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1、句句 子子 成成 分分members of a sentence* *句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)英語(yǔ)的基本成分有七種:英語(yǔ)的基本成分有七種:_和和_主語(yǔ)(主語(yǔ)(subjectsubject)、)、謂語(yǔ)(謂語(yǔ)(verbverb)、)、表語(yǔ)(表語(yǔ)(predicativepredicative)、)、賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)(objectobject)、)、定語(yǔ)(定語(yǔ)(attributeattribute)、)、狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)(adverbial)(adverbial)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(complementcomplement)。)。英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基
2、本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型,是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。一:一: (主謂)(主謂)二:二: (主系表)(主系表)三:三: (主謂賓)(主謂賓)四:四: (主謂間賓直賓)(主謂間賓直賓)五:五: (主謂賓賓補(bǔ))(主謂賓賓補(bǔ))基本句型基本句型 一:一: (主謂)(主謂)主語(yǔ):可以作主語(yǔ)的成分有名詞,主格代詞,動(dòng)詞主語(yǔ):可以作主語(yǔ)的成分有名詞,主格代詞,動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞等等。主語(yǔ)一般在句首。不定式,動(dòng)名詞等等。主語(yǔ)一般在句首。謂語(yǔ):謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成,是英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)變化謂語(yǔ):謂語(yǔ)由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成,是英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)變化的主角,一般在主語(yǔ)之后。不及物動(dòng)詞
3、(的主角,一般在主語(yǔ)之后。不及物動(dòng)詞(vi.)沒(méi))沒(méi)有賓語(yǔ),形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu),有賓語(yǔ),形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu),如:如:we come. (不及物動(dòng)詞)(不及物動(dòng)詞)1. the sunrose. 2. who cares? 3. what he said does not matter. 4. they talked for half an hour. 5. the pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一個(gè)此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)共同特點(diǎn),即句子的謂語(yǔ),即句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞,都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞,后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)
4、從句等。后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句等?;揪湫突揪湫?二:二: (主系表)(主系表)此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn):句子此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn):句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思,必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思,必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)身份或狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ),才能表達(dá)完整的身份或狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ),才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類意思。這類動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。叫做連系動(dòng)詞。you are students.we are in the classroom.we are good friends, arent we? 其其 它它系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞狀態(tài):狀態(tài):seem
5、, appear, prove - 感官:感官:smell, feel, taste, sound, look -變化:變化:become, get, turn, go, come, grow - 持續(xù):持續(xù):remain, stay, keep, continue - (是系動(dòng)詞)(是系動(dòng)詞) (表語(yǔ))(表語(yǔ)) 1. this is an english-chinese dictionary. 2. the dinner smells good. 3. he fell in love. 4. everything looks different. 5. he is growing tall
6、and strong. 6. our well has gone dry. 7. his face turned red. *there be 結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu): there be 表示表示存在有存在有。這。這里的里的there沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義,不可與副詞沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義,不可與副詞there那里那里混淆?;煜?。 此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞,表示此結(jié)構(gòu)后跟名詞,表示(存在)有某事物(存在)有某事物 試比較:試比較:there is a boy there.(那兒有一個(gè)男(那兒有一個(gè)男孩。)孩。)前一個(gè)前一個(gè)there無(wú)實(shí)意,后一個(gè)無(wú)實(shí)意,后一個(gè)there為副詞為副詞那里那里。基本句型基本句型 三:三: (主謂賓)(主謂賓
7、)此句型句子的此句型句子的共同共同是:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是:謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,但不能表達(dá)完整的意思,但不能表達(dá)完整的意思,即動(dòng)作的承受者,才能使意,即動(dòng)作的承受者,才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。 (及物動(dòng)詞)(及物動(dòng)詞) (賓語(yǔ))(賓語(yǔ))1. who knows the answer? 2. he has refused to help them. 3. he enjoys reading. 4. he said good morning. 5. he admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型基本句型 四:四: (主謂間賓直賓)(主謂間賓直賓)這兩
8、個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)指人這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)指人(間接賓語(yǔ)間接賓語(yǔ));一個(gè)指物;一個(gè)指物(直直接賓語(yǔ)接賓語(yǔ))。 (及物)(及物) (間(間(賤賤)人)人) (直物)(直物)1.she ordered herself a new dress. 2. he brought you a dictionary. 3. i showed him my pictures. 4. i told him that the bus was late. 5. he showed me how to run the machine. who can find me the eraser?pass me the eraser
9、. who can find the eraser for me? pass the eraser to me.who can find me the eraser?pass me the eraser.1.動(dòng)詞+sb, sth.=動(dòng)詞+sth. for sb.雙賓語(yǔ)易位時(shí)需借助介詞for的常用動(dòng)詞(常用的)book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 為某人預(yù)定某物buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 為某人買某物choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 為某人選某物cook sb. sth. = cook s
10、th. for sb. 為某人煮某物draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 為某人畫(huà)某物fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 為某人去取某物find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 為某人找到某物fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 為某人準(zhǔn)備某物get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 為某人拿來(lái)某物make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 為某人做某物order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 為某人訂
11、購(gòu)某物pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 為某人采摘某物prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 為某人準(zhǔn)備某物save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 為某人留某物sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 為某人唱某物(歌)spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 為某人讓出某物steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 為某人偷某物2.動(dòng)詞+sb.sth.=動(dòng)詞+sth. to sb.雙賓語(yǔ)易位時(shí)需借助介詞to的
12、常用動(dòng)詞(常用的) award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 頒獎(jiǎng)給某人bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物帶給某人hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物遞給某人lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借給某人mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄給某人offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 將某物給某人owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物pass sb. sth
13、. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物遞給某人pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付給某人某物(錢)post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb. 把某物寄給某人read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb. 把某物讀給某人聽(tīng)return sb. sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物還給某人send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送給某人sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物賣給某人serve sb. sth. = serve sth.
14、 to sb. 拿某物招待某人show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 拿某物給某人看take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb. 把某物拿給某人teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告訴某人某情況throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔給某tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告訴某人某情況throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb. 把某物扔給某人wr
15、ite sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 給某人寫(xiě)信基本句型基本句型 五:五: (主謂賓賓補(bǔ))(主謂賓賓補(bǔ))此句型的句子的此句型的句子的是:動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞,是:動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞,但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須加上但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思,必須加上一個(gè)一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ),才能使意思完整。來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ),才能使意思完整。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):位于:位于賓語(yǔ)之后賓語(yǔ)之后對(duì)賓語(yǔ)作出說(shuō)明的成對(duì)賓語(yǔ)作出說(shuō)明的成分??梢杂米鞣???梢杂米髻e語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有名詞,形容詞,不賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有名詞,形容詞,不定式,動(dòng)名詞,分詞,介詞短語(yǔ)等。定式,動(dòng)名詞,分詞,
16、介詞短語(yǔ)等。the war made him a soldier.new methods make the job easy.i often find him at work.the teacher ask the students to close the windows.i saw a cat running across the road.名詞名詞/代詞賓格代詞賓格 + n./adj./ 介詞短語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ)/動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式/分詞分詞 (及物)(及物) (賓語(yǔ))(賓語(yǔ)) (賓補(bǔ))(賓補(bǔ)) 1. they painted the door green. 2. this set them
17、thinking. 3. they found the house deserted. 4. he asked me to come back soon. 5. i saw them getting on the bus. 雙賓語(yǔ)及一人一物,都與主語(yǔ)發(fā)生聯(lián)系雙賓語(yǔ)及一人一物,都與主語(yǔ)發(fā)生聯(lián)系 如give sb sth, buy sb sth,pass sb sth 等, i gave him a pen. 賓補(bǔ)是回答賓語(yǔ)怎么樣了的句子成分,賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作賓補(bǔ)是回答賓語(yǔ)怎么樣了的句子成分,賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)作是由賓語(yǔ)發(fā)出的,與主語(yǔ)無(wú)關(guān)。感官動(dòng)詞和使役是由賓語(yǔ)發(fā)出的,與主語(yǔ)無(wú)關(guān)。感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后常接賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞后常
18、接賓補(bǔ). 如: mother asked me to buy some sugar. we made him monitor. i heard her singing. a, b, c, d, e, 1,pleas tell us a story._2, she smiled._3. i have a lot of work to do._4. his job is to train swimmers._5. he noticed a man enter the room._6. please look at the picture._daebec但常用的英語(yǔ)句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡(jiǎn)短,但常
19、用的英語(yǔ)句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡(jiǎn)短,除了基本句型的成分不變外,通常是在這些成分除了基本句型的成分不變外,通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些的前面或后面增加一些而加以擴(kuò)大。這些而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語(yǔ)可以是修飾語(yǔ)可以是(adj./adv./num.數(shù)詞)數(shù)詞)(主要是介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)和分詞短語(yǔ))。(主要是介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)和分詞短語(yǔ))。我們稱之為:我們稱之為:the little boy needs a blue pen. 定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ):two boys need two pens.his name is tom.the boy in blue is tom.the boy there ne
20、eds a pen.the boy needs a ball pen. there is nothing to do today.the pen bought by her is made in china.the boy you will know is tom. in the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里,男孩需要一支鋼筆。在教室里,男孩需要一支鋼筆。 before his mother, tom is always a boy. 在母親面前在母親面前,湯姆總是一個(gè)男孩子湯姆總是一個(gè)男孩子on sundays, there is no stude
21、nt in the classroom. 星期天星期天,教室里沒(méi)有學(xué)生教室里沒(méi)有學(xué)生狀語(yǔ):狀語(yǔ):一一) 挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ)挑出下列句中的賓語(yǔ) my brother hasnt done his homework. people all over the world speak english. how many new words did you learn last class? some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? the old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二二) 挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ)挑出下列句中的表語(yǔ)- the old man was feeling very tired.- the leaves have turned yellow.- soon they all became interested in the subject.(三三) 挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ)挑出下列句中的定語(yǔ)1. what is your give
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