Solar electrical energy generation文獻翻譯

1、文獻翻譯英文原文：solar electrical energy generationalong with economical development, societys progress, the people to the energy proposed that more and more high request, seeks for the new energy to become the urgent topic which the current humanity faces. the existing energy mainly has 3 kinds, namely the

2、rmal power, water and electricity and nuclear power.the thermal power needs to burn fossil fuels and so on bunker coal, petroleum. on the one hand the fossil fuel reserves limited, the fever are less, is facing the danger which dries up. it is estimated that the world oil resource will have 30 years

3、 then to dry up again. on the other hand the combustion fuel will discharge co2 and the sulfur oxide compound, will therefore cause the greenhouse effect and the acid rain, will worsen the terrestrial environment.the water and electricity must submerge the massive lands, has the possibility to cause

4、 the ecological environment to destroy, moreover large reservoir, once collapses, the consequence will be inconceivable. moreover, countrys hydro-electric resources are also limited, moreover must receive the season influence.the nuclear power in the normal condition no doubt is clean, but has the n

5、uclear leakage accidentally, the consequence is similarly fearful. the former soviet union chernobyl nuclear power station accident, has caused 9,000,000 people to receive the varying degree harm, moreover this influence has not terminated.these force the people to seek for the new energy. the new e

6、nergy must simultaneously meet two conditions: first, the implication rich will not dry up; second, is safe, is clean, will not threaten the humanity and the destruction environment. at present found the new energy mainly had two kinds：first, solar energy; second, fuel cell. moreover, the wind power

7、 generation may also be the auxiliary new energy. and, the most ideal new energy is greatly positive energy.1. the solar electrical energy generation is the most ideal new energyshines is huge on earths solar energy, about 40 minutes shine on earths solar energy, then sufficiently supplies global hu

8、manity one year energy the expense. it can be said that the solar energy is true inexhaustible, the inexhaustible energy. moreover the solar electrical energy generation is absolutely clean, does not have the environmental damage. therefore the solar electrical energy generation is honored as is the

9、 ideal energy.obtains the electric power from the solar energy, must carry on the electro-optical transformation through the greatly positive battery to realize. it completely was formerly different with other power source electricity generation principle, has the following characteristic: non-deple

10、tion danger; clean (does not have environmental damage) absolutely; it is not distributed the resources the region the limit; but is using electricity place nearby generates electricity; the energy quality is high; the user easy to accept from the sentiment; the gain energy expenditures time is shor

11、t. the deficiency is: the illumination energy distribution density is small, namely must take the huge area; obtains the energy with four seasons, the day and nights and cloudy clear and so on meteorological conditions concerns. but generally speaking, the flaw does not cover the fine jade, takes th

12、e new energy, the solar energy has the enormous merit, therefore receives various countries the value.must enable the solar electrical energy generation to achieve the practical level truly; first, must raise the solar energy electro-optic conversion efficiency and reduce its cost; second, must real

13、ize the solar electrical energy generation with presents electrical network networking.at present, solar panels mainly has the mono-crystalline silicon, the polycrystalline silicon, the amorphous state silicon three kinds. the mono-crystalline silicon solar cell conversion efficiency is highest, has

14、 reached above 20%, but the price is also the most expensive. the amorphous state silicon solar cell conversion efficiency is lowest, but the price is the cheapest, from now on most will be hopeful uses in generally generating electricity will be this kind of battery. once its big area module electr

15、o-optic conversion efficiency achieves 10%, each watt generating set price falls to 1-2 us dollars, then sufficiently compete with presents electricity generation way. it is estimated that at the end of this century it may achieve this level.certainly, in the special use and the laboratory uses the

16、solar cell efficiency must be much higher, if the us boeing develops by the gallium arsenic semiconductor with the positive electricity place which too the stibium gallium semiconductor overlaps becomes, the electro-optic conversion efficiency may reach 36%, has caught up with the coal-burning elect

17、ricity generation efficiency quickly. but because it is too expensive, at present can only be restricted on the satellite uses.2. solar electrical energy generation applicationalthough solar electrical energy generation day and nights, clear and rain, season influence, but may carry on scattered, th

18、erefore it is suitable for various each household minute to carry on the electricity generation severally, moreover must join in the power supply network, causes each family when the electric power is wealthy may sold it to the electricity company, when the insufficiency be possible from the electri

19、city company to buy up. realizes this points technology not to be difficult to solve, the key lies in must have the corresponding legal safeguard. now the us, japan and so on developed country has made the corresponding law, guaranteed that carries on the solar electrical energy generation the famil

20、y benefit, encourages the family to carry on the solar electrical energy generation.japan has realized the solar electrical energy generation system the same electricity company electrical networks networking in april, 1992, had some families to start to install the solar electrical energy generatio

21、n equipment. the japanese ministry of international trade and industry started from 1994 take individual housing as an object, implemented to purchases the solar electrical energy generation equipments expense to subsidize 2/3 systems. requests the first year had 1000 households families, when 2000

22、to have 70,000 households families to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment.according to the japanese department concerned estimates in the japanese 21,000,000 households individual housing, if has 80% to install the solar electrical energy generation equipment, then may satisfy 1

23、4% which the national total power needs, if units and so on factory and office building also carry on the solar electrical energy generation with the room, then the solar electrical energy generation will occupy the national electric power 30%-40%. the current hindrance solar electrical energy gener

24、ation popular most primary factor is the expense is expensive in order to satisfy the general family power requirement 3 kilowatt generating system, needs 6,000,000 to 7,000,000 japanese yen, has not included the installment wages. the concerned expert believed that when must fall at least to 1,000,

25、000 to 2,000,000 japanese yen, the solar electrical energy generation only then can popularize truly. the key to reduce the expense lie in the solar cell to raise the conversion efficiency and to reduce the cost.some time ago, the us texas instruments company and sce corporation announced that they

26、develop one kind of new solar cell, each unit is the diameter less than 1 millimeter bead, they distribute regularly densely and numerously on the soft aluminum foil, looks like many silkworm eggs to cling on the paper is the same. then distributes in about 50 square centimeters area has 1,700 such

27、units. this kind of new batterys characteristic is, although the conversion efficiency has 8%-10%, but the price is cheap. moreover aluminum foil bottom bush soft solid, may look like the cloth to fold equally at will, and durable, hangs in toward the sun place then may generate electricity, is conv

28、enient. it is said that uses this kind of new solar cell, so long as each watt power capacity equipment 1.5 to 2 us dollars, moreover each round of once electricitys expense might also fall to 14 cents about, definitely may compete with the ordinary power plant. each family hangs this kind of batter

29、y on the roof, the wall toward the sun, every year may obtain 1,000-2,000 degrees electric powers.3. solar electrical energy generation prospectthe solar electrical energy generation has a more exciting plan. first, japan proposes creates the century plan. prepares the desert and the sea area carrie

30、s on the electricity generation using the ground, and through superconducting cable whole world solar power station connection unification electrical network in order to global. according to reckoning, to 2000, in 2050, in 2100, even if all uses the solar electrical energy generation supplies the wh

31、ole world energy, the occupying land area is also 651,100 square kilometer, 1,867,900 square kilometer, 8,291,900 square kilometers. 8,291,900 square kilometers only occupy the complete sea area 2.3% or the complete desert area 51.4%, even is the sahara area 91.5%. therefore this plan has the possib

32、ility to realize.another one is the space electricity generation plan. as early as in 1980 the nasa and department of energy proposed that in the spatial construction solar power station tentative plan, prepares on the synchronous orbit to put one long 10 kilometers, to extend 5 kilometer big plates

33、, above covers entirely the solar cell, like this then may provide 5,000,000 kilowatts electric powers. but this needs to solve to the ground wireless electric transmission question. already proposed with the micro wave beam, the laser beam and so on each kind of plan. at present although has realiz

34、ed the short distance, the short time, the low power microwave wireless electric transmission with the mockup, but to true practical also has the long distance.along with our country technologys development, in 2006, china had three enterprises to enter global first ten, symbolizes that china will b

35、ecome one of global new energy science and technology central, in the world the solar energy light bends down widespread application, what caused present to be deficient was raw material supply and the price rise, we needed dissemination of technology at the same time, to use the new technology, wit

36、h the aim of reducing the cost large scale, was this new energy long-term development provides the driving force!the solar energy use mainly divides into several aspects: the family with the small solar energy power plant, the large-scale incorporation power plant, the building integration light ben

37、ds down the glass curtain wall, the solar energy street light, the scenery supplementary street light, the scenery supplementary power supply system and so on, now main application way for construction integration and scenery supplementary system.the world present had the nearly 200 companies to pro

38、duce the solar cell, but produces the plants mainly hand in the japanese business.recent years the south korean tri-star, lg expressed the positive participations desire, china two sides across the taiwan strait are similarly very warm-hearted. it is reported that our country taiwan in 2008 crystall

39、izes the silicon solar cell productivity to reach 2.2gw, later will expand by every year 1gw productivity in the past and started to produce the thin film solar cell, this year will strengthen vigorously, taiwan anticipated that “the solar cell great nation” emulated to europe. in 2010 various count

40、ries and the area have above 1gw the productive plan solar cell manufacturer to have japanese sharp, german q-cells, schosolar, turns 5 prestige rwe solar, chinese suntech power and so on 5 companies, above other 7 500mw productivity company.recent years the world solar cell market advanced triumpha

41、ntly, an excellence, but the rare financial storm brought the economic crisis, was similarly presses in solar cell market on dark clouds, the major enterprise like germany q-cells achievement declined accordingly, because pre-year the world too positive electricity market also the demand will be thi

42、s year worn out, the petroleum price dropped, but the competitive power counter-promotion and so on disadvantage factor loweredbut at the same time, the people also see the us. after the obama comes on stage, soon applies the green new deal policy, may have 150,000,000,000 us dollar subsidy funds in

43、cluding the among them green energy program, japan will also carry out the subsidy system to continue to popularize solar cells application4. solar cell electricity generation principle:the solar cell is pair of light has the response and can transform the energy of light the electric power the comp

44、onent. many kinds of materials can produce the light to bend down the effect, for example: mono-crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenic, selenium indium copper and so on. their electricity generation principle basic same, presently take crystal as example des

45、cription light electricity generation process. the p crystalline silicon may result in the n silicon after the doping phosphorus, forms the p-n knot.when light illumination solar cell surface, part of photons by silicon material absorption; the photon energy transfer has given the silicon atom, caus

46、ed the electron to occur more moved, becomes the free electron to tie the both sides in p-n to gather has formed the potential difference, when exterior key-on, under this voltages function, will have the electric current to wind through the exterior electric circuit to have certain output. this pro

47、cesss essence is: the photon energy transforms the electrical energy the process.5. crystalline silicon solar cells manufacture process:the silicon is on our star preserves one of most abundant quantity materials. had discovered after the 19th century scientists crystalline silicon semiconductor cha

48、racteristic, it changed all nearly, even humanitys thought. 20 centurys ends, in our life everywhere obviously “silicon” the form and the function, the crystalline silicon solar cell is in the recent 15 years forms the industrial production to be quickest. the production process may divide into five

49、 steps approximately: a、depuration process. b、pulls good process. c、slice process. d、system battery process. e、and the seal process.6. solar cells application: in the 1960s, the scientists already applied the solar cells in the spatial technology-communication satellite power supply, on the centurys

50、 end, in the human self-introspections process, bends down unceasingly regarding the light generates electricity this kind so clean and the direct energy form already even more kind, not only in the spatial application, but also gives full play in the numerous domains.for example: the solar energy g

51、arden lamp, the solar electrical energy generation household with the system, the stockaded village power supplys independent system, the light bends down the water pump (potable water or irrigation), the correspondence power source, the petroleum oil pipeline cathodic protection, the fiber optic ca

52、ble communications pumping station power source, in the seawater desalination system, the cities the guidepost, the highway guidepost and so on. europe and america and so on advanced countries bend down the electricity generation the light to merge the city to use electricity the system and the remo

53、te border district nature village power supply system integrate the development direction. the solar cell and the building systems union already formed the industrial production tendency.參考譯文：太陽能發(fā)電隨著經濟的發(fā)展、社會的進步，人們對能源提出越來越高的要求，尋找新能源成為當前人類面臨的迫切課題。現有能源主要有3種，即火電、水電和核電?；痣娦枰紵?、石油等化石燃料。一方面化石燃料蘊藏量有限、越燒越少，正

54、面臨著枯竭的危險。據估計，全世界石油資源再有30年便將枯竭。另一方面燃燒燃料將排出co2和二氧化硫，因此會導致溫室效應和酸雨，惡化地球環(huán)境。水要淹沒大量土地，有可能導致生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞，而且大型水庫一旦塌崩，后果將不堪設想。另外，一個國家的水力資源也是有限的，而且還要受季節(jié)的影響。核電在正常情況下固然是干凈的，但萬一發(fā)生核泄漏，后果同樣是可怕的。前蘇聯切爾諾貝利核電站事故，已使900萬人受到了不同程度的損害，而且這一影響并未終止。這些都迫使人們去尋找新能源。新能源要同時符合兩個條件：一是蘊藏豐富不會枯竭；二是安全、干凈，不會威脅人類和破壞環(huán)境。目前找到的新能源主要有兩種，一是太陽能，二是燃料電池。

55、另外，風力發(fā)電也可算是輔助性的新能源。其中，最理想的新能源是大陽能。1.太陽能發(fā)電是最理想的新能源照射在地球上的太陽能非常巨大，大約40分鐘照射在地球上的太陽能，便足以供全球人類一年能量的消費?？梢哉f，太陽能是真正取之不盡、用之不竭的能源。而且太陽能發(fā)電絕對干凈，不產生公害。所以太陽能發(fā)電被譽為是理想的能源。從太陽能獲得電力，需通過大陽電池進行光電變換來實現。它同以往其他電源發(fā)電原理完全不同，具有以下特點：無枯竭危險；絕對干凈（無公害）；不受資源分布地域的限制；可在用電處就近發(fā)電；能源質量高；使用者從感情上容易接受；獲取能源花費的時間短。不足之處是：照射的能量分布密度小，即要占用巨大面積；獲得

56、的能源同四季、晝夜及陰晴等氣象條件有關。但總的說來，瑕不掩瑜，作為新能源，太陽能具有極大優(yōu)點，因此受到世界各國的重視。要使太陽能發(fā)電真正達到實用水平，一是要提高太陽能光電變換效率并降低其成本，二是要實現太陽能發(fā)電同現在的電網聯網。目前，太陽能電池板主要有單晶硅、多晶硅、非晶態(tài)硅三種。單晶硅太陽能電池變換效率最高，已達20以上，但價格也最貴。非晶態(tài)硅太陽電池變換效率最低，但價格最便宜，今后最有希望用于一般發(fā)電的將是這種電池。一旦它的大面積組件光電變換效率達到10，每瓦發(fā)電設備價格降到12美元時，便足以同現在的發(fā)電方式競爭。估計本世紀末便可達到這一水平。當然，特殊用途和實驗室中用的太陽電池效率要高

57、得多，如美國波音公司開發(fā)的由砷化鎵半導體同銻化鎵半導體重疊而成的太陽電池，光電變換效率可達36，快趕上了燃煤發(fā)電的效率。但由于它太貴，目前只能限于在衛(wèi)星上使用。2.太陽能發(fā)電的應用太陽能發(fā)電雖受晝夜、晴雨、季節(jié)的影響，但可以分散地進行，所以它適于各家各戶分激進行發(fā)電，而且要聯接到供電網絡上，使得各個家庭在電力富裕時可將其賣給電力公司，不足時又可從電力公司買入。實現這一點的技術不難解決，關鍵在于要有相應的法律保障?，F在美國、日本等發(fā)達國家都已制定了相應法律，保證進行太陽能發(fā)電的家庭利益，鼓勵家庭進行太陽能發(fā)電。日本已于1992年4月實現了太陽能發(fā)電系統(tǒng)同電力公司電網的聯網，已有一些家庭開始安裝太

58、陽能發(fā)電設備。日本通產省從1994年開始以個人住宅為對象，實行對購買太陽能發(fā)電設備的費用補助三分之二的制度。要求第一年有1000戶家庭、2000年時有7萬戶家庭裝上太陽能發(fā)電設備。據日本有關部門估計日本2100萬戶個人住宅中，如果有80裝上太陽能發(fā)電設備，便可滿足全國總電力需要的14，如果工廠及辦公樓等單位用房也進行太陽能發(fā)電，則太陽能發(fā)電將占全國電力的3040。當前阻礙太陽能發(fā)電普及的最主要因素是費用昂貴。為了滿足一般家庭電力需要的3千瓦發(fā)電系統(tǒng)，需600萬至700萬日元，還未包括安裝的工錢。有關專家認為，至少要降到100萬到200萬日元時，太陽能發(fā)電才能夠真正普及。降低費用的關鍵在于太陽電池提高變換效率和降低成本。不久前，美國德州儀器公司和sce公司宣布，它們開發(fā)出一種新的太陽電池，每一單元是直徑不到1毫米的小珠，它們密密麻麻規(guī)則地分布在柔軟的鋁箔上，就像許多蠶卵緊貼在紙上一樣。在大約50平方厘米的面積上便分布有1，700個這樣的單元。這種新電池的特點是，雖然變換效率只有810%，但價格便宜。而且鋁箔底襯柔軟結實，可以像布帛一