1991年考研英語真題及解析

1、1991年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題section use of englishdirections: for each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled a, b, c and d. choose the best one and put your choice in the answer sheet. (15 points)when television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become

2、 famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to _1_ themselves to the new medium were technical. when working _2_ radio, for example, they had become _3_ to seeing on behalf of the listener. this _4_ of

3、 seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. _5_ all, he has to be able to _6_ a continuous sequence of visual images which _7_ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. in the _8_ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. his rol

4、e, therefore, is _9_ different. he is there to make _10_ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him _11_ on particular things, and to _12_ the images on the television screen. _13_ his radio colleague, he must know the _14_ of silence and how to use it at those moments _15_ th

5、e pictures speak for themselves.1.a turn b adapt c alter d modify解析本題考核知識點：動詞的搭配本題空格處的動詞須能夠搭配成“oneself to + 名詞”的形式，選項中只有b可以。adapt oneself to意為to gradually change ones behavior and attitudes so that one get used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully“(使)適應(yīng)，（使）適合（新情況）”。代入adapt之后，空格所在句大意為

6、：他們（收音機評論員）努力去適應(yīng)（電視機）這種新媒體的時候，遇到了一些技術(shù)方面的困難。b符合文義。a turn to sb/sth意為ask help from“求助于”，如：i tried to stand on my own rather than turned to my parents.我設(shè)法自立而不求助于我的父母。calter意為cause to change; make different; cause a transformation 改變，如：he altered one of the rooms into a bedroom. 他把一間屋子改建成了臥室。d modify 意為

7、to make small changes to sth in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective “（略微地）修改，更改，改進”，如：furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 而且，人類還有能力改變自己的生存環(huán)境，從而讓所有其它形態(tài)的生

8、命服從于人類自己獨特的觀念和想象。2. a on b at c with d behind解析本題考核知識點：介詞辨析aon可意為by means of sth, using sth通過，使用，借助于，如：on tv/the internet在電視/互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上。代入文中，on radio指收音機評論員通過收音機工作，作狀語修飾work., 既符合文義，又能構(gòu)成搭配。bat、c with、 d behind構(gòu)不成搭配。3. a experienced 有經(jīng)驗的 b determined 有決心的c established 已經(jīng)確立的，獲確認的 d accustomed 習慣于解析本題考核知識點：固

9、定搭配四個選項中，只有accustomed 可以形成 be /become accustomed to doing sth的形式。如, my eyes slowly grew accustomed to the dark.我的眼睛慢慢適應(yīng)了黑暗。而且，空格所在句大意為“在廣播電臺工作時，評論員已經(jīng)習慣了代表公眾看實況”，daccustomed 既符合內(nèi)容要求又符合語法結(jié)構(gòu)的要求。experienced 后面介詞一般用in. 如，he is very experienced in looking after animals. 他對于照看動物很有經(jīng)驗。determined后面跟動詞不定式。如，i

10、am determined to succeed.我決心要獲得成功。established“已確立的，已獲確認的”，一般放在名詞前做定語，如they are an established company with good reputation.他們是一家地位穩(wěn)固，信譽良好的公司。4. a efficiency b technology c art d performance解析 本題考核知識點：上下文語義+ 名詞意思辨析。本句和下一句共同說明，評論員代替聽眾觀看是一門技巧、本事。即，評論員必須擅長表達，同時還必須能夠通過語言在觀眾腦海中生成一系列的圖像。art意為“技藝，技巧，本領(lǐng)”，符合文

11、義。所以，d為正確選項。technology多指工業(yè)技術(shù)。 efficiency指“效率”。performance“演出，表現(xiàn)”。這三個詞都和原文的意思不符。5. a of b for cabove d in解析本題考核知識點：固定用法。四個選項中，b、c、d都可以和all 搭配，但意義不同。above all意為“above and beyond all other consideration首先，尤其是”，如：what a child should do, above all, is to do well in his studies.小孩子該做的最重要的事是學(xué)好功課。for all意為

12、“盡管，雖然”，如：he never stopped trying for all his failures. 盡管失敗, 但他從沒放棄努力。in all 意為 “總共，總計”，如：he visited, in all, ten hospitals in china. 他在中國共參觀了10家醫(yī)院。空格處填入的短語應(yīng)體現(xiàn)空格所在句子與上文之間的邏輯關(guān)系。由于本句空格較多，可以先做完第6和7題，再回來做5題。上文提到，代替聽眾觀看要求評論員必須擅長表達。本句指出，評論員必須能夠通過語言在觀眾腦海中生成一系列的圖像。根據(jù)含義選擇c。從泛泛的“擅長表達”到具體的“通過語言在觀眾腦海里生成一系列圖像”。

13、6. a inspire 激起，鼓舞，激勵 b create 產(chǎn)生，生成c cause 引起，導(dǎo)致 d perceive 注意到，領(lǐng)悟到解析 本題考核知識點：動詞詞義辨析?？崭裉幪钊雱釉~，其主語是he（the commentator），賓語是visual images，所在句子的大意為：評論員必須能夠一系列連續(xù)的圖片。ainspire 意為to make sb have a particular feeling or react in a particular way“使（某人）產(chǎn)生（某種感情或反應(yīng)）；激起”，如：gandhis quiet dignity inspired respect e

14、ven among his enemies.甘地沉靜威嚴的氣質(zhì)使他的敵人都肅然起敬。bcreate意為“bring into existence造成，形成，生成”，如，this decision creates a dangerous precedent. 這個決定開創(chuàng)了一個危險的先例。ccause意為 “make sth happen引起，導(dǎo)致”，如：deaths caused by dangerous driving危險駕駛造成的死亡。dperceive意為“to notice something that is difficult to notice察覺，注意到，發(fā)覺”，如：i perc

15、eived a change in his behaviour. 我發(fā)覺他的行為有些變化?；颉皌o understand or think of something in a particular way（以某種方式）理解，領(lǐng)悟”。如，people now perceive that green issues are important to our future.人們現(xiàn)在認識到環(huán)境問題對我們未來的重要性。賓語“視覺圖像”不是“感情或反應(yīng)”，排除inspire；主語和賓語之間不存在因果關(guān)系，排除cause；評論員通過語言讓聽眾產(chǎn)生圖像，而不是自己發(fā)現(xiàn)，排除perceive；只有bcreate符

16、合文義，表示“評論員在觀眾腦海中生成一系列的圖像”。7. a add 添加 b apply 應(yīng)用 c affect 影響 dreflect反映解析本題考核知識點：動詞和介詞的搭配addto“給添加”是固定搭配。如，a new wing was added to the building。這棟大樓新添了一座配樓。而且，空格所在句大意為：（評論員的描繪所生成的圖像）為聽眾聽到的聲音增添了意思”。aadd填入空格處既結(jié)構(gòu)合理，又符合文義。其他三項都不能接sth to sth的結(jié)構(gòu)，bapply直接加to，意為“適用于”如，the questions on this part of the form

17、only apply to married men.表格中這部分問題只適用于已婚男士。caffect意為“影響”，直接加賓語，如：the climate affected his health氣候影響了他的健康。dreflect 意為“反射，反映”，直接加賓語，如：the low value of the dollar reflects growing concern about the us economy.美元幣值低反映出人們對美國經(jīng)濟的憂慮日益增加。8. a occasion b event c fact d case解析本題考核知識點：固定結(jié)構(gòu)上文是關(guān)于收音機評論員的工作，從這句開始，

18、話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，提到電視評論員的工作方式。 in the case of 意為“至于，就來說”，表示由一種情況或話題轉(zhuǎn)入另一種情況或話題。符合文義。所以，d為正確選項。aoccasion 指“（發(fā)生特殊事情）的情況”，與 on 連用。如，on the occasion of her 50th birthday 在她50歲生日之際。bevent 意為“事件”，常用搭配為in the event of ,意為“假如發(fā)生”。如，in the event of rain, the party will be held indoors加入下雨，晚會就在室內(nèi)舉行。cfact 指“事實，已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事”，詞組in

19、fact意為“實際上”，沒有冠詞，也不與of 連用。 9. a equally 同樣的 b completely 完全的c initially起始地 d hardly幾乎不解析本題考核知識點：副詞詞義辨析。本句是對電視節(jié)評論員和收音機評論員工作性質(zhì)的對比。從上下文來看，特別是前句的however表明，這兩種工作是完全不同的，因而completely 為正確選項。equally 意為“同樣的”，equally different 用于說明兩個對比組之間的差異大小相同，different species of trees thrive in equally different habitats.不

20、同種類的樹在同樣不同的棲息地很好地生長。而本文中只存在一組對比（電視節(jié)評論員和收音機評論員）。initially different意為 “開始時不同”，暗含后來相同的可能。hardly意為“幾乎不”，同文中意思相反。10. a definite 確定的 b possible可能的 c sure確實的 d clear 清楚的，明白的解析 本題考核知識點：形容詞詞義辨析及搭配?？崭袼诰渥犹岬?，電視評論員的作用是：確保觀眾不錯過某些有趣之處，make sure that是習慣用法，意為“確?！比?，make sure that you put down every word she says. 確

21、保記下她說的每一個字。 所以，c 為正確選項。adefinite不用在make definite that結(jié)構(gòu)中。bpossible，c clear和make只能形成make it possible/clear that 的形式，如，his diligence made it possible that he could win the game.他的勤奮使得他比賽獲勝成為可能。she makes it clear to us that she wants to be master in her own house.她使我們很清楚地了解到，她要自主處理自己的事情。11. a focus 集中，

22、聚集 b attend 參加，注意，照料c follow 跟隨，遵循 d insist 堅持解析本題考核知識點：動詞和介詞的搭配?？崭裉幪钊氲膭釉~應(yīng)與on 搭配。focus on 意為“將注意力集中于”，如，i cant focus on my work when im tired. 我累了就無法集中精力工作?？崭袼诰浯笠鉃椋弘娨曉u論員的作用是幫助觀眾將注意力集中在某些內(nèi)容上。focus on切合題意。a為正確選項。battend需要與to 連用，意為“留意，專心于”。如，she didnt attend to what i was saying. 她沒有注意我所說的話。c follow o

23、n 意為“繼續(xù)下去”，但后面不能接賓語，如：he followed on after. 他在后面跟著。dinsist on意為“堅持”，如：i insist on your taking/insist that you take immediate action to put this right. 我堅決要求你立刻采取行動把事情處理好。該選項與文義不符。12. a exhibit 展示，陳列 b demonstrate 演示，說明c expose 暴露，揭示 d interpret解釋解析本題考核知識點：動詞詞義辨析。本題空格處填入動詞，其賓語是the images，主語是上文he，因此該部

24、分的含義是：電視評論員電視屏幕上的圖像，所以，d interpret最符合文義，表示“解釋電視屏幕上的圖像”。13. a like像 b unlike不像，和.不同c as作為 d for為了 解析本題考核知識點：介詞的用法+上下文的理解。先做14題再來解答13題?？崭袼诰浯笠鉃椋找魴C評論員，電視評論員必須知道沉默的價值。根據(jù)常識及上文可知，收音機評論員絕大部分時間都在說。因此二者截然不同，b unlike為最合適選項。14. a purpose 目的b goal 目標 c value 價值d intention 意圖 解析本題考核知識點：名詞詞義辨析?？崭袼诓糠种赋觯娨曉u論員他們必須

25、知道沉默的；下文給出了線索：即在電視圖像一目了然的時候如何利用沉默。所以，cvalue最符合文義。15. a if b when c which d as解析本題考核知識點：連詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞的運用。從選項來看，空格處填入連詞，和后面的部分構(gòu)成狀語從句。根據(jù)句意，這里應(yīng)該是一個時間狀語從句，即：電視評論員必須知道在電視圖像一目了然的時候如何保持沉默。when是引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的常用連詞，符合上下文意。as也可以引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，但它指while sth else is happening，一般用于指一個動作伴隨著另一個動作發(fā)生，如：he sat watching her as she g

26、ot ready.他一直坐著看她準備停當。因此本題最佳答案為bwhen。which是關(guān)系代詞，在從句中做主語或賓語，而此處的賓語從句不缺主語或賓語，所以顯然不合適。if 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。全文翻譯電視剛剛普及時，那些已經(jīng)成名的收音機評論員，鮮有能夠在電視上同樣出色的。當他們努力去適應(yīng)這種新媒體的時候，他們遇到的一些困難是技術(shù)方面的。比如，通過收音機進行播音時，他們早已習慣于代表觀眾去看。這種替別人看實況的技能意味著評論員必須擅長“說”。最重要的是，他必須能夠通過語言在觀眾腦海里生成一系列圖像。這些圖像使聽眾聽到的聲音具有更多的意義。然而，電視評論員和觀眾一起觀看（圖像），因此，他的作用迥然不同

27、。他要確保觀眾不錯過有趣的地方，并幫助觀眾將注意力放在某些值得注意的地方，還要解釋電視屏幕上的圖像。和收音機評論員不同的是，他必須知道沉默的作用，知道在電視圖像一目了然的時候如何保持沉默。section reading comprehensionpart adirections:each of the passages below is followed by some questions. for each question four answers are given.read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to eac

28、h of the questions. put your choice in the answer sheet.(30 points)passage 1a wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. so, as a police officer, i have some urgent things to say to good people. day after day my men and i struggle to hold

29、back a tidal wave of crime. something has gone terribly wrong with our once proud american way of life. it has happened in the area of values. a key ingredient is disappearing, and i think i know what it is: accountability.accountability isnt hard to define. it means that every person is responsible

30、 for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.of the many values that hold civilization togetherhonesty, kindness, and so onaccountability may be the most important of all. without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no lawand, ultimately, no society. my job as a police officer is to

31、impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. but as every policeman knows, external controls on peoples behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. fortunately there are still communitiessmaller to

32、wns, usuallywhere schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “in this family certain things are not toleratedthey simply are not done! ”yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. your typical robber has no

33、ne. he considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.the main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. now, in a shocking reversal, its the criminal w

34、ho is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didnt teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didnt provide a stable home.i dont believe it. many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to e

35、ngage in criminal activities. if we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.we in america desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.文章

36、總體結(jié)構(gòu)分析本文從一名警察的角度分析了美國社會中犯罪活動猖獗的原因。指出：將犯罪行為歸咎于外部環(huán)境因素是犯罪活動猖獗的主要原因，從而提出，更多的人應(yīng)該認識到，真正該為犯罪行為負責的是罪犯自己。第一到四段為第一部分：指出責任感對社會的重要性。第五到九段為第二部分：指出現(xiàn)在大城市中正在忽略的自律恰恰是抑制犯罪的最有效方法。而人們?yōu)閷⒎缸镄袨闅w結(jié)于社會環(huán)境等外部因素恰恰是助長了罪犯拒絕承擔責任的現(xiàn)象，從而導(dǎo)致了犯罪活動的猖獗。第十段為第三部分：作者指出：更多的人應(yīng)該認識到該為犯罪行為負責的是罪犯自己。16. what the wise man said suggests that_.16. 智者的話

37、表明_。a its unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evila 面對邪惡，好人什么都不必做b its certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about itb 若好人無動于衷，邪惡就會猖獗c its only natural for virtue to defeat evilc 善自然會戰(zhàn)勝惡d its desirable for good men to keep away from evild 好人應(yīng)該遠離邪惡分析本題考核知識點：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容理解句

38、子。本文以一句智者的話“邪惡的勝利就是善良之人無所作為”引入主題。從下文來看，作者主要論述的內(nèi)容是：人們對罪犯不應(yīng)該再采取縱容的態(tài)度，為他們的犯罪行為尋找借口，而應(yīng)該認識到真正對犯罪行為負責的應(yīng)該是罪犯本人。b和文中內(nèi)容一致，為正確選項。a、d與智者的話意思相反。c文中未提到。17. according to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime,_.17. 作者認為，若有人被發(fā)現(xiàn)有罪，則_.a society is to be held responsiblea 社會應(yīng)該對此負責b modern civilization is

39、responsible for itb 現(xiàn)代文明應(yīng)該對此負責c the criminal himself should bear the blamec 罪犯本人應(yīng)該為此負責d the standards of living should be improvedd 生活水平應(yīng)該提高分析 本題考核知識點：因果細節(jié)題。解本題的信息主要在本文最后三段（第八到十段）；第八段對過去和現(xiàn)在人們看待犯罪的態(tài)度進行了比較。第九段作者對現(xiàn)在將犯罪行為歸結(jié)于外部因素的觀點提出質(zhì)疑；最后一段中作者指出，罪犯本人應(yīng)該對自己的犯罪行為負責。所以c為正確選項。a、b、d都是外部原因歸結(jié)論，是作者所批判的觀點。第八、九段指出

40、，把犯罪行為歸因于父母、社會、生活水平的態(tài)度恰恰導(dǎo)致了犯罪活動的猖獗。18. compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have_.18. 和小城鎮(zhèn)相比，大城市的人_。a less self-disciplinea 缺少自我約束b better sense of disciplineb 有更好的自律精神c more mutual respectc 更互相尊重d less effective governmentd 缺少一個有效的政府分析 本題考核內(nèi)容：事實細節(jié)題。第六、七段對比了大城市和小城市人們的自我約束性，指出，生

41、活在小城鎮(zhèn)（smaller towns）還在強調(diào)紀律（schools maintain discipline，parents hold up standard），而大城市里自我約束力非常松散（inner restraints are loosening）。所以，a符合原文內(nèi)容。 b和原文內(nèi)容相反。c、d本文未提及。19. the writer is sorry to have noticed that_.19.作者感到遺憾是因為看到_。a people in large cities tend to excuse criminalsa大城市的人常常為罪犯找借口b people in small

42、 towns still stick to old discipline and standardsb小城鎮(zhèn)的人堅守老的紀律和標準c todays society lacks sympathy for people in difficultyc現(xiàn)代社會缺少對于困境中的人的同情d people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activitiesd環(huán)境不好的人會進行犯罪活動分析本題考核知識點：細節(jié)理解推理題。第八段指出：導(dǎo)致犯罪活動猖獗的原因（the main cause of this break-down）是人們對

43、罪犯態(tài)度的改變。三十年前，社會被認為是犯罪活動的受害者，而三十年后的今天，罪犯反倒被認為是受害者：教育環(huán)境不好，家庭環(huán)境不利于成長等。這說明，令作者感到遺憾的是人們?yōu)樽锓刚医杩诘膽B(tài)度。a為正確選項。第六段介紹小鎮(zhèn)的人對紀律和標準的堅持是作者所贊賞的，排除b。c在本文中未提及。d和作者的觀點相反：第八、九段的內(nèi)容說明，作者不認為成長環(huán)境惡劣是走向犯罪的理由。20. the key point of the passage is that_.20. 文章主要說明_。a stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and familiesa

44、 學(xué)校和家庭中應(yīng)該保持更嚴格的紀律b more good examples should be set for people to followb 應(yīng)該為人們樹立更多學(xué)習榜樣c more restrictions should be imposed on peoples behaviorc 對人們的行為應(yīng)該加以更多控制d more people should accept the value of accountabilityd 更多人應(yīng)該接受“責任感”這一價值觀分析本題考核知識點：文章主旨題。文章第二段指出，責任感在人們價值觀念中的淡化是非常錯誤的（something has gone te

45、rribly wron）。第三、四段給出責任感的定義并指出，沒有責任感也就沒有社會的存在。第五段作者以警察的身份指出自我約束的重要行。第六、七段比較了人們對犯罪的態(tài)度的變化。第八段指出：人們將犯罪歸咎于外部因素的態(tài)度導(dǎo)致人們責任感的降低，從而導(dǎo)致犯罪活動的猖獗。最后兩段中指出，不讓罪犯為自己的犯罪行為負責會導(dǎo)致所有的人都拒絕承擔責任。更多的人應(yīng)該相信：該為犯罪活動承擔責任的是罪犯本人。綜合作者觀點，可以得出，本文旨在說明，更多的人應(yīng)該接受責任感。因此d正確。 a雖然在第六段中提及，但不是文章的主要觀點。c和原文內(nèi)容不符：第五段指出，作者認為對控制人們行為真正有效的是內(nèi)部約束力，而不是來自于外界

46、的控制。b文中未提及。全文翻譯一位智者曾說過，邪惡的勝利就是善良之人無所作為。所以，所為一名警察，我有一些話急需告訴善良的人們。日復(fù)一日，我和我的同事盡力控制犯罪的蔓延。我們曾經(jīng)引以為榮的美國生活方式出現(xiàn)了可怕的問題。這個問題處在我們的價值觀方面。一個關(guān)鍵的成分正在消失，我想，我知道它是什么責任感。責任感不難定義。它指的是人人要對其行為負責，并承擔其行為造成的后果。責任感可能是形成文明的眾多觀價值觀 (善良，仁慈等)中最重要的一個。沒有它，就沒有尊重、信任、法律最終也就沒有社會的存在。作為一名警察，我的工作就是把責任感強行加到那些拒絕承擔、或自己沒有學(xué)會承擔責任的人身上。但正如每一位警察都知道

47、的，對人行為的外部控制遠不如自我約束（如罪惡感，羞恥心和難為情）有效。幸運的是，在一些區(qū)域通常是小城鎮(zhèn)里，學(xué)校還維護紀律，父母還堅持原則，稱“有些事情在我們家是不能容忍的你們絕不能去那樣做！”但在越來越多的地方，尤其是大城市和郊區(qū)，這些自我約束力日漸松懈。搶劫犯不再是你認為的搶劫犯。他認為你的財產(chǎn)就是他的財產(chǎn)；他拿走他想要的一切，當你觸怒他時，他甚至會拿走你的生命。人們態(tài)度的根本變化造成了局面的完全崩潰。30年前，若有罪行發(fā)生，人們認為受害者是社會?，F(xiàn)在，人們的態(tài)度發(fā)生了驚人的變化：最犯被認為是受害者童年飽受貧困折磨，學(xué)校沒有教他讀書，教堂沒有給他以道德上的引導(dǎo)，父母沒有給他提供一個安定的家。

48、我不相信這些。同樣不利的環(huán)境中長大的另外一些人為什么沒有選擇去犯罪？不讓罪犯承擔責任，甚至降低他們應(yīng)承的責任，都會讓我們的社會變成一個滿是借口的社會，沒有人愿意為任何事情承擔責任。美國急待更多的人相信：應(yīng)該為犯罪行為負責的人是罪犯自己。passage 2the period of adolescence, i. e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to what co

49、nstitutes maturity and adulthood. in primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second

50、decade of ones life. furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in t

51、he united states, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.in modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. social ones have been rep

52、laced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. for example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each d

53、epends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. it is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the prot

54、ective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. the twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. basically, the individual at this age loses chi

55、ldhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. at the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increase his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. he now can obtain a drivers license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without

56、the restrictions of child labor laws. at the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. at the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. he now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financia