最新汽車專業(yè)英語原文及翻譯

1、汽車工程專業(yè)英語 李俊玲 羅永革版（原文與翻譯）todays average car contains more than 15000 separate,individual parts that must work together.these parts can be grouped into four major categories:body,engine,chassis and electrical system.現(xiàn)在的汽車一般都由15000多個分散、獨立且相互配合的零部件組成。這些零部件只要分為四類：車身、發(fā)動機、底盤和電氣設(shè)備。an automobile body is a sh

2、eet metal shell with windows,a hood and a trunk deck built into it.it provides a protective covering for the engine,passengers and cargo.the body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable.the body styling provides an attractive,colorful modern appearance for the vehicle.轎車車身是一個鈑金件殼體，它上面有車窗

3、、車門、發(fā)動機罩和行李艙門等部件，它給發(fā)動機、乘客和行李提供防護。車身設(shè)計是為了確保乘客乘坐的安全和舒適。車身造型設(shè)計使得汽車有一個華美、現(xiàn)代、吸引人的外觀。a sedan has an enclosed body with a maximum of 4 doors to allow access to the passenger compartment.the design also allows for storage of luggage or other goods.a sedan can also be referred to as a saloon and traditionall

4、y has a fixed roof.there are soft-top versions of the same body design except for having 2 doors,and there are commonly referred to as convertibles.轎車車身為封閉式，轎車最多有4個車門，乘員通過車門進出。另外車身的設(shè)計還應(yīng)考慮行李和貨物的存放。傳統(tǒng)的轎車都是硬頂車身?；铐敵擞密嚕ǔㄅ褴嚕┑能図斒擒涰?，車身設(shè)計與普通轎車類似，但只有兩個車門。the utility or pick-up carries goods.usually it has str

5、onger chassis components and suspension than a sedan to support greater gross vehicle mass.皮卡一般用來運載貨物。為能承載更大的總質(zhì)量，皮卡的底盤部件和懸架比轎車更結(jié)實。light vehicle vans can be based on common sedan designs or redesigns so that maximum cargo space is available.輕型貨車一般是基于普通轎車設(shè)計的，或是重新設(shè)計使可用載貨空間最大化。the bodies of commercial v

6、ehicles that transport goods are designed for that specific purpose.tankers transport fluids,tippers carry earth or bulk grains,flatbeds and vans are used for general goods transport.用于運輸貨物的商用車車身必須滿足具體要求，例如運輸液體的油罐車、運輸泥土或散裝谷物的自卸車、運輸一般貨物的平板車或貨車。buses and coaches are usually 4-wheel rigid vehices,but a

7、 large number of wheels and axles can be used. sometimes articulated buses are used to increase capacity.buses and coaches can be single-deck or double-deck.buses are commonly used in cities as commuter transports while coaches are more luxurious used for long distances.客車和長途汽車一般是有4個車輪的整體式車輛，也能配備更多的

8、車輪和車橋。為了增加客車的載客量往往使用由鉸鏈連接的客車。公共汽車和長途汽車有單層和雙層兩種。公共汽車一般用城市內(nèi)公共交通，而長途汽車一般用于長距離的旅行。1.2 Engine The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called

9、a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train.發(fā)動機作為動力設(shè)備，常見的類型是內(nèi)燃機

10、，其原理是通過發(fā)動機缸內(nèi)的液體燃料燃燒而產(chǎn)生能量。發(fā)動機可分為兩類：汽油機（點燃式）和柴油機（壓燃式），都屬于熱力發(fā)動機。燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生熱量使缸內(nèi)氣體氣壓上升，從而產(chǎn)生能量，驅(qū)動與動力傳動系相連接的軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。 The way engine cylinders are arranged is called engine configuration. In-line engines have the cylinders in a line. This design creates a simply cast engine block. In vehicle applications, the numb

11、er of cylinders is normally from 2 up to 6. Usually, the cylinders are vertical. As the number of the cylinders increase, the length of the block and crankshaft can become a problem. One way to avoid this is with a V configuration. This design makes the engines block and crankshaft shorter and more

12、rigid.發(fā)動機的布置即發(fā)動機氣缸的排列方式。 發(fā)動機缸體按直線排列的即直列式，這種布置使得發(fā)動機缸體結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。汽車發(fā)動機一般為26缸，通常氣缸是垂直放置的，但氣缸數(shù)量的增加會導(dǎo)致缸體和曲軸的長度過大，解決問題的措施之一就是采用V型布置，這種布置方式可以使發(fā)動機缸體和曲軸長度尺寸更短，從而大大增加剛度。 An engine located at the front can be mounted longitudinally and can drive either the front or the rear wheels. Rear engine vehicles have the engi

13、ne mounted behind the rear wheels. The engine can be transverse or longitudinal and usually drives the rear wheels only.前置發(fā)動機可以縱向布置，能夠驅(qū)動前輪或后輪。后置發(fā)動機布置在后輪后側(cè)，發(fā)動機即可縱向布置又可橫向布置，一般只能驅(qū)動后輪。1.3 chassis 底盤the chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating parts of a vehicle.the chassis in

14、cludes the power train,steering,suspension,and braking systems.底盤由汽車的主要操作系統(tǒng)組裝而成。包括傳動系、行駛系、轉(zhuǎn)向系和制動系四部分。1） Power train system conveys the drive to the wheels.傳動系-將驅(qū)動力傳遞到車輪。2） Steering system controls the direction of movement.轉(zhuǎn)向系-控制汽車的行駛方向。3）Suspension and wheels absorbs the road shocks.懸掛系-吸收路面震動4）Bra

15、ke slows down the vehicle.制動系-使汽車減速緩行。1.3.1 power train system 動力傳動系統(tǒng)Thepowertraintransfersturningeffortfromtheenginetothedrivingwheels.a power train can include aclutch manualtransmissionoratorqueconverterfor automatictransmission,adriveshaft,finaldriveanddifferentialgearsanddrivingaxles.Alternativ

16、ely,atransaxlemaybeused.Atransaxleisaself-containedunitwithatransmission,finaldrivegearsanddifferentiallocatedinonecasing.傳動系把發(fā)動機輸出的扭矩傳遞給驅(qū)動輪。傳動系包括離合器（對應(yīng)機械變速器）或液力變矩器（對應(yīng)液力自動變速器）、變速器、驅(qū)動軸、主減速器、差速器和驅(qū)動橋。另外有些傳動系采用由變速器、主減速器和差速器組成的一體式的變速驅(qū)動橋。（或者采用一個獨立的變速驅(qū)動橋，即變速器在同一個箱體內(nèi)。）Avehiclewithamanualtransmissionusesaclu

17、tchtoengageanddisengagetheenginefromthepowertrain.Enginetorqueistransmittedthroughtheclutchtothetransmissionortransaxle.the transmission contains sets of gears that increase or decrease the torque before it is transmitted to the rest of the power train.the lower the gear ratio selected,the higher th

18、e torque transmissioned.a vehicle starting from rest needs a lot of torque,but once it is moving,it can maintain speed with only a relatively small amount of torque.a higher gear ratio can then be selected,and engine speed is reduced.對于采用機械變速器的汽車，其發(fā)動機扭矩由離合器傳遞給變速器或變速驅(qū)動橋，并通過離合器來控制發(fā)動機和傳動系的嚙合或分離。變速器包含了不

19、同傳動比的齒輪副，能夠增加或減小扭矩。選擇的齒輪速比越小，傳遞的扭矩最大。汽車起步時需要較大的扭矩，一旦起動后，僅需要較小的扭矩就可維持速度，此時應(yīng)該換用較高的檔位，以降低發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速。a conventional vehicle with the engine at the front and driving wheels at the rear uses a drive shaft,called a propeller shaft,to transmit torque from transmission to the final drive.傳統(tǒng)的汽車采用前置發(fā)動機、后輪驅(qū)動，因此需要傳動軸

20、把動力從變速器傳遞給主減速器。the final drive provides a final gear reduction to multiply the torque before applying to the driving axles.on front engine rear wheel drive vehicles,the final drive changes the direction of drive by 90 degrees. inside the final drive,a differential gear set divides the torque to the

21、axles and allows for the difference in speed of each wheel When cornering.axles shafts transmit the torque to the driving wheels.in a rear-wheel drive vehicle,the axles can be solid or contain joints to allow for movement of suspension.for a front-wheel drive vehicle,the drive shaft has universal jo

22、ints to allow for suspension and steering movement.主減速器的作用就是在把動力傳遞給驅(qū)動輪之前，降低轉(zhuǎn)速并增加扭矩。對于前置后驅(qū)的汽車，主減速器還將驅(qū)動的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向改變了90度。主減速器內(nèi)的差速器齒輪副，把動力分給兩個驅(qū)動軸，并允許兩邊車輪在轉(zhuǎn)向時具有不同的轉(zhuǎn)速。動力最終由驅(qū)動軸傳遞給車輪。后輪驅(qū)動汽車的驅(qū)動橋應(yīng)能滿足懸架的運動，可以是剛性的或包含運動副。為滿足懸架和轉(zhuǎn)向的要求，前輪驅(qū)動汽車驅(qū)動軸上需安裝萬向節(jié)。an automatic transmission or transaxle performs similar functions to

23、 a manual transmission or transaxle except that gear selection is controlled either hydraulically or electronically.the automatic transmission uses a torque converter,which acts as a hydraulic coupling to transfer the drive.自動變速器或自動變速驅(qū)動橋的功能和機械式基本類似，區(qū)別在于檔位的選擇是液力或電力控制的。液力自動變速器采用液力變矩（耦合）器作為連接器以傳遞動力。1.3

24、.2 steering system 轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)The directional motion of vehicle is controlled by a steering system. A basic steering system has 3 main parts: a steering box connected to the steering wheel, the linkage connecting the steering box to the wheel assembly at the front wheels and front suspension parts to let t

25、he wheel assemblies pivot. When the driver turns the steering wheel, a shaft from the steering column turns the steering gear. The steering gear moves tie-rods that connect to the front wheels. The tie-rods move the front wheels to turn the vehicle right or left.轉(zhuǎn)向系控制汽車行駛方向，一般由三部分組成：與轉(zhuǎn)向盤相連的轉(zhuǎn)向器、連接車輪和

26、轉(zhuǎn)向器的傳動結(jié)構(gòu)、允許車輪轉(zhuǎn)動的前懸架部件。當(dāng)駕駛員轉(zhuǎn)動方向盤時，轉(zhuǎn)向柱內(nèi)的軸帶動轉(zhuǎn)向器運動，然后通過轉(zhuǎn)向傳動機構(gòu)來轉(zhuǎn)動車輪，從而使得汽車向左或向右行駛。1.3.3 suspension system 懸架系統(tǒng)The purpose of the complete suspension system is to isolate the vehicle body from road shocks and vibrations, which will otherwise be transferred to the passengers and load. It must also keep the

27、 tires in contact with the road regardless of road surface. A basic suspension system consists of springs, axles, shock absorbers, arms, rods and ball joints.整個懸架系統(tǒng)的作用是隔離來自路面的沖擊和振動對車身的影響，防止傳遞給乘員和貨物。另外不論路面如何，懸架系統(tǒng)都應(yīng)該保持輪胎和路面接觸。懸架系統(tǒng)的基本組成包括彈性元件、車橋、減震器、桿系（臂、桿）和球副組成的導(dǎo)向機構(gòu)。the spring is the flexible componen

28、t of the sussuspension.basic types are:leaf spring,coil spring and torsion bars.modern passenger vehicles and can have coil springs at the front and leaf springs at the rear.heavy commercial vehicles usually use leaf springs or air suspension.彈簧是懸架的彈性元件，常見的彈簧類型有：鋼板彈簧、螺旋彈簧和扭桿彈簧。現(xiàn)代汽車大多采用小的螺旋彈簧，輕型商用車常采

29、用的螺旋彈簧比一般乘用車的大得多，或者前懸架采用螺旋彈簧，后懸架采用鋼板彈簧。重型商用車則通常采用鋼板彈簧或空氣彈簧。wheels must be strong enough to support the vehicle and withstand the forces caused by normal operation.at the same time,they must be as light as possible to help keep unsprung weight to a minimum.車輪必須能支撐整車重量，并能承受正常工況下的載荷。同時車輪必須盡可能地輕，有助于最小化簧

30、下質(zhì)量。wheels can be made from pressed-steeling two sections,and also be made from cast aluminium alloy.alloy wheels are popular because of their appearance and because they are lighter than similar steel wheels.aluminium is a better conductor of heat,so alloy wheels can dissipate heat from brakees and

31、 tires more effectively than steel ones.車輪可采用雙面鋼化板壓制而成，也可采用鑄造的鋁合金材料。除了外觀漂亮之外，鋁合金比鋼更輕，因此鋁合金車輪應(yīng)用較廣。另外鋁合金導(dǎo)熱性更好，因此相比鋼制車輪，制動器和車輪產(chǎn)生的熱量更容易被鋁合金車輪散發(fā)。the tire provides a cushion between the vehicle and the road to reduce the transmission of road shocks.it also provides friction to allow the vehicle to perform

32、 its normal operations.modern tires are manufactured from a range of materials.the rubber is mainly synthetic.two types of tire construction are common:cross-ply and radial.most passenger cars now use radial tires,and radials are replacing cross-ply tires on 4-wheel drives and heavy vehicles.輪胎在汽車和路

33、面之間起緩沖作用，能減小路面沖擊。同時輪胎也提供了車輪正常行駛所需的摩擦力。輪胎是由多種材料加工而成，橡膠多是人工合成的。最常見的輪胎類型是子午線輪胎和斜交輪胎。現(xiàn)在大部分乘用車都采用子午線輪胎，在四輪驅(qū)動和商用車上，子午線輪胎也正在取代斜交胎。tube tires require an inner tube to seal air inside the tire.tubeless tires are eliminating the inner tube by making the complete wheel and tire assembly airtight.a special airt

34、ight valve assembly is needed.this can be tight fit into the rim or can be held with a nut and sealing washers.有內(nèi)胎的輪胎用內(nèi)胎來密封內(nèi)部氣體。無內(nèi)胎的輪胎則要求車輪和輪胎具有很好的密封性，這就需要專用的密封件，可以緊固在輪緣上，也可用螺釘和密封圈來固定。1.3.4 Braking system 制動系統(tǒng)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake sho

35、es expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. on light vehicles,both of these systems are hydraulically operated.the brake pedal operates a master cylinder. hydraulic lines and houses connect the master cylinder to

36、 brake cylinders at the wheels.most modern light vehicles have either disc brakes on the front wheels and drum brakes on the rear or disc brakes on all 4 wheels.disc brakes require greater forces to operate them.a brake booster assist the driver by increasing the force applied to the master cylinder

37、 when the brake is operated.鼓式制動器的制動鼓和輪轂連接，制動蹄張開壓緊制動鼓內(nèi)側(cè)從而產(chǎn)生制動。在盤式制動器上，連著輪轂的制動盤被緊緊夾在兩個制動塊之間。輕型汽車上都采用液壓制動系統(tǒng)，制動踏板控制制動主缸，通過液壓管路與車輪上的制動輪缸相連?，F(xiàn)在輕型汽車上的制動器，前輪采用盤式，后輪采用鼓式，或全部采用盤式。相比鼓式制動器，盤式制動器需要更大的作用力。在制動時采用增壓器輔助駕駛員提高施加在主缸上的制動力。air operated braking systems are used on heavy pressed air operating on large diam

38、eter diaphragms provides the large forces to the brake assembly that are needed.an air compressor pumps air to storage tanks.driver controlled valves then direct the compressed air to different wheel units to operate the friction brakes.on articulated vehicles,any delay in applying the trailer brake

39、 should be minimize.this is achieved by using a relay valve and a separate reservoir on the trailer.this arrangement also applies the brakes if the trailer disconnected from the prime mover.重型商用車多采用氣壓制動系統(tǒng)，壓縮氣體作用在直徑較大的膜片上時能為制動總成提供較大的制動力。氣壓制動系統(tǒng)靠空氣壓縮機把氣體吸入儲氣罐。駕駛員控制閥門開啟，使壓縮氣體進入車輪制動氣室進行制動。在鉸接車輛的拖車上采用繼動閥和

40、單獨的儲氣罐，以減小拖車制動系統(tǒng)的時間延遲，這種布置方式還可以在拖車失去動力時制動拖車。all vehicles must be fitted with at least 2 independent systems.they were once called the service brake and the emergency brake.now they are usually referred to as the foot brake and the park brake.most light vehicles use a foot brake that operates through

41、 a hydraulic system on all wheels and a hand operated brake that acts mechanically on the rear wheels only.one common use of the hand brake system is to hold the vehicle when it is parked.the system are designed to be independent So that if one fails,the other is still available.所有汽車必須安裝至少兩套獨立的制動系統(tǒng)，

42、即行車制動系統(tǒng)與緊急制動系統(tǒng)，一般被稱之為腳制動和停車制動。大部分輕型汽車的腳制動通過液壓系統(tǒng)作用在四個車輪上，而其手制動則是機械式的，且僅作用在后輪。手制動的一個普通用途就是停車時對汽車進行制動。設(shè)計兩套獨立的制動系統(tǒng)的目的就是當(dāng)一套失效時，另一套仍可工作。1.4.1 Electrical system 電器系統(tǒng)The electrical system supplies electricity for the starter, ignition, lights and heater. The electricity level is maintained by a charging cir

43、cuit. 電器系統(tǒng)為起動機、點火系、照明和加熱設(shè)備提供電流，電流的大小由充電電路來維持。The charging system provides electrical energy for all of the electrical components on the vehicle.the main parts of the charging system include:the battery,the alternator,the voltage regulator which is usually integral to the alternator,a charging warnin

44、g or indicator light and wiring that complete the circuits.the battery provides electrical components of the vehicle.it also charges the batter to replace the energy used to start the engine.the voltage regulator prevents overcharging.充電系統(tǒng)為汽車上所有的電器系統(tǒng)提供電能。充電系統(tǒng)主要組成部分有：蓄電池、交流發(fā)電機、穩(wěn)壓器（多集成在發(fā)電機中），充電指示燈和組成電

45、路的電線。汽車起動時由蓄電池提供能量，一旦發(fā)動機開始工作，交流電機為電氣設(shè)備供電，同時還對蓄電池進行充電，以補償起動所消耗的電能。穩(wěn)壓器則防止過載。1.4.2 Starting 啟動系統(tǒng)The staring system consists of the battery,cables,starter motor,flywheel ring gear and the ignition switch.during starting,two actions occur.the pinion of the starter motor engages with the flywheel ring gea

46、r and the starter motor then operates to crank the engine.the starter motor is an electrical motor mounted on the engine block and operated from the battery.起動系統(tǒng)包括電池、電纜、啟動電機、飛輪齒圈和點火開工。起動需要兩個動作，啟動電機齒輪和飛輪齒圈嚙合，從而帶動發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)動。起動電機安裝在發(fā)動機殼體上，靠電池工作。1.4.3 Ignition 點火系統(tǒng)A basic ignition system consists of the batt

47、ery,low-tension cables,the ignition coil,distributor,coil high-tension cable,spark pluk cables and spark plugs.the ignition system provides high intense sparks to spark plugs to ignite the fuel charges in the combustion chambers.the sparks must be supplied at the right time and they must have suffic

48、ient energy over a range of conditions to ignite the charges.the energy comes from the battery and alternator,and voltage is increased by the ignition coil.the system has two circuits.the primary or low-tension circuit initiates the spark.the secondary or high-tension circuit produces the high volta

49、ge and distributes it to spark plugs.點火系統(tǒng)包括電池、低壓電纜、點火線圈、分電器、高壓電纜、火花塞連線和火花塞。點火系統(tǒng)在火花塞處產(chǎn)生高壓火花，點燃發(fā)動機燃燒室內(nèi)的燃油混合物。點火系統(tǒng)必須在恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r刻提供火花，并且能量滿足各種工況的要求。電池和交流發(fā)電機為點火系統(tǒng)供電，點火線圈提高電壓。點火系統(tǒng)由兩級電路組成，初級電路（低壓電路）初始化火花，次級電路（高壓電路）產(chǎn)生高壓電，并分到各個火花塞。2.1 principle of operation 工作原理2.1.1 energy and power 能源和動力 Engine is used to produc

50、e power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engi

51、ne is called an external combustion engine.能源用于產(chǎn)生動力。燃料以控制的速率燃燒，燃料中的化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)換為熱能。這個過程叫做燃燒。如果發(fā)動機燃燒發(fā)生在動力室內(nèi)，這種發(fā)動機叫做內(nèi)燃機。如果燃燒發(fā)生在氣缸外，這樣的發(fā)動機叫做外燃發(fā)動機。 Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with

52、in the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power.汽車使用的發(fā)動機是內(nèi)燃發(fā)動機。在燃燒室內(nèi)釋放的熱能提高

53、了室內(nèi)燃燒氣體的溫度。氣體溫度的增肌使氣體的壓力增加。在燃燒室內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的壓力作用于活塞的頂部，產(chǎn)生機械力，這個力轉(zhuǎn)換成有用的機械動力。2.1.2 EngineTerms Linkingthepistonbyaconnectingrodtoacrankshaftcausesthegastorotatetheshaftthroughhalfaturn.Thepowerstroke“usesup”thegas,someansmustbeprovidedtoexpeltheburntgas andrechargethecylinderwithafreshpetrol-airmixture:thiscon

54、trolofgasmovementisthedutyofthevalves；aninletvalveallowsthenewmixturetoenterattherighttimeandanexhaustvalveletsouttheburntgasafterthegashasdoneitsjob.Enginetermsare：活塞通過連桿和曲軸連接，使得氣體帶動曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)半圈。作功沖程耗盡了所以的氣體，這樣就必須采取相應(yīng)的措施排出廢氣以及向氣缸內(nèi)充入新鮮的可燃混合氣：氣體的運動由氣門來控制。進氣閥允許新的混合氣體在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r間進入，排氣閥在作功完成后，可以放出燃燒后的氣體。引擎術(shù)語：TDC(To

55、pDeadCenter):thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisfartherawayfromthecrankshaft. 上止點：活塞處于離曲軸最遠處時，曲柄和活塞所處的位置。BDC(BottomDeadCenter):thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisnearesttothecrankshaft. 下止點：活塞處于離曲軸最近處時，曲柄和活塞所處的位置。Stroke:thedistancebetweenBDCandTDC;strokeiscontrolledbythecrankshaf

56、t.行程：上止點和下止點間的距離;行程由曲軸控制。Bore:theinternaldiameterofthecylinder. 缸徑：氣缸的內(nèi)徑Sweptvolume:thevolumebetweenTDCandBDC.有效容積：上止點和下止點間的容積Enginecapacity:thisisthesweptvolumeofallthecylinders.e.g.afour-cylinderengine havingacapacityoftwoliters(2000cm3)hasacylindersweptvolumeof500cm3. 發(fā)動機排量：所有氣缸的有效容積之和.例如一四缸發(fā)動機有能

57、力兩升（2000cm3）有一個氣缸排量500cm3。Clearancevolume:thevolumeofthespaceabovethepistonwhenitisatTDC.燃燒室容積：活塞處于上止點時，活塞上方的體積Compressionratio=(sweptvol+clearancevol)(clearancevol)壓縮比：（有效容積+燃燒室容積）/燃燒室容積Two-stroke:apowerstrokeeveryrevolutionofthecrank. 兩沖程： 曲柄旋轉(zhuǎn)一圈作功一次。Four-stroke:apowerstrokeeveryotherrevolutionoft

58、hecrank.四沖程：曲柄旋轉(zhuǎn)兩圈作功一次。2.1.3 The Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine Cycle The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition , which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy. The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To