加利福尼亞發(fā)現(xiàn)了金礦。

19、發(fā)財夢很快就吸引了世界各地的人。距離最近因而來得最早的是南美洲人和美國人。隨后跟著來的有歐洲和亞洲的探險家。事實上很少有人圓了發(fā)財夢。一些人死了或回家了，但是盡管條件十分艱苦，多數(shù)人還是留在了加利福尼亞勞作謀生，并在新的城鎮(zhèn)或農(nóng)場里定居下來。到1850年加利福尼亞成為美國第31個州的時候，它已經(jīng)是一個有著多種文化的社會了。后來的移民 雖然中國移民在淘金熱時期就開始到來了，但是更大批量的移民卻是在1 9世紀(jì)60年代為了修建貫穿美國東西海岸的鐵路而來的。今天，加利福尼亞州各地都有美籍華人，盡管有很大比例的華人還是選擇住在洛杉磯和圣弗朗西斯科（舊金山）的“中國城”里。 19世紀(jì)后期，其他國家的移民，

20、比如意大利人來到了加利福尼亞，他們主要是漁民，也有制酒工人。1911年，丹麥的移民建立了自己的城鎮(zhèn)，至今仍然保留著丹麥文化。 20世紀(jì)20年代，電影業(yè)在加州的好萊塢建立了起來。這個行業(yè)吸引了大量的歐洲人，包括許多猶太人。今天，加利福尼亞的猶太人口在美國占第二位。日本農(nóng)民是在20世紀(jì)初期開始到加利福尼亞來的，而從20世紀(jì)80年代以來就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亞定居了。非洲人從1 9世紀(jì)就在加利福尼亞住下來，他們是從墨西哥向北遷來的。然而，更多的非洲人是在1942年至1945年期間來到加利福尼亞的，當(dāng)時他們是到船廠和飛機廠工作。最近期的移民 在最近的幾十年里，加利福尼亞成了更多的亞洲人的家，包括朝

21、鮮人、柬埔寨人、越南人和老撾人。從20世紀(jì)70年代以來，計算機工業(yè)吸引了印度人和巴基斯坦人來到加州。未來展望 世界各地的人，由于受到氣候條件和生活方式的吸引，仍然在繼續(xù)遷入加利福尼亞。人們認(rèn)為，要不了多久，多種國籍的混合將會非常之大，以致不可能存在一種主要的種族或文化群體，而是多種族、多文化的混合體。Using LanguageReading and writingGEORGES DIARY 12TH14TH JUNEMonday 12th, June Arrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to hotel to drop my lu

22、ggage, shower and shave. Then went exploring. First thing was a ride on a cable car. From top of the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. Built in 1873, the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a better form of transport than horse-drawn tram

23、s. Apparently hed been shocked when he saw a terrible accident in which a trams brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it. Had a late lunch at Fishermans What. This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to

24、 San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry. Now its a tourist area with lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries. Its also the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places in the Bay. Did so much exploring at Fishermans What. Am exhausted and dont fee

25、l like doing anything else. Early bed tonight!Tuesday 13th, June Teamed up with a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired a car. Spent all day driving around the city. Theres a fascinating drive marked out for tourists. It has blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go

26、. Its a 79km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots. Stopped many times to admire the view of the city from different angles and take photographs. Now have a really good idea of what the citys like. In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri. Chinese immigrants settled in this

27、 area in the 1850s. The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like old buildings in southern China. Saw some interesting temples here, a number of markets and a great many restaurants. Also art galleries and a museum containing documents, photographs and all sorts of objects about the histor

28、y of Chinese immigration, but it is closed in the evening. Will go back during the day. Had a delicious meal and then walked down the hill to our hotel.Wednesday 14th, June In morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port in San Francisco Bay. On the way had a good view of the Golden Gate Bridge

29、. From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in USA. The cells in the station were very small, cold and damp; some did not even have light but the immigrants had nowhere else to go. Their miserable stay seemed to be punishment

30、rather than justice and freedom to them. They wrote poems on the walls about their loneliness and mourned their former life in China. In 1940 the civil authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA. Made me very thoughtful

31、and thankful for my life today.喬治的日記（6月12日-14日）6月12日 星期一清晨乘公共汽車抵達(dá)，直赴飯店，放下行李，洗澡、刮臉，即去觀光。先是乘纜車，在山頂攬勝，觀看舊金山灣及整個城市。纜車系統(tǒng)建立于1873年，是由安德魯哈利迪發(fā)明的，他試圖找到一種比馬拉的軌道車更好的交通方式。他曾經(jīng)看到過一次可怕的交通事故：一輛馬車剎車失靈，駕車失控，車子和馬一起從山上滑了下去，很明顯這讓他受到了極大的震驚。 午餐是在漁人碼頭吃的，吃得很晚。意大利漁民在19世紀(jì)末首先來到這個地區(qū)，并且在這兒開始捕魚業(yè)。如今這兒是一個旅游區(qū)了，很多商店、海鮮館和面包坊。這兒也是乘渡船去天使

32、島和海灣其他地方的渡口。 在漁人碼頭看了這么多東西，我太累了，什么也不想干了。今晚要早點睡覺!6月13日 星期二 同酒店里的一對夫妻(彼得和泰莉)作伴，一起租了一輛小汽車。一整天驅(qū)車游覽城市。有一種專門為旅游者選定的駕車游活動。車身上有藍(lán)白兩色相間的標(biāo)記，上面有海鷗以表示要去的路線。這是一次79公里的旅行，它涵蓋了所有著名的旅游景點。途中多次停車，從不同角度欣賞城市風(fēng)景并攝影。現(xiàn)在有對城市的面貌有了一個很好的了解。 傍晚，跟彼得和泰莉一起去中國城。中國移民于19世紀(jì)50年代定居在這個地區(qū)。建筑物面前裝飾得就像在中國南部地區(qū)的古建筑一樣。這兒看到了一些有趣的寺廟，不少的集貿(mào)市場和大量的餐館，還有

33、美術(shù)館和一個博物館。博物館里有關(guān)于中國移民史的文件、照片和各種各樣的物品，但是晚上關(guān)門了。打算白天再來。吃了一頓可口的飯菜，然后步行下山回到酒店。6月14日 星期三 早晨，從舊金山灣的港口乘渡輪去天使島，路上觀賞了金門大橋。從1882年至1940年，天使島成為一個著名的移民站，許多中國人在那兒申請美國居住權(quán)。移民站的房間又冷又潮濕，一些房間甚至沒有光，但是移民們沒有其他去處。悲慘的境遇對他們來說似乎是一種懲罰而談不上公正和自由。他們在墻上寫詩，抒發(fā)孤獨的情感，痛惜以前在中國的生活。1940年民政部門改革了制度，使得更多的中國人能夠得到機會定居美國。這引起我的感慨，使我對今天的生活感到欣慰。Un

34、it2 Cloning 第二單元 克隆ReadingCLONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US? Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. It is a way of making an exact copy of another animal or plant. It happens in plants when gardeners take cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. It also happens in animals when twin

35、s identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg. The fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant spec

36、ies and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake. Many attempts to clone mammals failed. But at last the determination and patience of the scientists paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough - the cl

37、oning of Dolly the sheep. The procedure works like this: On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first successful clone, Dolly the sheep. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was very encouraging. Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously

38、ill. Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dollys illnesses were more appropriate to a much older animal. Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of the life of the original sheep. Sadly the same arbitrary fate affected other species, such as cloned mice. The questions

39、that concerned all scientists were: Would this be a major difficulty for all cloned animals? Would it happen forever? Could it be solved if corrections were made in their research procedure? On the other hand, Dollys appearance raised a storm of objections and had a great impact on the media and pub

40、lic imagination. It became controversial. It suddenly opened everybodys eyes to the possibility of using cloning to cure serious illnesses and even to produce human beings. Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil l

41、eaders hoping to clone themselves to attain their ambitions. Religious leaders also raised moral questions. Governments became nervous and more conservative. Some began to reform their legal systems and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK, continued to accu

42、mulate evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could provide. However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and where it is leading us.克隆：它將把我們引向何方？ 克隆一直與我們同在，而如今它還要持續(xù)下去。這是一種用來生產(chǎn)與原型完全相同的動植物的方法。當(dāng)園藝師從生長著的植物上剪下枝條來培植新植物時，就會產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象。這種現(xiàn)象也發(fā)生在動物身上，從同一個原生卵子產(chǎn)生性別和相貌相同的雙胞胎也是克隆。實

43、際上，這些都是自然克隆現(xiàn)象。 克隆技術(shù)有兩大用途。第一，園藝師一直用它生產(chǎn)大量的供商用的植物；第二，它在對新植物物種的研究以及對動物的醫(yī)學(xué)研究方面都是很有價值的?？寺≈参锖唵?，但克隆動物就比較復(fù)雜了，是一項很難完成的任務(wù)?？寺〔溉閯游锏亩啻螄L試都失敗了。但是，科學(xué)家的決心和耐心最終得到了回報，這就是1996年具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的誕生。它的程序如下圖所示：1母羊(A)提供一個卵細(xì)胞。2在卵細(xì)胞中取出細(xì)胞核。3卵細(xì)胞準(zhǔn)備接受新的細(xì)胞核。4母羊(B)提供一個供克隆的軀干細(xì)胞。該細(xì)胞核應(yīng)包含生產(chǎn)一頭新羊所需要的全部基因。5取出該細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核。6用電把母羊(B)的軀干細(xì)胞核和母羊(A)的卵細(xì)胞結(jié)

44、合起來。7細(xì)胞分裂并生長成胚胎。8把胚胎植入另外一頭母羊(C)體內(nèi)，母羊(C)就是克隆羊的代孕者。 9這頭小羔羊就是母羊(B)所提，供的細(xì)胞核克隆而成的。 一方面，整個科學(xué)界都在關(guān)注著首例成功的克隆動物多莉羊的成長多莉看來是在正常地成長著，這很令人鼓舞。接著傳來了多莉病重的壞消息。研究克隆的科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)多莉得的病更容易發(fā)生在年老的羊身上這讓他們很沮喪。多莉總共只存活了六年半，這是它的原型羊壽命的一半?？杀氖?，同樣無法控制的命運也在影響著其他物種，如克隆鼠?？茖W(xué)家的腦海里產(chǎn)生的問題是：“這是不是所有克隆動物的一個主要困難呢？這種現(xiàn)象會不會永遠(yuǎn)發(fā)生？如果改進(jìn)程序，問題會不會解決？ 另一方面，多莉的

45、出生引起了一陣強烈的反對，對，對媒體和公眾的想象力也產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。它引起了爭議，因為它突然打開了人們的眼界，看到了有可能：用克隆技術(shù)來治療重病，甚至克隆出人類。 盡管目前供克隆研究的人體卵細(xì)胞和胚胎還很難得到，但報紙報道說，有些邪惡頭目希望把自己克隆出來以實現(xiàn)他的野心。宗教領(lǐng)袖也提出了道德方面的問題。各國政府惶恐不安而且更加謹(jǐn)慎，有些政府開始改革司法制度，明令禁止進(jìn)行克隆人類的研究。但是其他國家如中國和英國，則還在繼續(xù)收集克隆技術(shù)有可能提供豐富有的醫(yī)療救助的證據(jù)。然而，科學(xué)察們?nèi)詫寺〖夹g(shù)有助于人類還是有害于人類，以及克隆技術(shù)將把我們引向何處困惑。Using LanguageReading

46、，discussing and writingTHE RETURN OF THE DINOSAURS? The possibility of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals has always excited film makers. And they are not the only ones! The popularity of films such as Jurassic Park, in which a scientist clones several kinds of extinct dinosaurs, proves how the

47、 idea struck a mixture of fear and excitement into peoples hearts. But in fact we are a long way from being able to clone extinct animals. Scientists are still experimenting with cloning mammals. This is because the cloning of mammals is still a new science and its story only began seriously in the

48、1950s as this list shows:1950s cloning of frogs 1996 first clone of a mammal: Dolly the sheep1970s research using the embryos of mice 2000 cow gave birth to a bison1979 work on embryos of sheep and mice 2001 Chinas first cloned twin calves1981 first experimental clones of mice 2002 first cloned cats

49、1983 first experimental clones of cows 2005 first cloned dog From time to time people suggest that extinct animals like dinosaurs, can possibly be brought back to life through cloning. Unfortunately, with what we know now, this is either impossible or unsuitable. There are many reasons. The initial

50、requirement is that you need perfect DNA (which gives information for how cells are to grow). All efforts of cloning an animal will be in vain if there is not enough diversity in the group to overcome illnesses. Diversity in a group means having animals with their genes arranged in different ways. T

51、he advantage is that if there is a new illness some of these animals may die,but others will survive and pass on the ability to resist that disease to the next generation. The great drawback to cloning a group ofanimals is that they would all have the same arrangement of genes and so might die of th

52、e same illness. Then none of them would be left to continue the species. It would be unfair to clone any extinct animals if they were to live in a zoo. A suitable habitat would be needed for them to lead a natural life. Based on what we know now, you cannot clone animals that have been extinct longe

53、r than 10,000 years. Actually, dinosaurs disappeared 65,000,000 years ago. So the chance of dinosaurs ever returning to the earth is merely a dream.恐龍的回歸？ 克隆兇猛和滅絕的野生動物的可能性一直使電影制片商感到興奮。然而他們并不是唯一對此感到興奮的人。在侏羅紀(jì)公園這部影片中，有一位科學(xué)家克隆了好幾種不同的絕種恐龍。類似這樣的電影很受歡迎，證明了這一想法使人們感到既興奮又恐懼。但事實上，想要克隆絕種動物，我們還要很長的路程要走?？茖W(xué)家們現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)

54、行克隆哺乳動物實驗，這是因為克隆哺乳動物仍然還是一門新的科學(xué)，它是從20世紀(jì)50年代才開始進(jìn)行認(rèn)真研究的，如下表所示：20世紀(jì)50年代:克隆青蛙1996年:首次克隆哺乳動物（多利羊）20世紀(jì)70年代:用老鼠胚胎進(jìn)行研究2000年:母牛生野牛1979年:對羊和老鼠的胚胎進(jìn)行研究2001年:中國首次克隆出雙胞胎小牛1981年:首次對老鼠進(jìn)行試驗性研究2002年:首次克隆貓1983年:首次對母牛進(jìn)行試驗性研究2005年:首次克隆狗 不時地會有人提議，克隆技術(shù)將有可能使地球上已經(jīng)消失的動物（如恐龍）復(fù)活。不幸的是，據(jù)我們現(xiàn)在所知這是不可能的，也是不合適的。其原因有很多： 首先要求你有完好的，以提供有關(guān)

55、細(xì)胞將如何生長的信息。 如果某個動物群體沒有足夠的多樣性以戰(zhàn)勝疾病，那么克隆這種動物的所有努力都將是無用的。群體的多樣性是指這群動物的基因要以不同的方式排列。其優(yōu)點是，如果發(fā)生了某種新的疾病，這類動物中的一些可能會死去，而另外一些卻能存活下來，并且把這種免疫力傳給下一代。經(jīng)過克隆的動物群體的最大缺點是：它們的基因排列有可能完全相同，因而它們有可能會死于同一種疾病，這樣它們也可能一個也留不下來傳種接代了。 你如果克隆出任何絕種動物，而它們必須生活在動物園里那是不公平的。它們需要適當(dāng)?shù)臈⒌剡^正常的野生生活。 就我們現(xiàn)在所知，你不可能克隆那些已經(jīng)絕種了一萬年以上的動物。事實上恐龍在6，500萬年以

56、前就已經(jīng)消失了，所以說恐龍回歸地球的可能性僅僅是個夢想罷了！Unit3 Inventorsandinventions 第三單元 發(fā)明家及其發(fā)明ReadingTHE PROBLEM OF THE SHRIKES When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset. There are some snakes in our courtyard, she told me. Snakes come near the house now and then, and they seem to h

57、ave made their home here, not far from the walnut tree. Can you get rid of them please? I felt very proud. Here was a chance for .me to distinguish myself by inventing something merciful that would catch snakes but not harm them. I knew my parents would not like me to hurt these living creatures! Th

58、e first thing I did was to see if there were any products that might help me, but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. A new approach was clearly needed. I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them. Luckily these reptiles are small and that made the solution easier. Prepared with some research findings, I decided on three possible approaches: firstly, removing their habitat;