會計專業(yè)英語1-reporting entity

1、Reporting entity 1.Sole proprietorships 2.Partnerships 3.Corporations 1.Sole proprietorships 獨資企業(yè) an unincorporated business owned by a single person who is responsible for its liabilities and entitled to its profits. 對企業(yè)的債務和利潤均負有責任的單個法 人。 EG： retail stores farms service businesses accounting The so

2、le proprietorship is the most common form of business organization in U.S. economy Sole partnership Advantage: Simplicity 簡單 Disadvantage： Unlimited liability feature to the owner. 所有者的無限責任 Partnerships 合伙企業(yè) An unincorporated business owned by two or more persons voluntarily acting as partners 一個公司由

3、兩個及以上的自然人自愿擔當合 伙共同經(jīng)營 Widely used in small business 大部分都是用于小企業(yè) Some very large professional practices, including CPA firms. 一些很大的專業(yè)實踐 包括 會計師事務所 A benefit of the partnership form over the sole proprietorships form is the ability to bring together large amounts of capital investment from multiple owner

4、s. 合伙企業(yè)的好處是便于大額集資投資 Corporations 公司制企業(yè) A corporation is a type of business organization that is recognized under the law as a entity separate from its owners. 公司制企業(yè)是法律制度下區(qū)分于所有者的實體 Ownership of a corporation is divided into transferable shares of capital stock ,and the owners are called stockholders

5、or shareholders. The stockholders are generally free to sell some or all of these share to other investors at any time. The most large businesses are organized as corporations. 最大的商業(yè)都叫做公司 Corporations are the dominate form of business organization 公司是商業(yè)的主體 Corporations are most likely to distribute

6、financial statements to investors and other outsiders 企業(yè)最有可能向投資者和外部人員發(fā)放財務報告 Basic Assumptions and Principles of Accounting 會計的基本假設和原則 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) 公認會計準則 GAAP provides the general framework for determining what information is included in financial statements and ho

7、w this information is to be presented. Basic Assumptions of Accounting 會計基本假設 1.Accounting Entity Assumption 會計主體假設 2.Going Concern Assumption 持續(xù)經(jīng)營假設 3.Accounting Period Assumption 會計分期假設 4.Monetary Measurement Assumption 貨幣計量假設 Principles of Accounting 會計原則 Objectivity PPL 客觀性原則 Understandability P

8、PL 明晰性原則 Relevance PPL 相關性原則 Reliability PPL 可靠性原則 Comparability PPL 可比性原則 Consistency PPL 一致性原則 Principles of Accounting 會計原則 Materiality PPL 重要性原則 Conservatism PPL 穩(wěn)健性原則 Cost PPL 成本原則 Accrual basis accounting PPL 權責發(fā)生制原則 Matching PPL 配比原則 Realization PPL 收入實現(xiàn)原則 Financial Reporting 1.Balance sheet

9、資產(chǎn)負債表 2.Income statement 利潤表 3 Statement of retained earnings 留存收益報表 4.Statement of cash flows 現(xiàn)金流量報表 BALANCE SHEET資產(chǎn)負債表資產(chǎn)負債表 The statement of financial position, or balance sheet, is a position statement that shows where the company stands in financial terms at a specific date. 資產(chǎn)負債表（財務狀況報表）是表示某一特定

10、 日期公司的財務狀況的報表 (1) ASSET資產(chǎn) Assets are probable future economic benefits obtained or controlled by a company as a result of past transactions or events. 資產(chǎn)是由過去的交易或事項形成的，可能 帶來將來經(jīng)濟利益流入的，由公司擁有或 控制的經(jīng)濟資源 （2）LIABILITIES 負債 Liabilities are probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present

11、obligations of a company to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transaction or events. 負債是由過去的交易或事項形成的，可能 會引起將來經(jīng)濟利益流出的現(xiàn)時義務。 （3）OWNERS EQUITY所有者權益 Owners equity is the residual claim of the owners on the assets of a firm 所有者權益是所有者對公司資產(chǎn)的剩余所 求權 Income

12、 statement 利潤表 The income statement is an activity statement that shows the details and results of the companys profit related activities for a period of time . 利潤表是表示一段時期與經(jīng)營活動相關的 反映公司經(jīng)營成果的財務報表 Two common formats for income statement The single-step form Revenue Expenses Net income The multiple-step

13、 form Revenues Cost of goods sold Gross profit Operating expense Net income （1）Revenue 收入 Revenue is the cash inflows of price of goods sold and services rendered during a giver accounting period. 收入是一段時期的銷售產(chǎn)品和提供勞務的 現(xiàn)金流入 (2) EXPENSE 費用 Expense are the costs of the goods and services used up in the p

14、rocess of earning revenue. 費用是整的收入過程中耗用的貨物成本或 勞務。 （3）Net income/Net loss 凈利潤/ 凈損失 The term net income (or net loss) is simply the difference between revenues and expenses for a designated period of time. 凈利潤（或凈損失）就是一段時期收入和 費用的差額。 Statement of retained earnings 留存收益報表 The statement of retained earnin

15、gs is a statement that reflects the changes occurred in the retained earnings of a business during a specific accounting period. 留存收益表是某一特定會計時期的反映公 司留存收益改變的報表。 The statement shows the figure of Beginning retained earnings Changes during the period The figure of the ending retained earnings The state

16、ment of cash flows 現(xiàn)金流量表 The statement of cash flows is a summary of activity in companys cash account over a period of time and explains how the cash balance at the beginning of period came to be the cash balance at the end of the period in the process. 現(xiàn)金流量表是一段時間公司現(xiàn)金賬戶活動的 匯總，表示現(xiàn)金余額從期初到期末變化的過 程 The

17、 cash flows are divided into three basic categories: Cash flows from operating activities 經(jīng)營活動現(xiàn)金流量 Cash flows from investing activities 投資活動現(xiàn)金流量 Cash flows from financing activities 籌資活動現(xiàn)金流量 KEY TERMS關鍵術語 Sole proprietorship 獨資企業(yè) Partnership 合伙企業(yè) Corporation 公司制企業(yè) Accounting entity 會計主體 Going concern 持續(xù)經(jīng)營 Accounting period 會計分期 Monetary measurement 貨幣單位 KEY TERMS關鍵術語 Objective Understandability Relevance Reliability Comparability Consistency Materiality Conservatism 客觀性 明晰性 相關性 可靠性 可比性 一致性 重要性 穩(wěn)健性 KEY TERMS關鍵術語 Cost principle Accru