哈佛大學(xué)開(kāi)放課程《領(lǐng)袖心理學(xué)》(Psychology_of_Leadership-Tal_Ben_Shahar)PPT_1508-02-Janus

1、Psychology 1508: Janusian Thinking “The goal in leadership development, it is important to remember, is to develop well-rounded leaders, ones with the skills and personal attributes needed to adapt, act with flexibility, and combine what appear to be opposites: toughness and compassion, self-confide

2、nce and humility, strong individuals and good team players.” Russ Moxley, Center for Creative Leadership Janusian Thinking “conceiving two or more opposite or antithetical ideas, images or concepts simultaneously.” Robert Rothenberg “Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon cannot hear th

3、e falconer; Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all convictions, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity.” W.B. Yeats “We see everything as this

4、or that, plus or minus, on or off, black or white; and we fragment reality into an endless series of either-ors. In a phrase, we think the world apart.” Parker Palmer Thinking the World Together “Paradoxical thinking requires that we embrace a view of the world in which opposites are joined, so that

5、 we can see the world clearly and see it whole. The result is a world more complex and confusing than the one made simple by either-or thoughtbut that simplicity is merely the dullness of death. When we think together, we reclaim the life force in the world, in our students, in ourselves.” Parker Pa

6、lmer Janusian Leadership “Ben Franklin was a paradox. He fiercely believed in the power of the individual, but he was a relentless advocate for acting on behalf of the community. He believed in competition, but he never hesitated to cooperate with competitors when it was in his interest. He could be

7、 the most partisan of politiciansand the most accomodating of diplomats.” Jack Uldrich Myth : You cant have your cake and eat it too. Reality : Rather than succumbing to the “tyranny of the OR” they embrace the “genius of the AND.” Progress through Synthesis Person OR Situation? Democratic OR Author

8、itarian? Dogmatism OR Relativism? Tough OR Nice? Person OR Situation? “The history of the world is but the biography of great men.” Thomas Carlyle “Man lives consciously for himself, but is an unconscious instrument in the attainment of historic, universal, aims of humanity. A deed done is irrevocab

9、le, and its result coinciding in time with the actions of millions of other men assumes an historic significance. The higher a man stands on the social ladder, the more people he is connected with and the more power he has over others, the more evident is the predestination and inevitability of his

10、every action. A king is historys slave.” Leo Tolstoy “The Negro race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education, then, among Negroes must first of all deal with the Talented Tenth; it is the problem of developing the Best of this race that they may guide t

11、he Mass away from the contamination and death of the Worst, in their own and other races.” W. E. B. Du Bois Does Leadership Matter? No! (Lieberson they may be highly supportive in personal relations when that is needed, yet capable of a quick, authoritative decision when the situation requires it.”

12、John Gardner “Relativism is a theory, especially in ethics or aesthetics, that conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them.” American Heritage Dictionary “Dogmatism is a condition of mind in which essential practical concepts are perc

13、eived with such clarity that only one possible interpretation of reality exists. In such a case, all evidence suggesting contrary interpretationsand therefore alternate courses of actionsimply disappears from sight, indeed is inconceivable.” Yoram Hazony “Almost every student entering the university

14、 believes, or says he believes, that truth is relative.” Allan Bloom Relativist A commitment to open-mindedness and flexibility Lacks conviction and certainty for sustained action Dogmatist Possesses conviction and certainty Lacks openness and flexibility Question 1, first:78% say No Question 1 afte

15、r 2: 79% say Yes (Pearson Chi-Square=10.04; p .002) Question 2: Is a culture that supports gender equality morally superior to a culture that oppresses women? Question 1: Is any culture morally superior to another culture? The dangers of dogmatism The dangers of relativism “The best lack all convict

16、ions, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity.” W.B. Yeats “The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.” Edmund Burke Regaining a strong belief in a cause “If we regard truth as something handed down from authorities on high, the classroom will look like

17、a dictatorship. If we regard truth as a fiction determined by personal whim, the classroom will look like anarchy. If we regard truth as emerging from a complex process of mutual inquiry, the classroom will look like a resourceful and interdependent community.” Parker Palmer “Nothing will sink a lea

18、der faster than surrounding him- or herself with yes-men and women. Even when principled nay-sayers are wrong, they force leaders to re-evaluate their positions and to poke and prod their assumptions for weaknesses. Good ideas are only made stronger by being challenged.” Warren Bennis “He that wrest

19、les with us strengthens our nerves, and sharpens our skill. Our antagonist is our helper.” Edmund Burke “The real heroism of leadership involves having the courage to face realityand helping the people around you to face reality.” Ron Heifetz “McKinsey had a culture that fostered rigorous debate ove

20、r the right answer without that debate resulting in personal criticism.” Lou Gerstner “Most individuals studied seem to be able to detect the discrepancies between their espoused theories and theories-in-use of others, but were not able to detect similar discrepancies in themselves.” Chris Argyris “

21、Espoused theories of action are those that people report as a basis for actions. Theories-in- use are the theories of action inferred from how people actually behave.” Chris Argyris “CEO disease: the information vacuum around a leader created when people withhold important (and usually unpleasant) information.” Daniel Goleman “It takes one kind of courage to face a duelist, but its nothing like the courage it takes to