專題18閱讀理解科普類

1、三好高中生（公眾號ID：sanhao-youke），為高中生提供名師公開課和精品資料專題18 閱讀理解（科普類）1.C【2019全國I】As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物測量)technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.R

2、esearchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(裝置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(節(jié)奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of securit

3、y by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected toregardless of whether someone

4、gets the password right.It also doesnt require a new type of technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the smart keyboard

5、. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make

6、 it to market in the near future.28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A. To reduce pressure on keys.B. To improve accuracy in typingC. To replace the password system.D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？A. Computers are

7、 much easier to operate.B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.D. Data security measures are guaranteed.30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.A. Itll be environment-friendly.B. Itll reach consumers soon

8、.C. Itll be made of plasticsD. Itll help speed up typing.31. Where is this text most likely from?A. A diary.B. A guidebookC. A novel.D. A magazine.【答案】28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D【解析】本文是一篇說明文。目前，數(shù)據(jù)和身份盜竊變得越來越普遍，指紋掃描等這些技術(shù)仍然是昂貴的。本文介紹了一種新的科技智能鍵盤，這項技術(shù)通過記錄用戶的打字習(xí)慣來識別主人，為網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間用戶保護(hù)隱私。28. D 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第一段“At present, t

9、hese technologies are still expensive, though.”和第二段的“they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.”可知，研究者們開發(fā)智能鍵盤是為了降低e-space保護(hù)的成本。故選D。29. C 推理判斷題。由第二段“These patterns are unique to each person. Thus，the keyboard can determine peoples identities”可知，因為每個人的打字

10、方式不同，使智能鍵盤能夠識別人的身份。故選C。30. B 推理判斷題。由最后一段“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”可知，研究者們希望智能鍵盤能早日上市，也就是希望早日到達(dá)消費者手中。故選B。31. D 推理判斷題。本文介紹了一種新的科技智能鍵盤，它能給e-space用戶帶來安全，由此可知，本文是科技說明文，結(jié)合所給選項可知，本文可能來自于一本科研雜志上。故選D。2.D【2019全國II】Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganis

11、ms(微生物) from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? Its turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high scho

12、ol class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordons students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and

13、they think theyre close to a solution(解決方案). “We dont give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other thanAre you working towards your

14、goal? Basically, its Ive got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA. Engineers come and really do an in-person review, andits not a very nice thing at time. Its a hard business review of your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影響) on college admiss

15、ions and practical life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I dont teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.32. What do we know about the

16、 bacteria in the International Space Station?A. They are hard to get rid of.B. They lead to air pollution.C. They appear different forms.D. They damage the instruments.33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?A. To strengthen teacher-student relationshipsB. To sharpen students communication skil

17、ls.C. To allow students to experience zero gravity.D. To link space technology with school education34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?A. Check their product.B. Guide project designsC. Adjust work schedules.D. Grade their homework.35. What is the best title for the tex

18、t?A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.【答案】32. A 33. D 34. A 35. B【解析】本文為說明文。本文介紹了HUNCH項目就是通過Gordon的學(xué)生找到如何殺死空間站的細(xì)菌這一技術(shù)，把空間技術(shù)與帶進(jìn)課堂，與學(xué)校教育相結(jié)合，從而最終影響到大學(xué)入學(xué)。32. A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Bacteria are annoying problem

19、 for astronautscleaning them up each week.”可知，細(xì)菌對宇航員來說是個令人討厭的問題。這種來自我們身體的微生物在國際空間站的表面不受控制地生長，宇航員每周要花幾個小時來清理它們。也就是說它們很難去掉。其中的“the microorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A項符合題意。33. D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的 “HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. Gordons students have been studying wa

20、ys to kill bacteria in zero gravity,.”可知，Hunch旨在把高中教室和NASA的工程師聯(lián)系起來。Gordon的學(xué)生一直在研究如何在零重力下殺死細(xì)菌, .”。結(jié)合最后一段中的“Gordon students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,.”可知，學(xué)生每天都給NASA的工程師發(fā)郵件一起探討（如何殺死空間站的細(xì)菌這一空間技術(shù)）這個問題。由此可推斷出HUNCH program的目的把空間技術(shù)與學(xué)校教育相結(jié)合?？芍xD。34. A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Ive got to p

21、roduce this product and thenIts a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA的工程師要檢查學(xué)生所做的產(chǎn)品。分析選項可知A項符合題意，故選A。35. B主旨大意題。本文介紹了HUNCH項目把如何殺死空間站的細(xì)菌這一空間技術(shù)引入Gordon學(xué)校的課堂，參與宇航員航天課題研究的情況，因此太空：最后的作業(yè)前沿能全面概括文章的意思，故選B。3.D【2019全國III】Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.A team of researchers trained three Rhe

22、sus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combinedor addedthe symbols to get the reward.Heres how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone,

23、who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end w

24、ould have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers17 in this example.After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys w

25、ould go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with

26、 a single symbol when the two were close in valuesometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.This

27、 indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what theyre doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?A. They fed them.B. They

28、named them.C. They trained them.D. They measured them.33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?A. By drawing a circle.B. By touching a screen.C. By watching videos.D. By mixing two drinks.34. What did Livingstones team find about the monkeys?A. They could perform basic addition.B.

29、They could understand simple words.C. They could memorize numbers easily.D. They could hold their attention for long.35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?A. Entertainment.B. Health.C. Education.D. Science.【答案】32. C 33. B 34. A 35. D【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章開篇指出猴子對數(shù)字有一定的概念，隨后研究人員進(jìn)行了一系列的實驗來驗

30、證這一理論。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，猴子不僅能記住簡單的數(shù)字，還能進(jìn)行一定的運算。32. C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段第一句“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward.”可知，研究人員在正式對猴子進(jìn)行實驗前事先對猴子做了相關(guān)方面的訓(xùn)練，故選C。33. B 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段最后一句“If th

31、e monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice”可知，猴子在實驗中通過觸摸相應(yīng)數(shù)字對應(yīng)區(qū)域的屏幕來得到獎勵，故選B。34. A推理判斷題。由第四段“. indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.”可知，大量實驗結(jié)果表明，猴子不僅僅是記住每種數(shù)字組合相加的結(jié)果值，而是可以完成進(jìn)一

32、步的簡單計算，故選A。35. D推理判斷題。文章首先給出了一個關(guān)于猴子對數(shù)字有一定概念的結(jié)論，隨后介紹了研究人員對猴子進(jìn)行的數(shù)學(xué)實驗的步驟及實驗現(xiàn)象，這一類主題一般不在環(huán)境、健康板塊，而相比教育，科研板塊更符合文章實驗研究的性質(zhì)，故選D。4.C【2019浙江卷】California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).The number of tree

33、s larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the

34、 number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed int

35、o the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(資源).But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a wide

36、spread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees

37、 were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause tr

38、ees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.27. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.B. The increasing variety of California big trees.C. The distribution of bi

39、g trees in California forests.D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?A. Ecological studies of forests.B. Banning woodcutting.C. Limiting housing development.D. Fire control measures.29. What is a major cause

40、of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?A. Inadequate snowmelt.B. A longer dry season.C. A warmer climate.D. Dampness of the air.30. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Californias Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California SoonC. W

41、hy Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California【答案】27. A 28. D 29. C 30. A【解析】文章主要講述了美國加利福尼亞州的森林面臨著的巨大危機，大型樹木在急劇減少，作者闡述了現(xiàn)象，并分析了其原因。27. A段落主旨題。根據(jù)文章第二段第三句The number of treesdeclined by 50 percentmore than 55 percent75 percent等數(shù)字可知，該段主要講述了加州森林

42、中大樹急劇減少的嚴(yán)重性，故選A項。28. D推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第三句Aggressive wildfire controlcompete with resources可知，由于激進(jìn)的森林防火措施，雖然一定程度上保護(hù)了森林，但同時也導(dǎo)致小樹泛濫，與大樹爭搶資源，從而導(dǎo)致大樹數(shù)量驟減，所以選D項。29. C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段Since the 1930s, McIntyre saidhave been rising temperaturesreduces the water可知，水資源短缺的一個主因是逐漸上升的氣候溫度，故選C項。30. A主旨大意題。根據(jù)全文可知，主要講述了美國加州森林

43、中大樹數(shù)量急劇下降的現(xiàn)象，并分析了原因。由此A項能很好地概括全文。5.D【2019北京】By the end of the century，if not sooner，the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way light refl

44、ects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to c

45、hanges in the oceans appearance.Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulner

46、able to the oceans warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MITs Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that

47、projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，

48、a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ”she said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”42. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A. The various patterns at the ocea

49、n surface.B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.43. What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Sensitive.B. BeneficialC. SignificantD. Unnoticeable44. What can we lea

50、rn from the passage?A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.B. Dutkiewiczs model aims to project phytoplankton changesC. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climateD. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.45. What is the main purpose of the passage？A. To

51、 assess the consequences of ocean colour changesB. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chainC. To explain the effects of climate change on oceansD. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton【答案】42. B 43. A 44. D 45. C【解析】本文是一篇科普知識類文章。主要介紹了由于氣候變暖導(dǎo)致海洋微生物發(fā)生變化，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致海洋顏色的變化。42. B 主旨大意題。第一段的

52、主要講的是：根據(jù)一項新的研究，由于氣候變暖，到本世紀(jì)末界上的海洋將會更藍(lán)更綠；第二段主要介紹了海洋的顏色取決于浮游植物的種類和濃度。因為氣候變化將促進(jìn)某些地區(qū)浮游植物的生長，同時也會減少其他地區(qū)浮游植物的數(shù)量，從而導(dǎo)致海洋外觀的變化。因此文章前兩段的主要講的是“海洋顏色變化的原因”。故選B。43. A 猜測詞義題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句可知：氣候變暖會改變海洋的主要特征，并會影響浮游植物的生長，因為它們不僅需要陽光和二氧化碳來生長，還需要營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)。因此，此處的“vulnerable”是“易受影響的”意思，即sensitive。significant重大的，有意義的；beneficial有益的；un

53、noticeable不明顯的。故選A。44. D 推理判斷題。從文章第四段中的“The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener.”可知，“有更多浮游植物的海洋看起來更綠。”故選D

54、。45. C 主旨大意題。根據(jù)整篇文章的內(nèi)容來看，主要解釋氣候變化會導(dǎo)致海洋顏色的改變，而這種改變主要是因為浮游植物數(shù)量的變化，因此本文的主要目的是“解釋氣候變化對海洋的影響”。故選C。6.C【2019天津】How does an ecosystem（生態(tài)系統(tǒng)）work？What makes the populations of different species the way they are？Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists have built mathematical

55、models of food webs，noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator（掠食動物）always eats huge numbers of a single p

56、rey（獵物），the two species are strongly linked；when a predator lives on various species，they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species，it can survive the extinction（滅絕）of one of them

57、. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable

58、，where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species-including species they did not directly attack.And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on a