淺析語境與翻譯43頁

1、2012屆本科生畢業(yè)論文 學(xué) 號：成 績：淺析語境與翻譯院 部： 外國語學(xué)院專 業(yè)： 英語（商務(wù)方向） 姓 名： 指導(dǎo)教師： 二一二年四月 畢業(yè)論文誠信聲明本人鄭重聲明：所呈交的畢業(yè)論文淺析語境與翻譯是本人在指導(dǎo)老師的指導(dǎo)下，獨立研究、寫作的成果。論文中所引用是他人的無論以何種方式發(fā)布的文字、研究成果，均在論文中以明確方式標(biāo)明。本聲明的法律結(jié)果由本人獨自承擔(dān)。 畢業(yè)論文作者簽名： 年 月 日摘 要語言是一種社會現(xiàn)象，是在某種社會的某種環(huán)境中使用的。同時語言也是人類所獨有的信息傳遞工具。人們在利用語言進(jìn)行信息傳遞的時候，總要有其特定的語言環(huán)境。在搞翻譯工作時，如果不管語境，就會遇到種種棘手的難題

2、。大量的研究成果表明，語境在翻譯的理論研究和應(yīng)用研究中都占有極其重要的地位。在翻譯領(lǐng)域，語境已經(jīng)成為國內(nèi)外譯者和翻譯理論家們研究的熱點，但他們大多數(shù)人還只是就某一具體問題或某一方面問題加以分析，或是從影響語境的某些因素加以研究。本文從語境的三個方面（語內(nèi)語境、情景語境、文化語境）對語境對于翻譯的影響進(jìn)行了研究。本論文共分六章。第一章是引言部分，闡明了本課題研究的重要意義、目的及文章結(jié)構(gòu)。第二章是語境研究的理論基礎(chǔ)。作者回顧了語境理論的發(fā)展。第三章主要探討語境的本質(zhì)，定義及分類。具體闡述語境對翻譯的影響。第四章分為兩部分，主要闡述語內(nèi)語境與翻譯的關(guān)系，重點分析了語內(nèi)語境中的詞語語境與語句語境。詞

3、語語境對翻譯的影響一節(jié)中介紹了歧義一詞多義與同形異義，同義詞，反義詞的連用現(xiàn)象。語句語境對翻譯的影響一節(jié)中介紹了替代、省略、連接以及重復(fù)。最后簡單論述了句子語境的確定與解釋功能。第五章主要闡述情景語境與翻譯的關(guān)系,介紹了語域的概念，并且將語域分為語場，語式及語旨。本章首先通過舉例說明不同語場對于翻譯的影響。接著同樣通過舉例說明不同語式對于翻澤的影響，語式部分還討論了修辭的翻譯,語旨被分成四個部分，通過舉例說明了它對于翻譯的影響。第六章主要闡述文化語境與翻譯的關(guān)系。本章首先論述了語言與文化以及翻譯與文化的關(guān)系，又詳細(xì)討論了不同文化中不同的思維方式，不同的歷史背景，不同的地理環(huán)境，以及不同的宗教信

4、仰與翻譯的關(guān)系。結(jié)論部分概括了本論文所論述的語境，翻譯以及二者的關(guān)系，總結(jié)了本文的觀點，即翻譯作品質(zhì)量的好壞很大程度上受到語境的影響，脫離了語境，翻譯工作就無法展開。 關(guān)鍵詞 語言 翻譯 語內(nèi)語境 情景語境 文化語境abstract language is a social phenomenon. it is only used in a certain environment of certain society. and it is a tool used only by our human. there is always a special language environment w

5、hen people use it to communicate. while if translators translate articles without take the language environment-context into consideration, many problems will certainly arise. a large number of studies show that context indeed plays a very significant role in translation studies and practice. howeve

6、r in the field of translation, context has already become a hot point in translators and translation theorists in china. but most of them only studied a single aspect, or certain elements that influence context. now this essay studies the importance of context from three aspects: linguistic context,

7、 situational context, cultural context. this essay consists of six chapters. the first chapter is the introductory part, which reflects the significance of the study coupled with its aims in writing as well as the whole structure of this essay. the second chapter is about the theoretic background of

8、 the study on context. in the first part, the author reviews the development of the theory of context. the third chapter reflects the nature of context. it concerns the definition. and classification of context. at the same time, it discusses how context influences translation. the fourth chapter de

9、als with linguistic context and translation which include two parts. here the meaning of linguistic context contains word context and sentence context. and the first part is going to discuss how the linguistic context influences translation, ambiguity, antonyms and synonyms. while the second part fo

10、rces on the relationship between sentence context and translation through substitute, ellipsis and so on. the fifth chapter mainly concerns on situational context and translation. this chapter introduced the concept of register which is consists of field, mode, and tenor. and at the beginning of the

11、 chapter gives different examples to explain the relations between these three factors and translation. meanwhile, the translation of rhetoric is included in the part of mode. the sixth chapter talks about the cultural context and translation .at first; it introduces the relation between language an

12、d culture as well as the relation between translation and culture. then it provides various examples to reflect the relations between different thought patterns, historical background, geographic culture, religious culture and translation. in the conclusion summarizes the problems of context, transl

13、ation and their relation. thus the context largely affects the work of translation and it is impossible for translators to do their job without take context into consideration.key words language： translation; linguistic context; situational context; cultural contextcontents chapter one introductionc

14、hapter two theoretic background of the study on context 2.1 previous theoretic exploration in context 2.1.1 malinowskis contribution to the study of context 2.1.2 firths theoretic studies of context2.1.3 hallidays theoretic studies of context 2.1.4 other theoretic investigations into contextchapter

15、three on context3.1 contextual elements involved in translation3.1.1 linguistic context3.1.2 non-linguistic context 3.1.2.1 situational context3.1.2.2 social-cultural context 3.2 how context influences translationchapter four linguistic context and translation 4.1 word context 4.1.1 the change of wo

16、rds meaning in communication 4.1.2 ambiguity 4.1.2.1 polysemy 4.1.2.2 homonymy 4.1.3 antonyms and synonyms 4.1.3.1 antonyms in pairs 4.1.3.2 synonyms in pairs 4.2 sentence context 4.2.1 the change of sentences meaning in communication 4.2.2 sentence contexts essential factors 4.2.2.1 substitution 4.

17、2.2.2 ellipsis 4.2.2.3 conjunction 4.2.2.4 repetition 4.2.3 the confirmation and explanation of the sentence contextchapter five situational context and translation 5.1 the concept of register 5.2 field 5.2.1 translation in different fields 5.3 mode 5.3.1 translations in different modes 5.3.2 rhetor

18、ic 5.4 tenor 5.4.1 four divisions of the tenor 5.4.2 translation in different tenorschapter six cultural context and translation 6.1 cultural context and translation 6.1.1 cultural context and comprehension 6.1.2 cultural context and representation 6.2 the difference of thinking patterns and transla

19、tion 6.3 the difference of historical background and translation 6.4 the difference of geographic culture and translation 6.5 the difference of religious culture and translation conclusionbibliographyacknowledgechapter one introduction as a kind of information system, language is unique to human soc

20、iety. the communication with language-the transmitting and receiving of information, appears only in particular circumstance and are affected by them. so context plays a very important role for a translator to understand the texts and it also helps the reader to interpret the meaning. the famous tra

21、nslation theorist, peter newmark, has said in his famous book approaches to translation ( 1982:113) that “ context is the overriding factor in all translation, and has primacy over any rule, theory, or primary meaning.” the relation between context and translation is just like the relation between w

22、ater and fish. in the field of modern linguistics, context plays a more important role. while in the field of translation, context has become the highlight of translators as well as their theorists in our country. however, most of them have only studied a certain problem or aspect that influence con

23、text. as we know, translation is a sophisticated language social activity. it not concerns on the word-to-word translation. “translation is a communicative progress which takes place with in a social context.”(hatim & mason 2001:3) in order to translate one language to another while at the same time

24、 keeps the content of the source language, translators are inevitably working under the bound of both the source language and target language. so translators have to be sensitive in any source text for they are positioned between two independent social structures. the translator plays as an observer

25、 of the text-world environment of source language. and the role of the translator as reader is then constructing the meaning of source text. as a text producer, the translator operates in a different social and cultural environment, trying to use his interpretation to reflex the meaning of the sourc

26、e text. translator should convey the content, intention and style of the source text, at the same time they should meet the needs of the readers living in the specific historical period. text is the target of translation, that is to say, what a translator works with is different types of text. so wh

27、at is text? text is a series of signals that transmit from a sender to a receiver a special code or set of codes through some medium. a text may be one word, one sentence, one passage or even one novel. the word “context” comes from the latin word contextus. and how is context to be defined? althoug

28、h numbers of scholars have their own definitions of context, they just express the same meaning in different ways, thus, “context involves the relevant elements of the surrounding linguistic or nonlinguistic structures in relation to an uttered expression under consideration. the expression is norma

29、lly a unit corresponding to a sentence, but can also be a word or a global discourse unit.” (asher 1994:731). the contextual factors that the meaning of a text lingers on involve both the social and cultural background as well as the surrounding words. while we have to learn context from multi-dimen

30、sion, then we can understand the meaning and function of a text. this dissertation proceeds in six chapter. chapter one is the introductory part. chapter two concerns the theoretic background of the study on context. chapter three is about the classification of context. chapter four studies the ling

31、uistic context and translation. chapter five studies the situational context and translation. chapter six studies the cultural context and translation. then it ended with a conclusion. chapter twotheoretic background of the study on context 2.1 previous theoretic exploration in context in the last d

32、ecades, saussures distinguish between langue and parole exerted universal influence on linguistic studies. according to saussures suggestion, the label “l(fā)inguistics” assumes the existence of utterly homogeneous speech communities that each uses a uniform linguistic code, mainly for referential funct

33、ions. on the ground of assumption, the purpose of theoretical linguistics is the elaboration of context-free linguistic rules explaining that part of linguistic behavior. while, when linguists only described the construction of a language and codified its vocabulary, they did not tell people the tru

34、e meaning of language. therefore, many scholars involved malinowski, firth, halliday had contributed to the spread of pragmatic study in linguistics. they take language essentially as asocial activity and are not satisfied with the view that a formal system could be isolated from its culture. as a r

35、esult, the following years have witnessed a shift of emphasis from peer theoretical analysis of linguistic form and structure to the study of the theories for applied aims.2.1.1 malinowskis contribution to the study of contextmalinowski, was the anthropologist of england and he acted as one of the f

36、ounders of functionalism. also, he was one of the first investigators to study the context. in his essay the problem of meaning in primitive languages (1923), he made large contribution to the development of contextual studies of linguistic. when he was dealing with his anthropological fieldwork mak

37、es a chance for him to arouse his interest in context. working with the people who live under a remote culture, malinowski made hard endeavors to translate the local dialects for english-speaking readers. he used various ways, such as free and literal translations, but he failed in these trying. so

38、malinowski later translated while made a comment, taking the contextual factors into consideration. after noting how words become comprehensive, he broadened his conception of context by the notion “context of culture”. malinowski later developed his idea of meaning. in his view, meaning is not cont

39、ained in words alone. and his work constituted the point of departure for a method to the analysis of language that extends from firth to halliday.2.1.2 firths theoretic studies of context largely affected by malinowski, firth, acclaimed as the father of the functional theory of language, moved even

40、 further to explore the meaning by setting up his own theory of semantics upon the concept of context. and he claimed that meaning is not only related with its environment, but also “deeply embedded in the living process of persons maintain themselves in society.”(liu runqing 1988:67) firth absorbed

41、 malinowakis notion of context of situation, but his understanding of context of situation is different from that of malinowaki. for malinowaki, context of situation refers to the immediate environment where utterances are embedded. while as to firth, context can not be regarded as something concret

42、e, instead, it is the representation of the surroundings. we can get this information from his words as follows: my view was, and still is, thatcontext of situation is best used as a suitable schematic construct to apply to language events, and that it is a group of related categories at a different

43、 level from grammatical categories but rather of the same abstract nature. a context of situation for linguistic work brings into relation the following categories: (1) the relevant features of participants: persons, personalities.a. the verbal action of the participants.b. the non-verbal action of

44、the participants.(2) the relevant objects.(3) the effect of the verbal action. (firth, 1957:182) while firth as a linguist, he pay a careful attention to linguistic context that distinguished himself from malinowski. in 1935, firth pointed out that the context includes the following five branches: p

45、honological, morphological, lexical, clausal context and context of situation. the first four components belong to the linguistic proper (牛強(qiáng)、陳林華,1999:32) and the last one is consist of both situational and verbal context. firth also notices the difference between extra linguistic and linguistic cont

46、ext. his classified the linguistic context together with his context of situation was contained in his semantic theory. firth defined meaning as “function in context” (sampson,1980:226).meaning should be viewed as a combination of contextual relations and phonetics, grammar, lexicology and semantics

47、 each contributes to the totality of meaning in their respective context. when analyzing the meaning of an utterance, we first abstract it from its context of situation and then separate the complex of meaning into its component functions called modes.2.1.3 hallidays theoretic studies of context at

48、the base of the malinowskis and firths studies of context, halliday employed firths idea of context to build the systemic-functional theory in which the categories and their relations are explained clearly. descending directly from firthsview of context theory, halliday, took a functional approach t

49、o view language as an instrument of social interaction. halliday points out that “all languages are languages in use, in a context of situation, and all of it relates to the situation”(1978:33), which shows the importance of context in any interpretation of a text. therefore, a text is an example of

50、 social meaning in a particular context of situation. since we do not use language alone while always use it in conjunction. thus context of situation is a necessary ingredient, without it any linguistic theory will be inadequate. hallidays concept of context of situation deserves our attention. he

51、was ispired by basil bernsteins notion of “critical socializing context”. halliday proposed that context of situation should be represented in still more abstract terms than what firth had suggested. context of situation does not mean a special situation with tangible dimensions. it should be seen a

52、s a periodicity “situation type”. later halliday identified three situation types: field, tenor and mode. field refers to the continual social activity where the linguistic plays as a constitutive part. while tenor refers to the relation among the relevant participants: who are these participants in

53、 this social activity under research. and mode refers to the role that language acts in the total situation. typical examples of mode are “ both the channel taken by the language-spoken or written, extempore or prepared-and its genre or rhetorical mode, as narrative, didactive, persuasive, phatic co

54、mmunication andso on” (halliday & hason, 1976:22) in a word, the concept of context is a combination of a field of meaningful social interaction, a tenor and a mode of symbolic organization. they function as the determinants of a text. with a detailed specification of the context of situation accord

55、ing to these three parts, we are able to predict the corresponding semantic properties of a text.2.1.4 other theoretic investigations into context after the start study of context by malinowski, and subsequently explored by firth and halliday, more and more linguists follow their theories and extend

56、ed it. joshua. a. fishman is the founder of american social linguistic, put forward the notion “semantic domain”. he holds that semantic domain is the social situation limited by the general acts. fishman believes that the speech act should adapt to the semantic domain, thus, language used by people should be always suitable to its environment. dell hathaway hymes, the anthropologist and social linguist of america, did not agree with his peers. so he find out eight components of speech situation: text, setting, participants, ends, key, me