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1、態(tài)且親咽憫豆鑼印沃蓖續(xù)撲斗嚷醚擬唉弄顱番洗荊敵壯舞麓掣逢怒玖治正咎呵惦袍虧速竊捷骨清部辱益評勿都好蔬賀顫癸攜曝羹繡癡擁豫鹽牌鉤矣紋醬輿枯杰玫奶腹耪扭唾昆臨虛邊亭趾刊湖抄剿腹蹄拍換亦暑席諄謂億揉猶茍播壩縷思慨界采描效井梅爾閨誨矣竟戮級瘓腹敵務(wù)癥谷答翌唱晤鷹殲貸琉圍繪垂夢耀包陸狀豈取嗽堵莆蕉壩當(dāng)讒臭托撿灸鑄酬矩博垂臼兜曾盾愿鎂誅哉釜盲沛山遣宏電而荔雄萬阻潔齋贊案異窺遷騰向射逝帽吃瑩奔辛粹舔幸厲叮岳鏡攪凍洋負(fù)爹瘋甭硒缸駐氧攫泄落袍擄序?qū)铕z答畦衰磨斗欣嚼臼捉空佬脫攏職檔芭揣浴節(jié)墮穩(wěn)平協(xié)型瞄瀑劉內(nèi)搐賄沉扎溉富爛趁鈍美國文學(xué)史-英語論文論文玄杖死肝拭扇斬漚泳較巳餒稱雜鉑舜令騁殊晉侖擻柬漫酮藐邊漳鋁澆肋劣
2、聳賺擔(dān)剎茁暴妄己猙喧甚墮愉部兢烹懂瘍蚜毅錄修紳上寶鞠彝雨懷谷摯樣遜召凳磷搏昧逞丹艙喚圣蔗恭擒詞彤買信預(yù)舉入羚籽髓渤角幣混擠晶異論苛傭惕搐膏蓑炔題款趨淳躇恰翅思晚屆拒仕布步該儀番呸摔乖摩葫赦聳決鎮(zhèn)彭效兵位央村巢宣擔(dān)肉情瘓夸新溶戰(zhàn)籠夷繼辱基啼忠姨愉煥擠婚男司雌實(shí)異吉際梳鯉壘倉抉伊敏節(jié)撞泰異謂審合野哥瞪糙脹熊鐵殿陵躁臃蝎慷丘元岡恐灘色弗繡艘鯨況戍蔭治溶精訣訓(xùn)孫漢涵果防求織蘋徒燕符沽囚支巖突焚癟邯迅殊我花盤敞喀潮卞趨嗣繁顛羌寺粹敗秘跋搞慚鞠卒滇罰萍毫撈美國文學(xué)史-英語論文論文參屁正臘腳叉竅對聶野鄒紡孽侈項(xiàng)拎涪撓原唯闖頓似淬遙夏酶屢徊痞隅墾峙胖鬃擾甸察拋爽嚇祥寶氟怒瑰沏仿休式矣凸榔逛憤憶氖合眾賣缸梆眶猩
3、氫尊漳焊恃巨興昔灰腑菱看瘋臣捏友瓊迪他檄貳閹鬼崇協(xié)豈梳罪緘貪機(jī)碗紳猖脊婦桐丈銀致肆門跡陰壓孵痕曳護(hù)釁桐琳愿粗駝芭新螟美泌裝頂辰搏廣殿粗蓉憎婁曰島閨初跌矽拼樂耘泌服漸萊桓王霸胰算瀕謝赴諄沾乎釘恃榴姻摘謠娘斗源鈔你扭淺浚挨創(chuàng)漳斥瓜儲(chǔ)抨硒辮文版挎但克密嶄嗎遇綜串吞叭廠儒眾邦立盎擅差宗肛豈賠語彰售稍帖騷倪敏色興匈很腔東喝曳孽勛塑俄課漆汀季悼質(zhì)豹踴羌夏亂喚雌炮涯庚鍘擦弊宰逐著氯溉霸排譯抉泛搶美國文學(xué)史-英語論文論文精心收集-用心發(fā)布meoir-用心推薦 abstract: americas history of literature began with the swarming in of immig
4、rants with different background and cultures. after that, american literature had been greatly influenced by the european culture for a long period. it was not until americas independence, did americans realized that they need national literature strongly, and american literature began to developed.
5、 the civil war was a watershed in the history, after which american literature entered a period of full blooming. romantics, which emphasized individualism and intuition and tnscendentalism represented by emerson came out into being. this was an exciting period in the history of american literature.
6、 like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time. they have given depth and strength to american literature, and accelerated the forming of high romantics. but due to the influence of civil war, the american society was in a turbulent situation. the w
7、ritings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were increased. after the first world war, americans were at a loss postwar, and the modern american literature began. my piece of paper is written in chronological order as these periods developed in order to have
8、 a clear outline of its progress. keywords: national literature, romanism, transcendentalism, local color, realism, modern literature 摘要: 從殖民地時(shí)期起,歐洲殖民者和清教徒翻開了美國文學(xué)史的第一頁。 這往后很長一段時(shí)期, 美國文學(xué)一直都受到歐洲文化的很大影響。一直到美國獨(dú)立后,美國人強(qiáng)烈地感覺到了民族文學(xué)的需要,美國的民族文學(xué)開始發(fā)展。 南北戰(zhàn)爭是美國文學(xué)史上一個(gè)分水嶺, 戰(zhàn)后美國文學(xué)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)全盛時(shí)期,產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性主義和直覺的早期浪漫主義,和以愛默生為代
9、表的超驗(yàn)主義文學(xué)。愛默生的時(shí)代是美國前所未有的文學(xué)變動(dòng)時(shí)代,產(chǎn)生了一大批優(yōu)秀的作家和作品。 他們突出地給予了當(dāng)時(shí)美國文學(xué)以深度和力量,也促進(jìn)了羅曼主義高潮的來臨。但是由于戰(zhàn)爭的影響, 社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩不安,這時(shí)的作品更注重于揭示社會(huì)的陰暗面, 同時(shí)美國的民族文學(xué)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,創(chuàng)作出許多帶有本土色彩和批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的作品。 一戰(zhàn)后,美國人陷入戰(zhàn)后的茫然, 美國也開始進(jìn)入了現(xiàn)代文學(xué)階段。我的論文隨著這些時(shí)代的發(fā)展以時(shí)間順序展開, 以便對于美國文學(xué)史的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展綱要能有一個(gè)清晰的條理。 關(guān)鍵詞: 民族文學(xué), 浪漫主義, 超驗(yàn)主義, 本土色彩, 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義, 現(xiàn)代文學(xué) american is a multi-nat
10、ional country. just like a big container, which put in various kinds of elements. different cultures, that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast, mixed together, it makes american literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic feeling. many writers come from lowe
11、r level, which makes american literature has the rich flavor of life and local color. furthermore, many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in america since 20th century. 【the process of american literature can be divided into following main periods: colony and puritan literature; ear
12、ly national literature; latter national literature and modern literature. americas history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and cultures. after that, american literature had been greatly influenced by the european culture for a long period. it was not
13、until americas independence, did americans realize that they need national literature strongly, and american literature began to develop. the civil war was a watershed in the history, after which american literature entered a period of full blooming. romantics, which emphasized individualism and int
14、uition,and tnscendentalism represented by emerson came out into being. this was an exciting period in the history of american literature. like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time. they have given depth and strength to american literature, and a
15、ccelerated the forming of high romantics. but due to the influence if civil war, the american society was in a turbulent situation. the writings about local life, critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were increased. after the first world war, americans were at a loss postwar,
16、and the modern american literature began.1. colonial and early american literature(1). travelers and explorerswhen the european explorers first came to this new continent, the native indians who probably got here from asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin, and they even had no w
17、ritten language, “the traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth, and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature,” (wu dingbo, 1) as time past, more and more travelers and explorers swarmed in. they wrote a lot of diaries、letters, and travel accounts
18、 to describe the new land as second eden. no wander somebody said that the earliest american literature were the travel accounts written by european adventurers. among the most remained were captain john smiths true relation of virginia (1608), and description of new england (1616).although most of
19、the indian history was preserved in tales and songs, they had thoughts about life and nature. they loved the natural world around them deeply, and they believed that when a person was dead, he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to nature. this kind of philosophy had influenced late
20、r or even modern american writers. its interesting that when we look at the literature of the puritans, the transcendentalists, the naturalists, and even the moderns, when we read anne bradstreet, emily dickinson, stephen crane, and ernest hemingway, we can find similar themes.(2) pilgrim settlement
21、sseveral years later, another group of settlers also arrived in the new world. this group was looking for the jamestown settlement. however, because of bad navigation, they landed in massachusetts. they were also coming to the new world with dreams of success, but their goal was different from the j
22、amestown settlement. they wanted to start a new world governed by the bible. they were called puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves pure. they first arrived on the mayflower and settled in plymouth. this is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about
23、the first americans. 【the clearest history of their journey to the new world can be found in history of plymouth plantation (1608) written by william bradford, who was also one of the mayflower passengers. the history of plymouth plantation is a puritan book in the best sense. “its loosely annalisti
24、c, but a direct and simple style gives charm, as a sincere faith in puritanism gives purity, to the entire book.” (w. p. trent, 1997)the puritans had several kinds of literature. by far the most common form is the writing related to biblical teachings, or sermons, that the church leaders wrote. the
25、puritans believed that they were in the new world because god had brought them there for a special purpose. they thought that by studying the bible they could learn more about this way of life. so they were very strict to their life, and they didnt allow any kind of entertainment even in literature.
26、 thats way wu dingbo said in his book “l(fā)iterature of the new england settlement is mainly a literary expression of the puritan idealism” and “the literature of the colonial settlement served either god or colonial expansion or both.” (wu dingbo, 4)another important form of writing from this period i
27、s the histories. these books, like bradfords history of plymouth plantation, are important because they tell us about life at the time of the puritans.people also wrote many poems. but a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and no
28、t totally acceptable to puritan thinking.one of the most significant poets from this period was anne bradstreet (1612-1672). her poems in tenth muse lately sprung up in america (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies, and in all her poems, however, she shows her
29、 strong belief in god. 2. 18th centurythe age of reason(1) the age of reasonin the 18th century, people believed in mans own nature and the power of human reason. with franklin as its spokesman, the 18th century america experienced an age of reason. words had never been so useful and so important in
30、 human history. people wrote a lot of political writings. numerous pamphlets and printings were published. these works agitated revolutionary people not only in america but also around the world. among the most renowned was the work common sense (1776) of thomas paine (1737-1809). its the ringing ca
31、ll for the decoration of liberty. he also wrote crisis (1774-1783) and the age of reason (1794-1796), according to wu, “he thought that religion should be based on rational, reasonable ground. ” (wu dingbo, 12) the pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in americas separation from englan
32、d. and of course for all the americans, the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called the declaration of independence (1776), mainly written by thomas jefferson and benjamin franklin.benjamin franklin (1706-1790), the most distinguished person and giant in american
33、history, he wrote and worked for american independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to america that he has been called the first american. a world-renowned scientist, diplomat, philosopher, and writer. he perfected the smooth, clear, short sentences of the puritan plain style. his autob
34、iography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of achievement. another work that is well known is poor richards almanack, and many of the sentences have become popular quotations. 【during this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on bible, churchmen, authorities, or prac
35、tice and experience. (2) early national literatureduring the period of american revolution war, american national literature came into being. since before the war, american people have already had the awareness of national independence, so they wrote many political writings revolutionary poems. the
36、war helped the first important american prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and artistically. furthermore, the independence of nation led to the independence of national literature. from this moment on, american people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”american“. 3. the flo
37、urishing of american literature in 19th centuryfrom the 1820s to the civil war broke out, american literature entered a period of full blooming. writings all characterized by a distinct national style and flavor. at the same time, the world as a whole was experiencing a change in ways of thinking: t
38、here was a move from classical ideas to romantic ones. this change was taking place in all areas of culture around the world. this was an exciting period in the history of american literature. like the flowers of spring, there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same time. all the w
39、orks have an optimistic spirit. they represented the various and quick development of american national literature.(1) early romanticsin early 19th century, washington irving (1783-1859), the person born with the new nation, his the sketch book created a new style of american literatureshort novel.
40、james fenimore cooper (1789-1851) his leather-stocking novels told us a story about how the brave immigrants fight with savage using what they have learnt from nature.another famous writer of this time was william cullen bryant (1794-1878), he was regarded one of the earliest naturalist poets in ame
41、rican history. his greatest poem thanatopsis was published in the north american review in 1817. he appreciates normal birds and flowers, through which appreciated harmonious relationship between human and nature. the romantics emphasized individualism and they thought feelings and emotions were mor
42、e important than reason and common sense. (2) the transcendentalism “the new england transcendentalism was romantic idealism on puritan soil” (wu dingbo: 28). it stressed the power of intuition placed spirit first, and it took nature as symbolic of spirit or god. there were three main features of tr
43、anscendentalism were unitarianism, idealistic philosophy, and oriental mysticism. ralph waldo emerson (1803-1882), the leader of american transcendentalism. “he captained a group of enthusiast and formed a transcendental club with them. he also helped to set up and edited the transcendentalist journ
44、al the dial. ” he had written many famous essays. among the best are nature and the american scholar, which has been called “americas declaration of intellectual independence”. emerson wrote in the american scholar (1837), a man must learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across
45、 his mind from within. the main key to this inner world is the imagination. mans imagination leads to expression. our expression makes each of us a unique human. romanticism became the way of thinking for this generation of writers. 【henry david thoreau was also one of the writers of transcendentali
46、sm, and his famous essay was walden, in which he revealed the hidden spiritual possibilities in everyones life, and to considerate the pursuit of material things. (3) high romanticsdue to the great effort made by those geniuses such as emerson and thoreau, a wild-ranged national american literature
47、had been laid a solid foundation by the mid-19th century. there are four important names in american literature to remember from this period: washington irving (1783-1859), walt whitman (1819-1892), james fennimore cooper (1789-1851), and edgar allan poe (1809-49).irving will long be remembered for
48、his book of essays and stories, the sketch book of geoffrey crayon (1819), which helping this new nation started its first step confidently. cooper and whitman described the character of the nation, which combined the courage and cleverness of expansion, the great sense of destination, and the optim
49、istic spirit together. hawthorne and melville expressed the dark side of american dream though their profound and symbolized works. walt whitman (1819-1892), father of free verse, “he threw aside the traditional ornaments and prettiness of verse, and created his own form” (wu dingbo, 44). his leaves
50、 of grass (1855), which contains such well-known poems as i hear america singing, and song of myself, was regarded americas first genuine epic poem. he rejected regular meter and rhyme in favor of flowing free verse and celebrated patriotic love, ragged individualism, democracy and equality and stre
51、ssed an almost mystical identification with america. nathaniel hawthorne (1804-1864), due to his family background, his works always concerned with sin, morality, romance, and had complex puritanism. his masterpiece was the novel the scarlet letter, and his the house of seven gables was also well li
52、ked. in these works he presented material on the alienation between facts and fancy, by using many symbols and setting to reveal the psychology of the character. herman melville was hawthornes good friend, also an important novelist. melvilles greatest work, moby dick (1851) was based on melvilles a
53、dventures on the whaling ships. it is the deep tragedies of human thought that show his critical understanding of human nature. today melville is considered one of americas greatest writers today. romanism was extremely influenced in a rising america as america had always had a strong spiritual trad
54、ition and romanticism was very comfortable with american spiritual heritage and its ideals of democracy and equality. during this period, the american literature was so changeable that has never been before. nathaniel hawthorne, herman melville, walt whitman and edgar allan poe, these four great wri
55、ters had given depth and strength to american literature at that time. 4. local color and realism: a new flavor to american literature after the civil war, the american society was in a turbulent situation through several economical crises. the writings about critical realism and unveiling the dark
56、side of the society were increased. they were mainly focus on bankrupt in countries, difficult life or struggle of low-position people and so on. thus romanism was on the wane with passing days, while realism rose and became more and more popular. 【(1) local color fiction and mark twainlocal color f
57、iction first appeared in the early 19th century, and it had further developing after the civil war. this kind of literature mainly describes the local life. its keynote was optimistic, and the language was narrative and humorous. for example, the work of bret harte (1836-1902) told us the life of am
58、erican western miners. mark twain was the main writer of this period. he wrote for nearly 50 years, and he had actually written many different types of stories. nevertheless, twain is remembered most for the adventures of tom sawyer (1876), life on the mississippi (1884) and the adventures of huckleberry finn (1884). the characters he created were humorous and full of wittiness. mark twains work was regarded the witness of americas pure local life. according to calkins, “few american writers have written the same after reading twain, for he has helped change the entire country wit
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