PROFORMA FOR REGESTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

1、proforma for regestration of subject for dissertationmr. jojo jose1st year m.sc nursingcommunity health nursingyear 2010-2012padmashree college of nursinggurukrupa layout, nagarbhavibangalore-560072rajiv gandhi university of health sciencesbangalore, karnatakaproforma for registration of subjects fo

2、r dissertation1name of the candidate and addressmr. jojo josei year m.sc. nursinggurukrupa layout nagarbhavibangalore-5600722name of the institutepadmashree college of nursingbangalore3course of the study and subjecti year m.sc nursingcommunity health nursing4date of admission05-04-20105title of the

3、 topic a study to assess the knowledge and attitude of adolescents regarding mismanagement of plastic wastes and its environmental hazards in a selected urban government school bangalore. 6. brief resume of the intended work6.1 introduction “you possess a potent force that u either use or misuse hun

4、dreds of times everyday” - j.martin kothethe word plastic is derived from the greek (plastikos) meaning capable of being shaped or molded. it refers to their malleability, or plasticity during manufacture, that allows them to be cast, pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes such as films, fibe

5、rs, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes, and much more1. a plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids used in the manufacture of industrial products. plastics are typically polymers of high molecular mass, and may contain other substances to improve performance a

6、nd reduce costs. monomers of plastic are either natural or synthetic organic compounds1.there are two types of plastics thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers. thermoplastics are the plastics that dont undergo chemical change in their composition when heated and can be molded again and again.exam

7、ples are polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and polytetrafluoroethylene. thermosets can melt and take shape once; after they have solidified, they stay solid2. in modern era, even though plastics is an inevitable substance, it is one of the major toxic pollutants of our time.being a non-b

8、iodegradable substance, composed of toxic chemicals, plastic pollutes earth, air and water.there is no way what so ever you can safely dispose of plastic waste. plastic causes serious damage to environment both during its production and disposal.so the only way to reduce the hazards of plastic is to

9、 reduce the use of plastic and there by force a reduction in its production1. . dangerous emissions such as dioxins are released into the air when plastics are burned. dioxins are toxic to human organs and can easily be inhaled or digested as they attach themselves to growing crops and contaminate l

10、ocal waterways. current research by the women in europe for a common future also indicates that burning plastic can increase your risk of heart disease, damage the nervous system, damage the function of the kidney and liver, aggravate respiratory diseases like asthma, damage the reproductive system

11、and cause physical symptoms like rashes, nausea and headaches. additionally, the vapors released during the burning process can damage the eyes and effect the central nervous system3. recycling of plastic is associated with skin and respiratory problems, resulting from exposure to and inhalation of

12、toxic fumes, especially hydrocarbons and residues released during the process. what is worse, the recycled plastic degrades in quality and necessitates the production of more new plastic to make the original product. plastic wastes clog the drains and thus hit especially urban sewage systems. the pl

13、astic wastes being dumped into rivers, streams and seas contaminate the water, soil, marine life and also the ver5y air we breathe. choked drains provide excellent breeding grounds for disease-causing mosquitoes besides causing flooding during the monsoons2. to get rid of plastic through landfills i

14、s also dangerous. apart form toxic seepage from the landfill, resulting in the contamination of precious water sources, the waste mass impedes the flow of ground water as well and obstructs the movement of roots thereby badly affecting the soils biological balance and organic processes. landfills ar

15、e also prone to leaks. the wastes especially cadmium and lead in the wastes invariably mix with rain water, then seep through the ground if not avoid it altogether4. . plastic plays the villain right from the stage of its production. the major chemicals that go into the making of plastic are highly

16、toxic and pose serious threat to living beings of all species on earth. some of the constituents of plastic such as benzene and vinyl chloride are known to cause cancer, while many others are gases and liquid hydrocarbons that vitiate earth and air. plastic resins themselves are flammable and have c

17、ontributed considerably to several accidents worldwide3.6.2 need for the studyour planet is becoming increasingly contaminated by our unnecessary use of plastic bags. plastics were rarely found during the 60s and 70s, their usage has increased at an alarming rate since they became popular during the

18、 80s. just take a look around you. plastic bags can be seen hanging from the branches of trees, flying in the air on windy days, settled amongst bushes and floating on rivers. they clog up gutters and drains causing water and sewage to overflow and become the breeding grounds of germs and bacteria t

19、hat cause diseases4. every year, around 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide. every man, woman and child on our planet uses 83 plastic bags every year. thats one bag per person every four and half days. of those 500 billion bags, 100 billion are consumed in the united states alone5.plastic ba

20、gs are difficult and costly to recycle and most end up on landfill sites where they take around 300 years to photo degrade. they break down into tiny toxic particles that contaminate the soil and waterways and enter the food chain when animals accidentally ingest them. so the adolescents should have

21、 a basic knowledge about the proper plastic waste management to create a healthy environment in the future2. over the past five or six decades, contamination and pollution of the worlds enclosed seas, coastal waters and the wider open oceans by plastics and other synthetic, non-biodegradable materia

22、ls (generally known as marine debris) has been an ever-increasing phenomenon. the sources of these polluting materials are both land- and marine-based, their origins may be local or distant, and the environmental consequences are many and varied. the more widely recognized problems are typically ass

23、ociated with entanglement, ingestion, suffocation and general debilitation, and are often related to stranding events and public perception. among the less frequently recognized and recorded problems are global hazards to shipping, fisheries and other maritime activities6. real reason why plastic mu

24、st be abandoned or banned is that, urines of 93% of those over 6 yrs test positive for bisphenol (bpa), which is used in plastic manufacturing and there are cogent arguments being made that the plastic in our environment is causing obesity, hypertension, heart disease and sleep problems for humans.

25、four or five million tons of toxic bpa will continue to be produced each year and released into atmosphere to harm human hearts and brains4.activists claim that even in developed countries recycling and disposal of e-waste may involve significant risk to workers and communities. although e-waste man

26、agement systems with health monitoring frameworks can lead to results in only the health improvement of patients but also in public thought and views related to e-waste recycling in india and china both, that is not like to happen7. use of plastic bottles and carbonated beverages also causes a lot o

27、f health hazards in the anticipating generation in this era these kind of plastic bottles and carbonated beverages are most frequently and commonly used by the young adolescents without knowing the depth of the hidden after effects2 . the pollution or global warming aspects of plastic bottles and ca

28、rbonated drink empires is not sufficient to persuade you to stop using this extravagant service then may be compassion for the victims of global water crisis might. the element of immorality of purchase of water by the affluent is that it is forcing the poor to die of thirst and starvation. by using

29、 bottled water or carbonated beverages you are killing people in poor nations3. disposal of plastic waste is now largely is the domains of sanitarians and public health engineers. however the adolescents need to have a basic knowledge of the subject since improper disposal of plastic waste constitut

30、es a health hazard , and also all the development of the future world is through the hands of the adolescents5. the researcher felt that since increase in the prevalence rate of health hazards due to mismanagement of plastic waste are more. by assessing the knowledge and attitude of adolescents abou

31、t the proper management of plastic wastes, the researcher can help them to improve the practices for proper disposal of plastics. all these instances, instigated the researcher to conduct this study to asses the knowledge and attitude of adolescents regarding the environmental hazards due to mismana

32、gement of plastic wastes.6.3 statement of the problema study to assess the knowledge and attitude of adolescents regarding mismanagement of plastic wastes and its environmental hazards in a selected urban government school, bangalore.6.4 objectives 1. to assess the existing knowledge of the adolesce

33、nts regarding environmental hazards of plastic wastes.2. to assess the attitude of the adolescents regarding environmental hazards of plastic wastes.3. to correlate the knowledge and attitude of adolescents regarding the environmental hazards of plastic wastes.4. to associate the knowledge and attit

34、ude of adolescents on environmental hazards of plastic wastes with selected demographic variables.6.5 operational definitions1. knowledge: it refers to the level of understanding of adolescents regarding environmental hazards of plastic wastes.2. attitude: it refers to the ideas, views, values and o

35、pinion on environmental hazards of plastic wastes. 3. adolescents: it refers to both male and female children who are in the age group between 13-15 years studying in selected urban government school.4. plastic wastes: these are the unwanted and used plastic materials such as plastic bottles, plasti

36、c boxes, plastic pen, plastic pencil, chocolate wrapper etc.which are thrown in their school and living surroundings. 5. environmental hazards: something which could be dangerous to ones health and also to the environment.6. urban government school: which refers to government high school, which is r

37、elated to town or city areas in bangalore.6.6 assumptions adolescents may have inadequate knowledge regarding environmental hazards of plastic wastes. pamphlet provided to school students may enhance the knowledge and attitude of students regarding plastic wastes environmental hazards of plastic wae

38、tes.6.7 hypotheses h1-there will be a significant correlation between knowledge and attitude of adolescents on environmental hazards of plastic wastes.h2-there will be a significant association between knowledge and attitude on environmental hazards of plastic wastes with selected demographic variab

39、les.6.8 review of literature the term literature review refers to the activities involved in identifying and searching information on a topic and developing an understanding of the state of knowledge on topic. it also review of literature is a written summary of the state and the art of a research p

40、roblem. literature review is an essential step in the whole process of research. therefore the researcher has reviewed literature with regard to the problem by referring books, journals, thesis, news paper, internet etc. an article from u.k states that, within the last few decades, plastics have rev

41、olutionized our daily lives. globally we use in excess of 260 million tonnes of plastic per annum, accounting for approximately 8 per cent of world oil production. it also examine the environmental consequences resulting from the accumulation of waste plastic, the effects of plastic debris on wildli

42、fe and concerns for human health that arise from the production, usage and disposal of plastics. finally, they developed some possible solutions to these problems together with the research and policy priorities8. an article reveals that 24 million plastic bags are consumed in kenya monthly. more th

43、an half of the bags end up in the solid waste stream. plastic bags now constitute the biggest challenge to solid waste management in nairobi, the capital of kenya and home to three million people. as a result, plastic bag waste has attracted great political and public attention, especially because t

44、he waste has myriad unique environmental problems. this paper seeks to unravel the problem of plastic bag waste in nairobi through an urban political ecological perspective9. an article proposes a simple problem typology to assess the fundamental characteristics of a policy issue and thus identify a

45、ppropriate processes for sciencepolicy interactions. this is illustrated with two case studies from one uk government department, showing how policy and science meet over the environmental problems of plastics waste in the marine environment and on land10. a study conducted on the problems of plasti

46、c waste management on mountain kilimanjaro which is located within kilimanjaro national park (kinapa) in northern tanzania. the study was prompted by the fact that flourishing tourism on the mountain kilimanjaro over the years has resulted in an increase in the tonnage of plastic waste generated, po

47、sing serious challenges in its collection and disposal. an improvement in plastic waste collection from 64% in 2003 to 94% in 2006 was also noted. the study also highlights potential environmental pollution including air pollution from open burning and pit disposal of plastic waste. the study recomm

48、ends that resource recovery and conservation measures through waste recycling and re-use be instituted as one of the options for sustainable plastic waste management on mountain kilimanjaro11.a study conducted in u.s to investigate the strength of stabilized clay-soil reinforced with randomly distri

49、buted discrete plastic waste fibers by carrying out unconfined compressive strength and tensile-split strength test. in this study, the clay soil was stabilized with lime and rice husk ash mixtures. the effect of the fiber length and content on the compressive and split tensile strength was investig

50、ated. the laboratory investigation results show that inclusion of the plastic waste fiber increased significantly both the unconfined compressive strength and tensile-split strength of the stabilized clay soil12. this study is aimed at identifying the sources and quantifying the pollution levels gen

51、erated from plastic electronic waste (e-waste) activities at guiyu, guangdong province, china, and their potential impacts on the environment and human health. the preliminary results indicate that total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) in soil obtained from a printer roller dump site was 593

52、g/kg dry weight (dry wt.) and in sediment from a duck pond, the pah concentration was 514g/kg (dry wt.). the study concluded that the disposal, recycling, and part salvaging of discarded plastic electronic devices such as computers, printers, televisions, and toys are now creating a new set of waste

53、 problems13. in a study conducted in nordic dentists to assess the knowledge and attitudes on dental amalgam from health and environmental perspectives. the aim of this study was to identify differences and similarities between the nordic countries in dentists use of dental amalgam as a restorative

54、material, and also their knowledge and attitudes about amalgam from health, environmental, ethical, economic and social points of view. procedures for handling amalgam waste were also studied. a random sample of 250 dentists was drawn from the national registers of authorized dentists in each countr

55、y in late autumn 1997. at the beginning of 1998, a questionnaire was sent to all the dentists in the study group. the response rate was 77.6% in denmark, 73.2% in finland, 78.8% in norway, and 84.0% in sweden. in finland and sweden the use of dental amalgam had almost ceased, particularly for younge

56、r patients, while in norway and especially in denmark it was still widely used. dentists knowledge of the environmental effects of amalgam was confused, but most dentists had installed amalgam separators in their dental units by 199814. a study conducted in bangladesh to assess the knowledge of adol

57、escents regarding problems due to the use of plastic bottles. a random sample of 300 adolescents was taken and a questionnaire was used to all the study group.the result of the study was, out of 300 adolescents only 23% of population know about the ill effects of plastic bottle like gi problems, cancer etc15. this study was done to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of students regarding plastic waste management. karimnagar town (andhra pradesh) has a population of 5.2 lacs. it has 267 students in the community. out of 267students, 47 were selected by systematic random sa