English new words translation英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文

1、english new words translationabstractthanks to the advancement of the science and technology, and the development of society, there are more and more neologisms emerging in english vocabulary. but what is neologism? a neologism is a newly coined word, or a phrase, or familiar word used in a new sens

2、e. they are created by following some rules, which called to be the processes of word-formation. as an in dispensable and natural part of language, neologism has been arousing wide interests. many linguists and scholars have studied this linguistic phenomenon from the perspectives of rhetoric, seman

3、tics, pragmatics and sociolinguists.this article, firstly, introduces the present condition of the neologism. secondly, the body is divided into four parts, including the emerging reasons, the methods of word-formation, the translation and the development part. the conclusion indicates that the neol

4、ogisms are getting more and more important in our everyday life. studying the neologisms well can make communication smoothly.the paper would help you to study the practical value of english neologisms, stimulate your interest, and help you enlarge your vocabulary. besides, it will help the english

5、learners overcome the obstacle in their english learning. at the same time, neologism constantly changes with the societys development, so people should pay more attention to this phenomenon.key words: neologisms; reason; word-formation processes; translation; development摘要由于科學(xué)技術(shù)的進步和社會的發(fā)展,現(xiàn)代英語詞匯中涌現(xiàn)出

6、了越來越多的新詞。但是，什么是新詞呢？新詞是一個新創(chuàng)造出來的詞或者短語,或者是一個大家所熟悉的詞語被賦予新的意義。這些新詞的構(gòu)成遵循了一定的構(gòu)詞規(guī)則,即英語構(gòu)詞法。新詞是語言中不可或缺的一個組成部分,引起了人們廣泛的關(guān)注。許多語言學(xué)者已從修辭學(xué)、語言學(xué)、語用學(xué)及社會語言學(xué)的角度對新詞進行了研究。本文首先介紹了新詞的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。然后,全文又分四個部分,分別從產(chǎn)生的原因,構(gòu)詞方法,翻譯方法和以后的發(fā)展趨勢進行了解說。結(jié)尾指出了新詞在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪凶兊迷絹碓街匾?，學(xué)習(xí)新詞可以使我們更好的交流。文章旨在探索新詞的實用價值,激發(fā)英語學(xué)習(xí)者對學(xué)習(xí)英語的興趣,并幫助他們有效的擴大詞匯。除此以外,還能幫助他們克

7、服在英語學(xué)習(xí)中因新詞的出現(xiàn)而導(dǎo)致的學(xué)習(xí)障礙。同時新詞會隨著社會的發(fā)展而不斷變化，人們應(yīng)該更多的關(guān)注這一現(xiàn)象。關(guān)鍵詞：新詞；原因；構(gòu)詞法；翻譯；發(fā)展contentschapter 1 introduction.1chapter 2 the reasons about the production of neologism.22.1 plitical reasons.22.2 economic reason.22.3 technological reason.32.4 cultural reason.3chapter 3 the methods of word-formation.53.1 tra

8、ditional methods.53.1.1 derivation.53.1.2 compisition53.1.3 conversion.63.1.4 abbreviation.63.1.5 analogy.83.1.6 backformation.93.2 other methods.93.2.1 changes in meaning.93.2.2 borrowing123.2.3 coinage12chapter 4 translation of neologisms134.1 literal translation.134.2 free translation.134.3 trans

9、literation.134.4 chromatic semi-free translation.134.5 supplemental explantion.13chapter 5 the development of the neologisms in the future.14chapter 6 conclusion. 16notes.18bibliography.19acknowledgements.20chapter 1 introduction what is neologism? do you hear of these words? such as, cyberia(電腦咖啡屋)

10、, moonquake(月震), hot war(熱戰(zhàn)）, whack(老土）, foot-and-mouth(口蹄疫)？all these words are neologisms. that is to say, “ neologism is a newly coined word, or a phrase or familiar word used in a new sense.” 1english language is a living language. it is creating a large number of neologisms constantly. social f

11、actors and linguistic factors contribute to language changes. “according to the counting of the barnhart dictionary companion magazine, 1500-1600 new words are entering their computer database each year.” 2 “english has a vocabulary of 500,000 words, and 2/3 of them are created during the latest 300

12、 years.” 3 when we read the english newspapers and magazines or listen to the english broadcast, we must encounter neologisms very frequently. if we always depend on the dictionaries, we are wrong. because so many neologisms do not appear in the dictionaries. as a result of that it is very important

13、 for english learners to study neologisms.as a famous linguist said, “without grammar, very little can be conveyed; without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.” 4 however, in the english linguistic system, the grammar is the most stable, but the vocabulary is the most changeable. from the beginning

14、 of studying english to now, the grammar which we have learned is still that things, but in this period, we have learned so many new words that we never heared before. the reason is that social and technological development demands new words. and on the contrary, neologism witnesses the changes of e

15、nglish and the changes in the life of the people who use it as their native language. however, english neologisms are not produced freely; most of them are subject to some rules as well as the word-formation processes. the prospects of new english words are characterized by continuous increase in nu

16、mber, various sources in borrowing and a terse form. neologism plays a more and more important role. in order to have a better understanding and propertly using of english neologisms, we should pay more attention to them.chapter 2 the reasons about the production of neologismnew english words develo

17、p at a dramatic speed and are formed in various sources. they are distributed in many areas and reflect the ever-changing contemporary world in an all-round way. new english words are not only residues of historical social development but signposts of future developments. everprogressive science and

18、 technology and everchanging social, political, economic life result in an enormous increase of new words in these fields.2.1 political reasonssince the second world war, the world situation was changed rapidly, which has a profound influence on the development of english neologisms. because of the

19、antagonism between the union of soviet socialist republics and the capitalism america, these new words emerged, such as, cold war(冷戰(zhàn)), armrace(軍備競賽), nato(north atlantic treaty organization (北大西洋公約組織),warsaw pact(華沙條約組織),superpower(超級大國), the third world(第三世界) etc. after the third world there is the

20、 fourth world (refers to the poorest country). when the gulf war had happened, many words were used to describe the war, ban out(從飛機上發(fā)射), bcr（battlefield casualty replacement 戰(zhàn)場傷亡人員補充）, bda（bomb-damage assessment(對轟炸后果的評價), terrain alteration(地面轟炸效果), all these words belong to this category. electio

21、n is an important segment in the west countries political system, every big election contributes to the emergence of new words in these years, compaignathon(馬拉松式的競選), walkathon(挨家挨戶上門游說爭取選票), election-speak(競選時所有政治性語言的風(fēng)格), negative commercial(攻擊競選對手的廣告), electaralism(拉選票), forerunner(在競選中暫時領(lǐng)先者), bas

22、ket case(在競選中不會獲勝的候選人). on the other hand, the “9.11”takes terrorism(恐怖主義), chechen(車臣武裝), taliban(塔利班組織), united nations protection force(聯(lián)合國維和部隊). besides, the movement of womens emancipation also takes some new words to our life. such as chairwoman(女主席), feminism（男女平等主義）, male chauvinist（大男子主義),

23、girlcott(抵制).social politics changes are inevitablely reflected in new words, and on the contrary, the new words witness the changes of politics.2.2 economic reasonwith the rapid development of world economy and the coming of economic globalization, there are more and more neologism is created to su

24、it to this situation. in these years, we always hear and say these words, as follows: wto(world trade organization,世界貿(mào)易組織)；eec(european economic community,歐洲共同體). because of economic crisis, inflation and the development of business, those words have emerged, for example, stagflation(經(jīng)濟滯漲), added-va

25、lue tax(增值稅), revenue sharing(國庫分享). in order to carry out the nuited currency, euro（歐元）is created, with the emergence of euro, the euroland come out. on the cyber-economy(網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟), and many other related to it, for instance, cyber-commerce(電子商務(wù)), cyber-shopping(網(wǎng)上購物), cyber-money(電子貨幣), e-tail（電子零售業(yè)).

26、the world economy plays a very important role in the emerging of neologism. moreover the coming of economic globalization brings in more neologisms. 2.3 technological reason21st century is a century filled with development and changes in science and technology. because of the continuous changes and

27、the development of the social science in recent years, the new phrases in english pile up one after another. a long time ago, we never heard these words, such as, behavior science(行為科學(xué)), psycholinguistics(心理語言學(xué)), ybernetics(控制論), bionics(仿生學(xué)), choreography(生態(tài)地理學(xué)), genetic engineering(遺傳工程), etc, all

28、 these words are neologisms during this period of time. with the research of space, many new words emerge, space station(太空站), spacesickness(宇航病), cosmonaut(宇航員). in recent years, after our country lauched the spaceship successfully, shenzhou four, shenzhou five, shenzhou six, shenzhou seven, were c

29、oined one by one. cyberchat and instant messaging are getting increasingly popular with the computer-literate youth. because of it, new english words develop at a dramatic speed. for example, eshopping(網(wǎng)上購物), emarket(電子市場), ecash(電子現(xiàn)金), erevenue(電子商務(wù)收入), ebusiness(網(wǎng)上交易), eservice(電子服務(wù)), ecampaigning

30、 (電子競選), eprecinct (電子選區(qū)) , eprecinctcaptain (電子選區(qū)負責(zé)人), “erate”program (資助上網(wǎng)計劃), elife (網(wǎng)絡(luò)生活), internetrecruiting (網(wǎng)上招聘) , deadtreeedition (電子雜志) , digithead (電腦迷) , emailaffair (網(wǎng)戀) , blog (博客), etc. at the same time, the advanced medical science also brings a lot of english new words. for example,

31、 bikercise (健身車運動), binge(on) (大量食用,暴飲暴食), bioastronautics (太空生物醫(yī)學(xué)), biobrane(合成皮膚移植物).with the rapid development of society and science-technology, there appear many new words in english language. 2.4 cultural reasonwith the development of modern society, a lot of new phenomena are arisen, which pr

32、oduce a lot of new words. and these words may be sound intresting. we all know white-collar(白領(lǐng)), after it, there are blue-collar(藍領(lǐng)) , pink-collar(粉領(lǐng)) and gold-collar(金領(lǐng)). besides, credit card (信用卡), hire purchase (分期付款) , fast food(快餐), testtube baby(試管嬰兒) are familied to us. at the same time, with

33、 the development of economy, the entertainment industry is getting prosperous. this situation needs new words to describe it. when we are free, we can go to pedestrian mall(步行街) to consume. on the weekend , people can choose mutiplex (多萬影院) to watch movie. in order to have a healthy body, you could

34、go to fitness center (健身中心) to try the aerobics (有氧體操). some people like ecotourism(生態(tài)旅游), most of the young people may like to try the extreme sports(極限運動), such as, bungee jumping (蹦極), rock climbing (攀巖) , and so on. education is important to every country, and so does it in english countries. so

35、 , there are many new words about education emerging in english vocabulary. for instance, open university (電視大學(xué)), alternativeschool(不按傳統(tǒng)課程上課的中小學(xué)), and so on. television programs also produce many new words, call-in(聽眾通過電話與主持人通話的節(jié)目), hot line(熱線), talk show(脫口秀), soapoperating（肥皂劇）, because of some n

36、ew athletic sports give rise to some new words. such as roller hockey(旱冰曲棍球), surf-riding(沖浪運動), sky riding(特級跳傘), and so on.language is an indispenable carrier of culture. culture finds a better representation though language use, especially, in vocabulary. therefore, many new words keep emerging i

37、n our culture.chapter 3 the methods of word-formationthere are many methods of new words-formation. they are divided into traditional methods and other new methods. the following text will tell you the details.3.1 traditional methods3.1.1 derivation derivation is also called affixation, which refers

38、 to creating neologisms by attaching suffix or prefix to the root. the process of derivation plays an very important role in the history of english, especially in the technological english. for example, non-friend(假朋友),multimedia(多媒體), preschooler(學(xué)齡前兒童), micro-wave oven(微波爐), these words are also n

39、ew words which created by attaching affix. there is a table as follows, examples for deriviationsuper-superpowersuperjumbosuperrichsuperbargeranti-antifatantifreezeantifebrileanticrinemacyber-cyber-revolutioncyber-phoiacyber philiacyberizing-holicworkaholicbeeraholiccolaholicmovieholic-speaknetspeak

40、artspeaktechnospeakbureau-speak-nikbeatnikcinemanikjobnikjazznikfrom the examples, we would find that the process of derivation allows us to expand our vocabulary without specifically memorizing new words, because we have known the affix already, maybe very familiar. so it is one of the most importa

41、nt ways of word-formation.3.1.2 compositionnew words can be formed from existing words by a process known as composion or compounding, which means independent words are put together to make one word. compounds could be composed by the words that have the same or different gender. for example, brain-

42、drain(人才外流), consists of two different gender words, one is noun, and the other is verb; picture phone(可視電話) is composed by two noun; opening-to-the-outside-world policy(開放政策), consists of six different gender words.compounds are written in different ways. some can be written in different ways, some

43、 can be written as a single word, such as picturephone, discopy(整盤拷貝), braintrust(智囊團), moonwalk(月球漫步), laserbomb（激光炸彈）. some can be joined with a hyphen“-”, such as customer-centric（顧客至上), after-sale service(售后服務(wù)), genetically-modified food(轉(zhuǎn)基因食品), job-seeking idea(擇業(yè)觀念). among many others, and som

44、e can be written with ordinary space between the defferent parts, such as, boy toy(俊男,玩偶女子), gay marriage(同性戀婚姻), opinion leader(輿論導(dǎo)向人), initial public offering(首期上市股票).usually the right-hand member not only determines the category of the whole compound, but also determines the major part of the sen

45、se of the compound. in this sense, the right member senses as the head. for example, four-two-one syndrome(4-2-1綜合癥,中國因計劃生育而形成的四祖,雙親,獨生子女家庭以及由此帶來的社會問題), even it consisits four words, but the centrial meaning is the“syndrome”. besides, environment-friendly policy, soft-landing economy(軟著陸經(jīng)濟), brand-n

46、amed product(名牌產(chǎn)品), all could show that.3.1.3 conversionconversion is a word-formation which means a word is shifted into another speech without changing the word form. essentially, it is an extention of grammar founction, which can change the nouns to verbs or adjectives, or make the verbs with the

47、 founction of nouns. in this conversion, nouns are shifted into verbs occurring most frequently. for example, a. the purpose of the new scheme is to skill up these people, “skill ”was a noun before, but in the sentence, “skill up ”is verb.b. the witness ided the suspect. here, id shifts noun to verb

48、. besides, some noun phrases, also come from other genders, the haves and have nots(有錢人和沒錢人), ins and outs(執(zhí)政黨和在野黨), pros and cons(贊成者和反對者), ifs and buts(借口,托詞), ifs and fores(條件和結(jié)果). adjectives can become verbs, such as“dirty, empty, total, crazy and nasty”etc. other forms, such as up and down, can

49、 also become verbs, as in they up the price.3.1.4 abbreviationshorting is a method of shortening a word without changing its meaning. it is an important process of forming new words in mordern english. there are four types of abbreviation:a. clippedclipped consists of apocope, aphaeresis, front and

50、back and syncope.a. apocope: it means to clipping the back of one word, we will get ad from advertisement, coke from cocacola, con from conference, chemo from chemotherapy,slo-mo from slow movement, des res from desirable residenle.a. aphaeresis, clipping the front part of a word, we will get burgue

51、r from hamburger, cgute from parachute, fiche from microfiche, wig from periwig, scope from telescope, dozer from bulldozer.b. front and back clippingwe will get flu from influenza, fridge from refrigerator, script from prescription, tec from detective, dept from department, asst from assistant.c. s

52、yncope, means clipping the middle part of the word.we will get fluidics from fluidonics, fossilation from fossilization, idolatry from idololatry, pacifist from pacificist, symbology from symbolology.a. initialisminitialisms are these words formed by joining the fist letters or syllables of differen

53、t words.some examples are as follows:sars:severe acute respiratory syndromemms:multimedia messaging serviceaqi:air quality indexff:functional foodjv:joint venturevr:virtual realityacm:automated chek out machineb. acronymaconyma are wods formed from initial letters and pronounced as a normal word.som

54、e examples as follows:soho,so-ho:small office/home officenafta:north american free trade agreementdink:dual income, no kidsdewk:dual employed, with kidsnilky:no income, lots of kidsd. blending blending is a combinanation of clipping and compounding, which makes new words by putting together parts of

55、 two words or a word plus a part of another word. for example, comsat is created from “communication and satellite”, smog from “smok and fog”, motel from“motor and hotel”.blending is a very productive process, which has four types accrording to the morphological structures.a. head+tailguess+estimate

56、=gusetimatedemocrat+repnblican=demopublicancinema+complex=cineplexhit+sitcom=cineplexkid+adult=kidultb. head +headsituation+comedy=sicomchigh+technology=hitechteletype+exchange=telexc. head+wordmedical+care=medicarelanguage+sign=lansignd. word+tailnews+broadcast=newscastgreen+technology=greentech3.1.5 analogyanalogy is a process which