教你學(xué)術(shù)論文畢業(yè)論文的寫作教程academicpaper

1、General Introduction to Academic WritingL types of academic paper1. according to the purpose the paper servesa term paper for a university courseb research paper to be published in a journalc. thesis or dissertation for a university degree2. according to the content of the papera. Experience Papersb

2、. Methodology Papersc. Opinion Papersd Systems Paperse Theory PapersIL Features of academic papers1. Objectivebased onThe mostAmerican(ModernIt expresses the authors understanding of the topic experiments, facts, data and analysis2. FormalThe words and structure are rather formal and rigid, widely a

3、ccepted formats are the APA-foimat ( Psychological Association) and the MLA-fonnat Language Association).IIL Parts of a paper1. A research paper is usually made up of the following parts Title page Abstract Outline (or Table of Contents. Optional. Usually placed right before or right after the abstr

4、act) Text (introduction, body and conclusion) Notes (optional. Sometimes figures and tables are also allowed) Works cited ( or Bibliography) Appendix (optional. Placement: After all the other parts) Acknowledgements (optional. Sometimes it is placed before the abstract and sometimes at the end of a

5、paper)2. An empiric paper frequently follows this structure:.Title Abstract Introduction Methodology Results Discussion Conclusion ReferencesIV. steps in preparing a research paper1. 8 steps/stages1) select topic2) explore data3) gather data4) formulate thesis5) organize data and ideas6) write paper

6、7) review and revise8) publish2. Ten Steps to a Good Research Paper Step 1. Choose Your Topic. When choosing a topic, choose one in which you are interested, and for which there is enough information.If your topic is too broad, you will have difficulty completing your paper. The Effects of Pollution

7、11 is too broad because there are so many effects of pollution. HThe Effects of Pollution on Geese in theNortheast Section of Duluth, Minnesota1* is too narrow. You are not likely to find much information that is this specific”The Effects of Pollution in Yosemite National Parkn is just about right a

8、s a topic. Step 2. Locate Information. Use information from a variety of reference sources. These sources include encyclopedias, almanacs, scholarly journals, books, magazines, and newspapers. Find these sources in print form, on CD-ROMS, and on the Internet. Step 3. Prepare Bibliography Cards. Prep

9、are bibliography cards to document the sources of information you use when writing your paper. Your library will have style manuals to illustrate how to prepare bibliography cards for various sources of information. Step 4. Prepare Note Cards. Use note cards to record notes from each source you use

10、when writing your paper. Number your note cards to keep track of them. Step 5. Prepare an Outline. Write an outline for your paper by organizing your notes from the note cards into topics, subtopics, details, and subdetails Use an organization such as: (topic) (subtopic) (detail) (subdetail) Step 6.

11、 Write A Rough Draft. Use your note cards and outline to write a rough draft of your pape匚 As you write your draft, use numbered footnotes to credit sources from which you take quotations or major ideas Step 1. Revise Your Rough Draft. Make any changes needed to be sure your ideas are clearly expres

12、sed and your writing has accurate spelling and gram mar. Step 8. Prepare Your Bibliography. At the end of your paper, provide a list of all the sources you used to gather information for the paper. Your bibliography cards will provide this information. List your sources in alphabetical order by the

13、first word on each of your bibliography cards Step 9. Prepare a Title Page and Table of Contents. The title page is the first page of the pape匚 It should include the title of your paper, your name, and the date on which the paper is due. The table of contents is the second page. It should list the main topics, important subtopics, and the page on which each is introduced in your pape匚 Step 10. Final Checklist. Before handing in your paper, be sure you can answer HYesu to each of the following questions Did I include a title