CMMI1.3集成項(xiàng)目技術(shù)解決方案翻譯

1、目 次purpose 目的1introductory notes 簡介1related process areas 相關(guān)過程域3specific goal and practice summary 特定目標(biāo)及實(shí)踐摘要3specific practices by goal 各特定目標(biāo)的特定實(shí)踐4sg1 use the projects defined process 使用項(xiàng)目已定義過程4sp1.1 establish the projects defined process 建立項(xiàng)目已定義過程4sp1.2 use organizational process assets for plannin

2、g project activities使用組織過程資產(chǎn)策劃項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)8sp1.3 establish the projects work environment 建立項(xiàng)目的工作環(huán)境10sp1.4 integrate plans 集成計(jì)劃13sp1.5 manage the project using integrated plans 使用整合計(jì)劃管理項(xiàng)目16sp1.6 establish teams 組建團(tuán)隊(duì)18sp1.7 contribute to organizational process assets 為組織級過程資產(chǎn)做貢獻(xiàn)20sg2 coordinate and collaborat

3、e with relevant stakeholders 與相關(guān)干系人協(xié)調(diào)與合作22sp2.1 manage stakeholder involvement 管理相關(guān)干系人的參與活動(dòng)23sp2.2 manage dependencies 管理相互依賴關(guān)系24sp2.3 resolve coordination issues 解決協(xié)調(diào)問題25integrated project management 集成項(xiàng)目管理a project management process area at maturity level 3成熟度為3 級的項(xiàng)目管理類過程域purpose 目的the purpose of

4、 integrated project management (ipm) is to establish and manage the project and the involvement of relevant stakeholders according to an integrated and defined process that is tailored from the organizations set of standard processes.集成項(xiàng)目管理（ipm）的目的是根據(jù)組織的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程集對已集成和定義的過程進(jìn)行裁剪，以建立和管理項(xiàng)目以及相關(guān)干系人的參與活動(dòng)。intro

5、ductory notes 簡介integrated project management involves the following activities: 集成項(xiàng)目管理包含以下活動(dòng)： establishing the projects defined process at project startup by tailoring the organizations set of standard processes在項(xiàng)目開始時(shí)，通過裁剪組織的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程集建立項(xiàng)目的已定義過程 managing the project using the projects defined process使用項(xiàng)

6、目已定義的過程管理項(xiàng)目 establishing the work environment for the project based on the organizations work environment standards基于組織的工作環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，建立項(xiàng)目的工作環(huán)境 establishing teams that are tasked to accomplish project objectives建立團(tuán)隊(duì)以完成項(xiàng)目目標(biāo) using and contributing to organizational process assets使用組織級過程資產(chǎn)，并向其貢獻(xiàn)過程資產(chǎn) enabling

7、relevant stakeholders concerns to be identified, considered, and, when appropriate, addressed during the project確保相關(guān)干系人關(guān)注的內(nèi)容在項(xiàng)目中得到識別、考慮，適時(shí)在項(xiàng)目期間予以標(biāo)識 ensuring that relevant stakeholders (1) perform their tasks in a coordinated and timely manner; (2) address project requirements, plans, objectives, pro

8、blems, and risks; (3)fulfill their commitments; and (4) identify, track, and resolve coordination issues確保相關(guān)干系人：（1）協(xié)調(diào)并及時(shí)的執(zhí)行了他們的任務(wù)；（2）標(biāo)明項(xiàng)目需求、計(jì)劃、目標(biāo)、問題和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；（3）履行其承諾；（4）識別、跟蹤、解決協(xié)調(diào)的問題。the integrated and defined process that is tailored from the organizations set of standard processes is called the project

9、s defined process. (see the definition of “project” in the glossary.)由組織的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程集裁剪而來的、已集成的和已定義的過程被稱為項(xiàng)目的已定義過程。（參考詞匯表中“項(xiàng)目”的定義。）managing the projects effort, cost, schedule, staffing, risks, and other factors is tied to the tasks of the projects defined process. the implementation and management of the p

10、rojects defined process are typically described in the project plan. certain activities may be covered in other plans that affect the project, such as the quality assurance plan, risk management strategy, and the configuration management plan.對項(xiàng)目的工作量、成本、進(jìn)度、人員、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和其他因素的管理與項(xiàng)目已定義的過程緊密相關(guān)。項(xiàng)目已定義過程的實(shí)施和管理常常描

11、述于項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃中。而某些活動(dòng)可能會包含在影響項(xiàng)目的其他計(jì)劃中，例如質(zhì)量保證計(jì)劃，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理策略和配置管理計(jì)劃。since the defined process for each project is tailored from the organizations set of standard processes, variability among projects is typically reduced and projects can easily share process assets, data, and lessons learned.因?yàn)槊總€(gè)項(xiàng)目已定義的過程是從組織的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程集

12、裁剪而來，所以項(xiàng)目之間的差異性明顯減少，而且各項(xiàng)目能更容易分享過程資產(chǎn)、數(shù)據(jù)及取得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)。this process area also addresses the coordination of all activities associated with the project such as the following:此過程域還標(biāo)識了與項(xiàng)目相關(guān)的所有協(xié)調(diào)活動(dòng)，舉例如下： development activities (e.g., requirements development, design, verification)開發(fā)活動(dòng)（例如，需求開發(fā)、設(shè)計(jì)和驗(yàn)證） service act

13、ivities (e.g., delivery, help desk, operations, customer contact)服務(wù)活動(dòng)（例如，交付、服務(wù)咨詢、操作運(yùn)行，以及客戶聯(lián)絡(luò)） acquisition activities (e.g., solicitation, agreement monitoring, transition to operations)采購活動(dòng)（例如，招標(biāo)、合同監(jiān)控，以及運(yùn)行移交） support activities (e.g., configuration management, documentation, marketing, training)支持活動(dòng)

14、（例如，配置管理、文檔、銷售，以及培訓(xùn)）the working interfaces and interactions among relevant stakeholders internal and external to the project are planned and managed to ensure the quality and integrity of the overall endeavor. relevant stakeholders participate as appropriate in defining the projects defined process

15、and the project plan.策劃并管理項(xiàng)目內(nèi)外相關(guān)干系人之間的工作界面和交互活動(dòng)，以確保項(xiàng)目整體的質(zhì)量和完整性。相關(guān)干系人參與項(xiàng)目過程定義和項(xiàng)目策劃是合適的。reviews and exchanges are regularly conducted with relevant stakeholders to ensure that coordination issues receive appropriate attention and everyone involved with the project is appropriately aware of status, pla

16、ns, and activities. (see the definition of “relevant stakeholder” in the glossary.) in defining the projects defined process, formal interfaces are created as necessary to ensure that appropriate coordination and collaboration occurs.與相關(guān)干系人定期進(jìn)行審查與交流，以確保協(xié)調(diào)問題能得到適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)注，且參與項(xiàng)目的每個(gè)人能了解項(xiàng)目的狀態(tài)、計(jì)劃和活動(dòng)。（參考詞匯表中“相關(guān)

17、干系人”的定義）。在定義項(xiàng)目已定義過程時(shí)，需要建立正式的界面，以確保能夠開展適當(dāng)?shù)膮f(xié)調(diào)與合作。this process area applies in any organizational structure, including projects that are structured as line organizations, matrix organizations, or teams. the terminology should be appropriately interpreted for the organizational structure in place.本過程域適用

18、于任何組織結(jié)構(gòu)，包括采用如線性組織結(jié)構(gòu)、矩陣式組織結(jié)構(gòu)或團(tuán)隊(duì)型組織結(jié)構(gòu)的項(xiàng)目結(jié)構(gòu)。在合適之處對“組織結(jié)構(gòu)”進(jìn)行說明。related process areas 相關(guān)過程域refer to the verification process area for more information about performing peer reviews.關(guān)于同行評審的更多信息，請參考驗(yàn)證過程域。refer to the measurement and analysis process area for more information about aligning measurement and a

19、nalysis activities and providing measurement results.關(guān)于統(tǒng)一度量與分析活動(dòng)，并提供度量結(jié)果的更多信息，請參考度量與分析過程域。refer to the organizational process definition process area for more information about establishing and maintaining a usable set of organizational process assets, work environment standards, and rules and guide

20、lines for teams.關(guān)于建立團(tuán)隊(duì)和維護(hù)一系列可用的組織過程資產(chǎn)、工作環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的準(zhǔn)則和指南的更多信息，請參考組織級過程定義過程域。refer to the project monitoring and control process area for more information about monitoring the project against the plan.關(guān)于根據(jù)計(jì)劃監(jiān)督項(xiàng)目的更多信息，請參考項(xiàng)目監(jiān)控過程域。refer to the project planning process area for more information about developin

21、g a project plan.關(guān)于項(xiàng)目策劃的更多信息，請參考項(xiàng)目策劃過程域。specific goal and practice summary 特定目標(biāo)及實(shí)踐摘要sg1 use the projects defined process 使用項(xiàng)目已定義過程sp1.1 establish the projects defined process 建立項(xiàng)目的已定義過程sp1.2 use organizational process assets for planning project activities 使用組織過程資產(chǎn)來策劃項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)sp1.3 establish the projects

22、 work environment 建立項(xiàng)目的工作環(huán)境sp 1.4 integrate plans 集成計(jì)劃sp1.5 manage the project using integrated plans 使用集成計(jì)劃管理項(xiàng)目sp1.6 establish teams 組建團(tuán)隊(duì)sp1.7 contribute to organizational process assets 向組織過程資產(chǎn)做貢獻(xiàn)sg2 coordinate and collaborate with relevant stakeholders 與相關(guān)干系人協(xié)調(diào)與合作sp2.1 manage stakeholder involvem

23、ent 管理相關(guān)干系人的參與活動(dòng)sp2.2 manage dependencies 管理依賴關(guān)系sp2.3 resolve coordination issues 解決協(xié)調(diào)問題specific practices by goal 各特定目標(biāo)的特定實(shí)踐sg1 use the projects defined process 使用項(xiàng)目已定義過程the project is conducted using a defined process tailored from the organizations set of standard processes.使用從組織標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程集中剪裁得到的已定義過程來

24、管理項(xiàng)目。the projects defined process includes those processes from the organizations set of standard processes that address all processes necessary to acquire, develop, maintain, or deliver the product.項(xiàng)目已定義過程包含了來自組織的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程給出了產(chǎn)品采購，開發(fā)，維護(hù)或交付的所有必要的過程。the product related lifecycle processes, such as m

25、anufacturing and support processes, are developed concurrently with the product.與產(chǎn)品相關(guān)的生命周期過程是與產(chǎn)品同步開發(fā)的，如制造和支持過程。sp1.1 establish the projects defined process 建立項(xiàng)目已定義過程establish and maintain the projects defined process from project startup through the life of the project.從項(xiàng)目啟動(dòng)貫穿整個(gè)項(xiàng)目生存周期內(nèi)，建立和維護(hù)項(xiàng)目的已定義過程

26、。refer to the organizational process definition process area for more information about establishing organizational process assets and establishing the organizations measurement repository.關(guān)于建立組織過程資產(chǎn)和建立組織度量庫的更多信息，請參考組織過程定義過程域。refer to the organizational process focus process area for more informatio

27、n about deploying organizational process assets and deploying standard processes.關(guān)于部署過程資產(chǎn)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程的更多信息，請參考組織級過程關(guān)注焦點(diǎn)過程域。the projects defined process consists of defined processes that form an integrated, coherent lifecycle for the project.項(xiàng)目已定義過程由一系列定義的過程組成，這些過程形成集成的、連貫的項(xiàng)目生命周期過程。the projects defined pro

28、cess should satisfy the projects contractual requirements, operational needs, opportunities, and constraints. it is designed to provide a best fit for project needs.項(xiàng)目已定義過程需要滿足項(xiàng)目的合同需要、實(shí)施需要、時(shí)機(jī)和系統(tǒng)約束。其策劃應(yīng)能最好的滿足項(xiàng)目的需要。a projects defined process is based on the following factors: 項(xiàng)目已定義過程基于以下要素 stakeholder

29、 requirements 干系人需求 commitments 承諾 organizational process needs and objectives 組織過程需要和目標(biāo) the organizations set of standard processes and tailoring guidelines 組織標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程集和裁剪指南 the operational environment 實(shí)施環(huán)境 the business environment 商業(yè)環(huán)境establishing the projects defined process at project startup helps

30、to ensure that project staff and relevant stakeholders implement a set of activities needed to efficiently establish an initial set of requirements and plans for the project. as the project progresses, the description of the projects defined process is elaborated and revised to better meet project r

31、equirements and the organizations process needs and objectives. also, as the organizations set of standard processes changes, the projects defined process may need to be revised.在項(xiàng)目啟動(dòng)時(shí)建立項(xiàng)目的已定義過程，有助于確保項(xiàng)目成員和相關(guān)干系人執(zhí)行一整套有效建立項(xiàng)目初步需求和計(jì)劃所需要的活動(dòng)。隨著項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)展，會對項(xiàng)目已定義過程進(jìn)行更詳細(xì)的描述與修訂，使其能更好的符合項(xiàng)目需要、組織過程的需要和目標(biāo)。同樣，當(dāng)組織標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程變更

32、時(shí)，項(xiàng)目已定義過程可能也需要變更。example work products 工作產(chǎn)品樣例1. the projects defined process 項(xiàng)目已定義過程subpractices 子實(shí)踐1. select a lifecycle model from the ones available in organizational process assets.從組織過程資產(chǎn)中選擇適用的生命周期模型。examples of project characteristics that could affect the selection of lifecycle models include

33、 the following: 可能影響生命周期模型選擇的項(xiàng)目特點(diǎn)舉例如下： size or complexity of the project 項(xiàng)目的規(guī)?；驈?fù)雜性 project strategy 項(xiàng)目策略 experience and familiarity of staff with implementing the process 執(zhí)行過程人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和熟悉程度 constraints such as cycle time and acceptable defect levels 系統(tǒng)要求，諸如，周期時(shí)間和可接受缺陷的級等 availability of customers to ans

34、wer questions and provide feedback on increments 客戶回復(fù)問題，以及提供增量反饋的可用性 clarity of requirements 需求的清晰度 customer expectations 客戶期望2. select standard processes from the organizations set of standard processes that best fit the needs of the project. 從組織的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程集中選擇最適合項(xiàng)目需要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程。3. tailor the organizations set

35、 of standard processes and other organizational process assets according to tailoring guidelines to produce the projects defined process.根據(jù)裁剪指南，裁剪組織標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程和其他組織過程資產(chǎn)，形成項(xiàng)目的已定義過程。sometimes the available lifecycle models and standard processes are inadequate to meet project needs. in such circumstances, th

36、e project should seek approval to deviate from what is required by the organization. waivers are provided for this purpose.有時(shí)候，可用的生命周期模型和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)過程不足以滿足項(xiàng)目需求。在此情況下，項(xiàng)目需要征求批準(zhǔn)，以偏離組織要求。“棄用”就是為了這個(gè)目的而提供的。tailoring can include adapting the organizations common measures and specifying additional measures to meet t

37、he information needs of the project.裁剪可以包括采用組織的通用度量或增加的特定額外度量以滿足項(xiàng)目的信息需要。4. use other artifacts from the organizations process asset library as appropriate.適當(dāng)時(shí)，使用組織過程資產(chǎn)庫中的其他歷史數(shù)據(jù)。other artifacts can include the following: 其他歷史數(shù)據(jù)包括以下事項(xiàng) lessons learned documents 文檔化的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn) templates 模板 example documents 文

38、件樣例 estimating models 估計(jì)模型5. document the projects defined process. 記錄項(xiàng)目的已定義過程。the projects defined process covers all of the activities for the project and its interfaces to relevant stakeholders.項(xiàng)目的已定義過程涵蓋項(xiàng)目所有的活動(dòng)以及與相關(guān)干系人之間的界面。examples of project activities include the following:項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)樣例包括如下 project

39、planning 項(xiàng)目策劃 project monitoring 項(xiàng)目監(jiān)控 supplier management 供應(yīng)商管理 quality assurance 質(zhì)量保證 risk management 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理 decision analysis and resolution 決策分析和決定 requirements development 需求開發(fā) requirements management 需求管理 configuration management 配置管理 product development and support 產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和支持 code review 代碼審查 solic

40、itation 招標(biāo)6. conduct peer reviews of the projects defined process. 對項(xiàng)目已定義過程進(jìn)行同行評審。refer to the verification process area for more information about performing peer reviews.關(guān)于執(zhí)行同行評審的更多信息，請參考驗(yàn)證過程域。7. revise the projects defined process as necessary. 必要時(shí)修訂項(xiàng)目的已定義過程。sp1.2 use organizational process asset

41、s for planning project activities使用組織過程資產(chǎn)策劃項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)use organizational process assets and the measurement repository for estimating and planning project activities.使用組織過程資產(chǎn)和度量庫來估計(jì)并策劃項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)。refer to the organizational process definition process area for more information about establishing organizational pro

42、cess assets.關(guān)于建立組織過程資產(chǎn)的更多信息，請參考組織過程定義過程域。when available, use results of previous planning and execution activities as predictors of the relative scope and risk of the effort being estimated.可用時(shí)，使用先前的策劃和執(zhí)行活動(dòng)的結(jié)果來預(yù)測相關(guān)范圍和估計(jì)結(jié)果的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。example work products 工作產(chǎn)品樣例1. project estimates 項(xiàng)目估計(jì)2. project plans 項(xiàng)目策劃s

43、ubpractices 子實(shí)踐1. use the tasks and work products of the projects defined process as a basis for estimating and planning project activities.使用項(xiàng)目已定義過程確定的任務(wù)和工作產(chǎn)品作為估計(jì)和策劃項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)。an understanding of the relationships among tasks and work products of the projects defined process, and of the roles to be pe

44、rformed by relevant stakeholders, is a basis for developing a realistic plan.理解項(xiàng)目已定義過程確定的的任務(wù)和工作產(chǎn)品之間的關(guān)系和相關(guān)干系人所扮演的角色是開發(fā)現(xiàn)實(shí)可行計(jì)劃的基礎(chǔ)。2. use the organizations measurement repository in estimating the projects planning parameters.使用組織的度量庫來估計(jì)項(xiàng)目的策劃參數(shù)。this estimate typically includes the following: 估計(jì)通常包括以下內(nèi)容

45、appropriate historical data from this project or similar projects 使用來自于本項(xiàng)目或類似項(xiàng)目的歷史數(shù)據(jù) similarities and differences between the current project and those projects whose historical data will be used 當(dāng)前項(xiàng)目和將要使用的其他項(xiàng)目歷史數(shù)據(jù)之間的相似性和差異 validated historical data 確認(rèn)的歷史數(shù)據(jù) reasoning, assumptions, and rationale used

46、 to select the historical data 選擇歷史數(shù)據(jù)的考慮、假設(shè)和理由 reasoning of a broad base of experienced project participants 使用有已取得的項(xiàng)目參數(shù)的考慮examples of parameters that are considered for similarities and differences include the following:需要考慮的相似的和差異的參數(shù)包括： work product and task attributes 工作產(chǎn)品和任務(wù)屬性 application domain

47、 應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域 experience of the people 人員經(jīng)驗(yàn) design and development approaches 設(shè)計(jì)和開發(fā)方法 operational environment 實(shí)施環(huán)境examples of data contained in the organizations measurement repository include the following:在組織的度量庫中包含的參數(shù)包括： size of work products or other work product attributes 工作產(chǎn)品的規(guī)模或其他工作產(chǎn)品的屬性 effort 工作量

48、cost 成本 schedule 進(jìn)度 staffing 人員 response time 響應(yīng)時(shí)間 service capacity 服務(wù)能力 supplier performance 供應(yīng)商性能 defects 缺陷sp1.3 establish the projects work environment 建立項(xiàng)目的工作環(huán)境establish and maintain the projects work environment based on the organizations work environment standards.基于組織的工作環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建立和維護(hù)項(xiàng)目的工作環(huán)境。an a

49、ppropriate work environment for a project comprises an infrastructure of facilities, tools, and equipment that people need to perform their jobs effectively in support of business and project objectives. the work environment and its components are maintained at a level of work environment performanc

50、e and reliability indicated by organizational work environment standards. as required, the projects work environment or some of its components can be developed internally or acquired fromexternal sources.合適的項(xiàng)目工作環(huán)境包括人們?yōu)橹С謽I(yè)務(wù)和項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)而有效執(zhí)行其工作所需的設(shè)備、工具和裝備基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。工作環(huán)境及其組件需滿足組織工作環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所指定的性能與可靠水平。當(dāng)需要時(shí)，項(xiàng)目的工作環(huán)境或部分組件可

51、以內(nèi)部開發(fā)或從外部進(jìn)行采購。the projects work environment might encompass environments for product integration, verification, and validation or they might be separate environments.項(xiàng)目的工作環(huán)境可能包含產(chǎn)品集成、驗(yàn)證與確認(rèn)的環(huán)境或單獨(dú)的環(huán)境。refer to the establish the product integration environment specific practice in the product integration

52、 process area for more information about establishing and maintaining the product integration environment for the project.關(guān)于建立和維護(hù)項(xiàng)目產(chǎn)品集成環(huán)境的更多信息，請參考產(chǎn)品集成過程域中建立產(chǎn)品集成環(huán)境的特定實(shí)踐。refer to the establish the validation environment specific practice in the validation process area for more information about establ

53、ishing and maintaining the validation environment for the project.關(guān)于建立和維護(hù)項(xiàng)目確認(rèn)環(huán)境的更多信息，請參考確認(rèn)過程域中建立確認(rèn)環(huán)境特定實(shí)踐。refer to the establish the verification environment specific practice in the verification process area for more information about establishing and maintaining the verification environment for the

54、 project.關(guān)于建立和維護(hù)項(xiàng)目驗(yàn)證環(huán)境的更多信息，請參考驗(yàn)證過程域中建立驗(yàn)證環(huán)境特定實(shí)踐。refer to the establish work environment standards specific practice in the organizational process definition process area for more information about work environment standards.關(guān)于工作環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的更多信息，請參考組織過程定義過程域中建立工作環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)特定實(shí)踐。example work products 工作產(chǎn)品樣例1. equip

55、ment and tools for the project 項(xiàng)目的設(shè)備和工具2. installation, operation, and maintenance manuals for the project work environment 項(xiàng)目工作環(huán)境的安裝、操作和維護(hù)手冊3. user surveys and results 用戶調(diào)查和結(jié)果4. use, performance, and maintenance records 使用、性能和維護(hù)記錄5. support services for the projects work environment 項(xiàng)目工作環(huán)境的支持服務(wù)subp

56、ractices 子實(shí)踐1. plan, design, and install a work environment for the project. 策劃、設(shè)計(jì)并安裝項(xiàng)目的工作環(huán)境。the critical aspects of the project work environment are, like any other product, requirements driven. functionality and quality attributes of the work environment are explored with the same rigor as is done

57、 for any other product development project.如同其他產(chǎn)品一樣，項(xiàng)目工作環(huán)境的關(guān)鍵是需求導(dǎo)向。應(yīng)象開發(fā)任何其他產(chǎn)品一樣，認(rèn)真研究所需工作環(huán)境的功能及質(zhì)量屬性。it may be necessary to make tradeoffs among quality attributes, costs, and risks. the following are examples of each:可能需要對質(zhì)量屬性、成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行權(quán)衡，分別舉例如下： quality attribute considerations can include timely communication, safety, security, and maintainability. 質(zhì)量屬性包括及時(shí)溝通、安全性，保密性和可維護(hù)性 costs can include capital outlays, training, a suppo