全國職稱英語衛(wèi)生類新增文章考試重點文章 【通關必備】

1、2014職稱英語考試資料押題聯(lián)系qq271674469 第五部分補全短文11第二部分閱讀判斷第九篇what is a dream?for centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. others，however， think that dreams are an important part of our

2、lives. in fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions.before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from god. it was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.the austrian psychologist, sig

3、mund freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. in his famous book, the interpretation of dreams (1900), freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a persons wishes. he believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to

4、express in real life.the swiss psychiatrist carl jung2 was once a student of freuds. jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. he thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their drea

5、ms. for example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. on the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. for example, psych

6、ologist william domhoff from the university of california, santa cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life, thoughts, and behavior. a criminal, for example, might dream about crime.domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. his research shows that

7、children do not dream as much as adults. according to domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.he has also found a link between dreams and gender. his studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. for example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and th

8、e dreams often involve fighting. this is not true of womens dreams.3 domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.can dreams help us understand ourselves? psychologists continue to try to answer this questi

9、on in different ways. however, one thing they agree on this: if you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldnt panic. the dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the r

10、eal world.詞匯：第 11 頁，共 11 頁psychologist / sakldst / n心理學家psychiatrist /sai kaitrst/ n精神病學家(醫(yī)生)austrian / strn / adj奧地利的gender / dend / n性別注釋：1sigmund freud西格蒙德弗洛伊德（18561939)，猶太人，奧地利精神病醫(yī)生及精神分析學家。精神分析學派的創(chuàng)始人。他認為被壓抑的欲望絕大部分是屬于性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著有性學三論夢的釋義圖騰與禁忌日常生活的心理病理學精神分析引論精神分析引論新編等。2carl jung：卡爾榮格，瑞士著名精神

11、分析專家，分析心理學的創(chuàng)始人。3for example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. this is not true of womens dreams.例如，男人做夢會夢到男人，并且常與打斗有關；女人做夢與男人則不同。練習：1not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.arightbwrongcnot mentioned2according to freud, people dream about t

12、hings that they cannot talk about.arightbwrongcnot mentioned3jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.arightbwrongcnot mentioned4in the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.arightbwrongcnot mentioned5according to domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to

13、dream as adults do.arightbwrongcnot mentioned6men and women dream about different things.arightbwrongcnot mentioned7scientists agree that dreams predict the future.arightbwrongcnot mentioned答案與題解1a這句話恰好表達了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理學家認為，人腦睡眠中的活動沒有特別意義；而有些人則認為，夢可以揭示人的思維和情感。2a第三段的最后一句講的是弗洛伊德認為夢反映了人們在現(xiàn)實情況下害怕表達的情感、想

14、法或恐懼。此句與本敘述一致。3b第四段的第二句和第三句：jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.（榮格認為夢的用途是向做夢者傳遞一個信息）he thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.（他認為人們通過思考所做的夢能夠更好地了解自己）。他給出了兩個例子來說明他的論點。4c文中沒有提及。5a依據(jù)第六段，domhoff研究得出：嬰兒不像成人做那么多的夢

15、，做夢是一種需要時間提高的技能。這就說明了嬰兒不具備成人做夢的能力。6a本文第七段講述了做夢與性別的關系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的夢是不同的。7b最后一段的倒數(shù)第二句講的是：夢可能會有意義，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定會發(fā)生。因而不能預測未來。第十三篇stage fright1fall down as you come onstage. thats an odd trick. not recommended. but it saved the pianist vladimir feltsman when he was a teenager back in moscow. the vetera

16、n cellist mstislav rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,2 mr. feltsman said, “ all my fright was gone. i already fell. what else could happen?”today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career pre

17、paration. there are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.3teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out,4 to mental discipline, such as visualizi

18、ng a performance and taking steps to relax. dont deny that youre jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. and play in public often, simply for the experience.psychotherapist diane nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance, “take two

19、 deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, she says. “and not one of these please dont kill me smiles. then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them.” she doesnt want performers to think of the

20、audience as a judge.extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says dorothy delay, a well-known violin teacher. she tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.when lynn harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the cleverland

21、orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “there were times when i got so nervous i was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. it was just total panic. i came to a point where i thought, if i have to go through this to play music, i think im going to look for anothe

22、r job.”5 recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.6it is not only young artists who suffer, of course. the legendary pianist vladimir horowitzs nerves were famous. the great tenor franco cor

23、elli is another example. “they had to push him on stage,” soprano renata scotto recalled.actually，success can make things worse. “in the beginning of your career, when youre scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they dont have any expectations,” soprano june anderson said. “theres less to l

24、ose. later on, when youre known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. you have a lot to lose.”anderson added，“i never stop being nervous until ive sung my last note.”詞匯：veteran / vetrn / adj經(jīng)驗豐富的jittery / dtri / adj緊張不安的mentor / ment: / n指導者soprano / sprpr:n / n女高音；女高音歌手

25、cellist/ telst / n大提琴演奏家abdominal / bdmnl / adj腹部的fallible/ flbl / adj易犯錯誤的tenor /ten/ n男高音注釋：1stage fright：舞臺恐懼2the veteran cellist mstislav rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic資深大提琴家mstislav rostropovich故意把vladimir feltsman絆倒，因而治愈了他的上臺前的恐懼癥。cure somebody of somet

26、hing (illness, problem)：醫(yī)治好?。ń鉀Q問題）3 its symptoms：icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind：舞臺恐懼的癥狀有手冰涼、身體顫抖、心跳加快和大腦一片空白。4teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out ：老師和心理學家提出了方方面面的建議，一些基礎知識，比如將演奏曲目爛熟于心 inside out： in great detail詳細地，從里到

27、外地5i came to a point where i thought，“if i have to go through this to play music, i think im going to look for another job. ”我曾經(jīng)一度認為，如果搞音樂就必須經(jīng)過克服舞臺恐懼這一關的話，這項工作不能做。6recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was

28、 not a disaster.不舞臺恐懼意味著提高謙卑感，即認識到不管你多有才，你也會出錯，一個有瑕疵的音樂會也絕對不是世界末日。練習：1falling down onstage was not a good way for vladimir feltsman to deal with his stage fright.arightbwrongcnot mentioned2there are many signs of stage fright.arightbwrongcnot mentioned3teachers and psychologists cannot help people w

29、ith extreme -stage fright.arightbwrongcnot mentioned4to perform well on stage, you need to have some feelings of excitement.arightbwrongcnot mentioned5if you have stage fright, its helpful to have friendly audience.arightbwrongcnot mentioned6often people have stage fright because parents or teachers

30、 expect too much of them.arightbwrongcnot mentioned7famous musicians never suffer from stage fright.arightbwrongcnot mentioned答案與題解：1b本文第一段講的是鋼琴家vladimir feltsman被mstislav rostropovich絆倒后，他的舞臺恐懼被治愈了的故事。2a第二段的最后一句點出舞臺恐懼的諸多癥狀為手冰涼、身體顫抖、心跳加快和大腦一片空白。3b本文的第三、四、五、六段都在講老師和心理學家為舞臺恐懼者提供全方位的建議。4a依據(jù)第三段的倒數(shù)第二句：so

31、me excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing.(表演中激情是自然甚至是必要的）5c第四段提到克服舞臺恐懼的方法之一是：在觀眾中選擇三位友好的面孔，與他們用眼光交流。所以克服舞臺恐懼要靠自己而不是指望所有的觀眾都友好。6a第五段講了舞臺恐懼的根源在于指導者或父母對表演者要求太高。extreme demands就是expect too much of them的意思。7b第七段講的是：不只年輕藝術家有舞臺恐懼癥，鋼琴家vladimir horowitz和男高音franco corelli亦不能幸免。never一詞不恰當。第

32、十四篇azeri hills hold secret of long lifeyou can see for kilometers from the mountains where allahverdi ibadov herds his small flock of sheep amid a sea of yellow, red, and purple wildflowers. the view from amburdere in southern azerbaijan toward the iranian border is spectacular, but mr. ibadov barel

33、y gives it a second glance.why should he? hes been coming here nearly every day for 100 years.according to his carefully preserved passport, mr. ibadov, whose birth was not registered until he was a toddler, is at least 105 years old. his wife, who died two years ago, was even older. they are among

34、the dozens of people in this beautiful, isolated region who live extraordinarily long lives.mr. ibadovs eldest son has just turned 70. he lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has.1 “im an old man now i look after the sheep, and i prepare the wood for winter. i still have something to do.

35、 “ a lifetime of toil, it seems, takes very few people to an early grave in this region. scientists admit there appears to be something in the azeri mountains that gives local people a longer, healthier life than most.miri ismailovs family in the tiny village of tatoni are convinced that they know w

36、hat it is. mr. ismailov is 110, his great-great-grandson is four. they share one proud boast: neither has been to a doctor. “there are hundreds of herbs on the mountain, and we use them all in our cooking and for medicines”; explained mr. ismailovs daughter, elmira. “we know exactly what they can do

37、. we are our own doctors.，there is one herb for high blood pressure，another for kidney stones，and a third for a hacking cough. they are carefully collected from the slopes surrounding the village. experts from the azerbaijan academy of science believe the herbs may be part of the answer. they have b

38、een studying longevity in this region for years. it began as a rare joint soviet-american project in the 1980s，but these studies are not being funded any more.azeri scientists have isolated a type of saffron unique to the southern mountains as one thing that seems to increase longevity. another plan

39、t, made into a paste, dramatically increases the amount of milk that animals are able to produce. “now we have to examine these plants clinically to find out which substances have this effect,” said chingiz gassimov, a scientist at the academy.the theory that local people have also developed a genet

40、ic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of russian emigres whose ancestors were exiled to the caucasus 200 years ago.2 the russians life span is much shorter than that of the indigenous mountain folk though it is appreciably longer than that of their ancestors le

41、ft behind in the russian heartland.“over the decades，i believe local conditions have begun to have a positive effect on the new arrivals” , professor gassimov said. “its been slowly transferred down the generations.”but mr. ismailov, gripping his stout wooden cane, has been around for too long to ge

42、t overexcited. “theres no secret,” he shrugged dismissively. “i look after the cattle and i eat well. life goes on.”詞匯：herd / h:d / vt放牧boast / bust / vt以有而自豪longevity / lndeviti / n長壽caucasus /丨k:kss / n高加索dismissively /dismisivli/ adv輕蔑地spectacular / spektkjul / adj壯觀的hacking cough干咳saffron / sfrn

43、 / n藏紅花indigenous / nddns / adj本土的注釋：1he lost count long ago of how many grandchildren he has.他很久以前就數(shù)不清他有多少個孫輩孩子。lost count：弄不清楚，數(shù)不清2the theory that local people have also developed a genetic predisposition to long life has been strengthened by the study of a group of russian emigres whose ancestors

44、 were exiled to the caucasus 200 years ago.當?shù)厝艘呀?jīng)具備長壽的遺傳素質(zhì)，一組關于俄羅斯移民的研究證實了這一理論。他們的祖先在兩百年前被流放到高加索地區(qū)。genetic predisposition：遺傳素質(zhì)練習：1amburdere is a city in southern azerbaijan.arightbwrongcnot mentioned2allahverdi ibadov does not know exactly how old he is.arightbwrongcnot mentioned3mr. ibadov cant do a

45、ny kind of work anymore.arightbwrongcnot mentioned4miri ismailovhas never been to a doctor but his great-great-grandson has.arightbwrongcnot mentioned5people in thisregion enjoy a easy and rich life.arightbwrongcnot mentioned6elmira ismailov is a doctor who uses herbs as medicines.arightbwrongcnot m

46、entioned7scientists think peoples genes might affect how long they live.arightbwrongcnot mentioned答案與題解：1a從第一段的第二句前半句the view from amburdere in southern azerbaijan toward the iranian border is spectacular中的amburdere in southern azerbaijan可以看出，amburdere在azerbaijan的南部。2a通過第三段的第一句中的mr. ibadov, whose bi

47、rth was not registered until he was a toddler以及at least 105 years old可以斷定，連他自己也不知道他的確切年齡。3b從第四段的mr. ibadov自己的敘述：“im an old man now i look after the sheep, and i prepare the wood for winter. i still have something to do. ”可以看出，ibadov仍舊在勞作。4b第六段講的是miri ismailov一家人都住在一個小山村里，他110歲，他的玄孫4歲，他們有同一個引以為豪的事：都沒

48、有看過醫(yī)生。本句說ismailov沒有看過醫(yī)生，而他的玄孫看過醫(yī)生。5c句的意思是：這個地區(qū)的人們生活無憂無慮且富足。本文雖然提到這個地區(qū)的人們身體健康且長壽，但沒有提及他們的生活情況。6b第六段和第七段雖然講我們是我們自己的醫(yī)生，這是一個比喻，意思是我們不用醫(yī)生，我們吃的東西（山上的植物）具有保健作用。所以elmira的職業(yè)不是醫(yī)生。7a本句的意思是：科學家們認為，基因可能影響人們的壽命。第九段的第一句所表達的意思與本句相符：當?shù)厝司邆淞碎L壽的遺傳素質(zhì)（genetic predisposition)，他們具有長壽基因。第五部分補全短文第四篇the bilingual brainwhen ka

49、rl kim immigrated to the united states from koreas a teenager, he had a hard time learning english. now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.1 as a graduate student, kim worked in the lab of joy hirsch, a neuroscientist in new york.

50、_1_ they found evidence that children and adults dont use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.the researchers used an instrument called an mri2 (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. _2_. the other consisted of people who

51、， like kim，learned their second language later in life. people from both groups were placed inside the mri scanner. this allowed kim and hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. they asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day b

52、efore, first in one language and then the other. they couldnt speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning.kim and hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain - brocas area3, which is believed to control speech production, and wernickes area3, which is thought t

53、o process meaning. kim and hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of wernickes area no matter what language they were speaking. _3_people who learned a second language as children used the same region in brocas area for both their first and second languages. people who learned a

54、second language later in life used a different part of brocas area for their second language. _4_ hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. once that programming is complete, the p

55、rocessing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain.a second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. _5

56、_詞匯：immigrate / mgret / vt使移居入境scanner / skn / n掃描儀bilingual / balgw() l / adj具備雙語能力的neuroscientist /njrsantst / n.神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學家unique / ju:ni:k / adj.獨特的disrupt / disrpt /使中斷注釋：1now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language.現(xiàn)在他說一口流利的英語，并且有一獨特的

57、機會來審視我們的大腦是如何適應第二語言的。adapt to：適應2mri (magnetic resonance imaging)：磁共振成像3bmcas area：布洛卡區(qū)，也譯為布羅卡區(qū)是大腦的一區(qū)，它主管語言訊息的處理、話語的產(chǎn)生。與wernickes area共同形成語言系統(tǒng)。布若卡區(qū)與韋尼克區(qū)通常位于腦部的優(yōu)勢半腦(通常位于左側），這是由于大多數(shù)人(97%)是右利的緣故。1861年法國神經(jīng)學家兼外科醫(yī)生保羅。布羅卡（paul broca，18241880)對一些失語癥患者進行研究及治療時發(fā)現(xiàn)此一區(qū)域，位于大腦皮層額下回后部的44、45區(qū)，故以其發(fā)現(xiàn)者的名字命名為布羅卡區(qū)。 練習：abut their use of brocas area was different.bone group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.chow does hirsch explain this differ