遠(yuǎn)大前程畢業(yè)論文

1、 abstractcharles dickens is one of the greatest british realistic novelists. he played a crucial role in the development of fiction and contributed greatly to the development of the writing style in british literature. through his numerous works, he presented to the readers different aspects of the

2、times he lived in and explored the unfairness and hypocrisy of the capitalist society. this thesis carefully analyzes the relationship between social circumstances and the develpoment of pips character in dickenss great expectations to achieve a better understanding of this novel as well as charles

3、dickenss great power in criticism of society.this thesis includes four chapters.chapter one is a breif introduction to this book as well as the author charles dickens.chapter two dicusses the six factors of social circumstances on the development of pips character.chapter three focuses on the relati

4、onship between each other.on the one hand,they are closely associated;on the other hand,the development of pips character is not determined by the social circumstances,but also by pip himself.the last chapter concludes that the development of a persons character is greatly influenced by the social c

5、ircumstances.facing the challenges in life,one should keep calm and get rid of illusions.key words：charles dickens,relationship,social circumstances,character 摘要查爾斯. 狄更斯是英國最偉大的批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家之一。 在小說的發(fā)展進(jìn)程中，他擔(dān)當(dāng)了關(guān)鍵角色，對英國小說寫作風(fēng)格貢獻(xiàn)巨大。他的眾多作品從不同側(cè)面向人們展示了他生活的時(shí)代，揭露了資本主義社會的不公道與偽善。本文旨在對他的后期作品遠(yuǎn)大前程中主人公一匹普的性格發(fā)展與社會環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)

6、行分析，以達(dá)到對作品更好的理解，并更清楚的看到狄更斯作品中批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的強(qiáng)大力量。全文分四大部分.第一章是引言部分，簡要介紹本書內(nèi)容和作者狄更斯。第二章是針對狄更斯在遠(yuǎn)大前程中描述的社會環(huán)境進(jìn)行的分析，將影響主人公性格發(fā)展的環(huán)境因素歸結(jié)為六大類:并指出其影響。第三章側(cè)重介紹社會環(huán)境與主人公性格發(fā)展的關(guān)系。一方面，兩者密切相關(guān)，主人公的性格發(fā)展離不開社會環(huán)境;另一方面，主人公的性格發(fā)展并非完全是社會環(huán)境的結(jié)果，也有他自身的原因。最后一章為結(jié)論，即性格的發(fā)展與社會環(huán)境是緊密相連的，面對生活，一個(gè)人不應(yīng)抱有幻想，而應(yīng)踏實(shí)冷靜，迎接挑戰(zhàn)。關(guān)鍵詞: 查爾斯. 狄更，關(guān)系，社會環(huán)境，性格 contents

7、abstract1摘要2contents3chapter 1 introduction41.1 introduction to the book41.2 the inimitable boz-life and career of charles dickens5chapter 2 the factors of social circumstances on the development of pips character62.1the hypocrisy of the victorian countryside62.1.1 pips sister-mrs. gargery72.1.2 unc

8、le pumblechook72.2the pride and dignity of the working people82.2.1 joe gargery82.2.2 biddy92.3 the cruelty of the bourgeoisie92.3.1miss havisham102.3.2mr. jaggers102.4 the importance of social class112.5 the genuine friendship and the fatherly love132.5.1 herbert132.5.2 wemmick132.5.3 magwitch142.6

9、 pips great expectations and his nature15chapter3 the develpoment of pips character and the social circumstances are closely connected173.1the childhood in tears173.2the gentleman life of pip18chapter 4 conclusion21acknowledgement22references23 chapter 1 introduction1.1 introduction to the bookgreat

10、 expectations is the 13th dickens 15 novels. in this very late novel the usual features of his artproliferating sub-plots, legions of minor grotesques-are almost entirely absent. the simplicity is that of an art form that belongs to ancient type and concentrates on permanently significant issues. gr

11、eat expectations is conceived as a moral fable; it is a story of a young mans development from his first self-awareness, to that of his mature acceptance of the human condition.so natural a theme imposes an elemental form on the novel: the over-all pattern is defined by the process of growth, and di

12、ckens employs many of the motifs of folklore. the story of pip falls into three phases which clearly display a dialectic progression. we see the boy first in his natural condition in the country, responding and acting instinctively and therefore virtuously. the second stage of his career involves a

13、negation of child-like simplicity; pip acquires his ”expectations, renounces his origins, and moves to the city. he rises in society, but since he acts through calculation rather than through instinctive charity, his moral values deteriorate as his social graces improve. this middle phase of his car

14、eer culminates in a sudden fall, the beginning of a redemprive suffering which is dramatically concluded by an attack of brain fever leading to a long coma. it is not too fanciful to regard this illness as a symbolic death; pip rises from it regenerate and percipient. in the final stage of growth he

15、 returns to his birthplace, abandons his false expectations, accepts the limitations of his condition, and achieves a partial synthesis of the virtue of his innocent youth and the melancholy insight of his later experience, then, with a more mature knowledge of himself and the world, works out his r

16、egeneration.the book manifests a very modern theme through its descriptions of the hero in search of his identity. it includes the several meanings of humanity; the opposition between social customs, institutions and mans natural instincts; and the nature of sin and guilt. at the same time it displa

17、ys the power of love, loyalty and conscience, which proves to be more important than social advancement, wealth and class. due to its profound enduring, theme, it is no wonder that “it may well turn out to be the most for the fastidious reader, of all the works of dickens.1.2 the inimitable boz-life

18、 and career of charles dickenscharles dickens, one of the most influential writers of the 19th century, played a crucial role in the development of fiction. he contributed greatly to the development of the writing style in british literature. charles dickens was born at 13 mile end terrace, landport

19、, portsmouth, on february 2, 1812. his parents did have some limited funds put aside to send one of their children to a university or an academy. unfortunately that child was not charles dickens but his elder sister, fanny. charles dickens lived in such shabby-genteel world and knew at an early age

20、that there were no safety nets for failures. at the age of twelve, charles dickens was sent to work at a blacking factory. this period was crucial to his life. he worked hard to turn his dream into reality.at the age of fifteen, he enrolled as a student at wellington house academy and also in that y

21、ear, he began to make a living. he had worked as a solicitors clerk, a freelance shorthand reporter at the law courts of doctors commons, a reporter of parliamentary debates. all these early experiences provided rich materials for his future writing, and left him with a hatred of the toadyism and pr

22、etence produced by the english class system.shortly before his was twenty-two, his professional writing career began when a comic fictional sketch was accepted by the monthly magazine. he started to use the pseudonym boz. charles dickens married catherine hogarth, and began his married life two days

23、 after the publishing of his first number of pickwick papers. after publishing his next two novels: the old curiosity shop and barnaby rudge, dickens set out a tour to north america in 1842. during his stay in north america, he met most of the american important literary figures of that time. as soo

24、n as he returned england, he began his american notes. in all of his books, dickens showed his great concern toward the society he lived in. he had the courage to change it even though he wrote i lose belief in the possibility of the progress, or even of the long existence, of an empire, with such a

25、 mighty crime and danger at its heart (dickens 193-94). and because of his immense popularity, he had an influence on the shaping of social policy. politicians read him and knew they had to take into account what he wrote. he was also active in social activities. he advocated public action on social

26、 made numerous speeches at charity dinners and undertook private benefactions, argued for an act of parliament to regulate the employment of women and children in mines, visited the ragged schools and campaigned on their behalf.chapter 2 the factors of social circumstances on the development of pips

27、 characterthe british society is experiencing profound changes, which generates a variety of sharp contradictions,so to a certain extent,pips charact is the product of the society. in this sense, analysis of the social factors that lead to pips character is obviously indispensible in order to better

28、 understand the thesis.2.1the hypocrisy of the victorian countrysidethe word hypocrisy means the act or practice of pretending to believe, feel or be something very diferent from and usually beter than, what one actually believes, feels or is.great expectations, we see this force was prevailing. the

29、 best examples of this are pips sister and uncle pumblechook.2.1.1 pips sister-mrs. gargerymrs. joe gargery, pips hot-tempered adult sister, who raises him after the death of their parents but complains constantly of the burden pip is to her. orlick (a blacksmith) attacks her and she is left disable

30、d until her death. mrs. gragery is the first woman we encounter that possesses a destructive personality. she does not see motherhood as anything she should enjoy. in fact, she despises it. she tells pip, id never do it again! i know that. i may truly say ive never had this apron of mine off, since

31、born you were. its bad enough to be a blacksmiths wife, and him a gragery, without being your mother (dickens 7). here we see how she resents the responsibility of caring for her broth er as well as her lot in life. we also read that she not only raised pip by hand but that she also ruled joe with h

32、er hand as well. we read that she was much in the habit of laying it upon her husband as well as upon me, i suppose that joe gragery and i were both brought up by hand (5). she is not happy being a housewife and she does not regard motherhood as a worthy responsibility. in fact, she seems to make pi

33、p pay for the fact that she must raise him by wearing an apron that is full of pins and needles (6) so she is not easily accessible. here we can see how mrs. gragery is many things, none of which resemble a traditional wife and mother. in the novel, she is maimed. with her character, dickens is pain

34、ting the portrait of a woman that has deliberately stepped outside her traditional role as wife and mother. mrs. joe essentially created joe to be the character that he allowed himself to be. with the slow death of mrs. joe, joe reclaimed his life from his earlier insecurity. mrs. joes importance in

35、 tying joe to pip made the relationship between the two significantly more beliveable, and without her, the great expectation of this book would never have been met. 2.1.2 uncle pumblechookmr. pumblechook, joe gargerys uncle, an officious bachelor and corn merchant. while holding pip in disdain, he

36、tells mrs. joe how noble she is to raise pip. as the person who first connected pip to miss havisham, he even claims to have been the original architect of pips precious fortune. pip despises mr. pumblechook as mr. pumblechook constantly makes himself out to be better than he really is. he is a cunn

37、ing impostor. when pip finally stands up to him, mr. pumblechook turns those listening to the conversation against pip.he is the local seedsman (he sells seeds and stuff) and is charged with escorting pip to miss havishams house for the first time. because of this, mr. pumblechook believes forevermo

38、re that he had a big hand in helping pip to his fortune. he tells everyone he meets this, and pip is thoroughly annoyed with him because, as he brags, joe is silent. he hordes food, hes greedy, and he likes to pour water into pips milk. pumblechook offtered his hand in pips new prosperity and hid in

39、difference towards his sufferings.2.2the pride and dignity of the working peoplein the capitalist society, the working people usually suffer more, but the virtures of human beings are frequently found in them.in great expectations,we can find the pride and dignity from joe and biddy.2.2.1 joe garger

40、yjoe is a kind-hearted young man, who loved pip very much. as you will now see. joe always stood up for pip. he married pips sister, mrs. joe, only because he wanted to have pip with him. joe withstood all of mrs. joes meanness just to be with pip, even though pip does not show love towards joe. joe

41、 is not very intelligent, but he is a strong man. he takes satisfaction in being a blacksmith, and he has pride in himself. he believes in integrity, and he always treats people politely. an example of how joe treats people, i s at the beginning of the story, when pips criminal is apprehended.when t

42、he criminal says that he is sorry for eatin g the pie, joe says, god knows youre welcome to it-so far as it was ever mine!(pg. 573) joe helps pip with anything, he is always with pip when needed. joe is one of the characters in this story, that pip will always recollect.joe has little education. his

43、 father was an alcoholic, and prevented joe from going to school. he had to go to work at a young age to help support his family. joe loves pip as though he were his own son, but, as pip gets too big for his britches thanks to his fortune, joe becomes less and less a part of pips life. joe is proud

44、and we hear his lifes philosophy in the advice he gives a young humiliated pip. joe tells pip that if he wants to be extraordinary, he has to be ordinary first. he tells pip that every king has to learn the basics first. in essence, everyone puts their pants on one leg at a time. when jaggers tries

45、to buy pip from joe, joe nearly knocks his block off. unlike pip, joe cares nothing for money. joe can fight a man like orlick, but he also cries at the drop of a hat. pip says of him, i have often thought him since, like the steam-hammer that i can crush a man or pat an egg-shell, in his combinatio

46、n of strength with gentleness (1.18.93). joe is embodied with both strength and softness, abrasiveness and gentility. joe is out of place in london and calls pip sir instead of pip. he knows that pip is beyond his reach, and so never visits pip ever again. joe has a powerful understanding of his pla

47、ce and role in society, and leaving that role is a very difficult thing. joe loves pip unconditionally, and is a beacon of friendship and loyalty throughout pips life. it is this steadfast love that seems to really break pips heart.2.2.2 biddybiddy, mr. wopsles second cousin; she runs an evening sch

48、ool from her home in pips village and becomes pips teacher. a kind and intelligent but poor young woman, she is, like pip and estella, an orphan. she is the opposite of estella. pip ignores her obvious love for him as he fruitlessly pursues estella. after he realizes the error of his life choices, h

49、e returns to claim biddy as his bride, only to find out she has married joe gargery. biddy and joe later have two children, one named after pip who estella mistakes as pips child in the original ending. orlick was attracted to her, but his affection was unreciprocated biddy, granddaughter of mr. wop

50、sles great-aunt; the latter runs an evening school in her home in pips village and biddy becomes pips teacher. 2.3 the cruelty of the bourgeoisiein great expectations, we can encounter many bourgeois. in this part we mainly discuss miss havisham and mr.jagger.2.3.1miss havishammiss havisham is very

51、wealthy and with her lives a young girl, named estella. estella is very pretty and intentionally rude to pip. pips purpose of being sent to miss havisham is not exactly to play but rather to see how much stronger estella is in comparison to pip and also to hurt pip the way she was hurt by her loved

52、one many years ago. estella behaves this way because she learned it from her mother figure miss havisham. miss havisham used estella to avenge wrongs done to her. at this point in the novel, pip is the target of avenge. he is hurt by estellas brutality towards him. she makes nasty comments about his

53、 life style, his clothes, and his future. for example she calls him a common laboring-boy with coarse hands and thick boots. she thrives on these remarks and pips reactions to them. but with each hurtful remark she throws at him, he begins to learn to bury the pain inside so she would not be able to

54、 see it. pip is a loyal boy to his sister and to joe. he demeans himself and takes the insults thrown at him. he becomes vulnerable to miss havisham because he has no other choice. he becomes vulnerable to miss havisham because she is rich, uncommon, well-learned, and because pip is hoping that she

55、will pay for his education. although he submits himself to discomfort, he gets nothing in return. he is still harassed by his sister and is scarred from the insults. the novel portrays pip as an abused child. he is very faithful to the people that surround him. especially to his sister and miss havi

56、sham. through his experience with the uncommon people, he becomes selfish and mad for the way he was raised up and no longer wants to learn joes trade. this change of attitude makes life for pip harder and somehow unbearable. 2.3.2mr. jaggersmr. jaggers, prominent london lawyer who represents the in

57、terests of diverse clients, both criminal and civil. he represents pips benefactor and is miss havishams lawyer as well. by the end of the story, his law practice is the common element that brushes many of the characters. mr. jaggers plays a pivotal role in the novel. we are first introduced to him

58、in chapter 11, where pip encounters the rather condescending lawyer on the stairs of satis house. pip describes mr. jaggers as a burly man of an exceedingly dark complexion. we cannot help but notice that he is extremely pontificating, by virtue of him holding pips chin and being almost sure that pip was of a bad set of fellows although he had scarcely known pip for two minutes. mr. jaggers silent and terrifying ambiguity conjures