2、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全

1、 (1) 表示第一個(gè)人比不上第二個(gè)人時(shí),使用句型： 主語(yǔ)(第一個(gè)人物) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(否定式) + as / so + 形容詞/副詞原級(jí) + as + 第二個(gè)人物+. 如：He is not so / as excited as his younger sister.(他沒(méi)他妹妹那么興奮) / Lily did not ride her bike so / as slowly as an old lady. (莉莉騎車不像老太太那樣慢) / They didnt pick so / as many apples as the farmers (did). (他們摘的蘋果不如農(nóng)民多)(2) 講述

2、兩者有差異,第一個(gè)人物超過(guò)第二個(gè)人物時(shí),用比較級(jí)?；揪湫停?主語(yǔ)(A)+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+(much/a little/even/still)+形容詞/副詞比較級(jí)+than+第二個(gè)人物(B)+. 如：A modern train is much faster than a car.(現(xiàn)代的火車比轎車快多了) / This book didnt cost me more than that one.(這本書(shū)花費(fèi)我的錢不比那本多) 講述兩者有差異,第一個(gè)人物不及第二個(gè)人物時(shí),用比較級(jí)。句型是：主語(yǔ)(A) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 + less+ (多音節(jié)形/副)比較級(jí) + than + 第二個(gè)人物(B) +. 如：

3、I think English is less difficult than maths.(我認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)不比數(shù)學(xué)難)/ Do you think it less important to learn a foreign language?(你認(rèn)為學(xué)外語(yǔ)不那么重要嗎？)(3)講述某人/物是一群之中最突出的一個(gè)時(shí),用最高級(jí)。句型是： 主語(yǔ)(sb./sth) + 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 +(the) +形容詞/副詞最高級(jí) +in / of . 如：The Changjiang River is the longest in China.(長(zhǎng)江是中國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流) / He jumped (the) highest o

4、f the three (boys).(三個(gè)男生中他跳得最高)4、關(guān)于比較等級(jí)的重要注釋：1、以上六個(gè)句型中,如果動(dòng)詞是及物或不及物動(dòng)詞,則后面用副詞；如果后面是連系動(dòng)詞,則后面用形容詞。如：This car is the fastest of the four.(形容詞)(這輛汽車是四輛之中最快的)/ This car runs (the) fastest of the four.(副詞)(這輛汽車是四輛之中跑得最快的)2、“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”表示“越來(lái)越”。如：The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越來(lái)越溫暖了)3、“the+比較級(jí),t

5、he+比較級(jí)”表示“越就越”。如：The more trees we plant,the better it will be.(我們?cè)缘臉?shù)越多,情況就會(huì)越好)/ The harder you try,the greater your progress is.(你越是努力,進(jìn)步就越大)4、一般的形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí)前面可以加much/a little/even/still,而表示數(shù)量的more之前還可以加some/ any/ no/ one/ two/ many/ several/ a lot等詞。如：It is much colder today than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷多

6、了)/ Would you like some more coffee?(你還要些咖啡嗎？)/He did not eat any more.(他沒(méi)有再吃)5、more than / less than分別可以理解為“多于/少于”,相當(dāng)于副詞,more than=over; less than=under.如：I lived in New York for more than four months.(我在紐約生活了四個(gè)多月)6、“one of the +最高級(jí)+名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”整個(gè)短語(yǔ)為單數(shù)含義,謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù)形式。如：One of the oldest houses has been burn

7、t in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一場(chǎng)大火中被燒毀了)7、“Which / Who+動(dòng)詞+形/副,or?”句型中,如果有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng),形/副用比較級(jí),如果有三個(gè)選項(xiàng),形/副用最高級(jí)。如：Who has more books, Lin Tao or Han Mei?(林濤和韓梅誰(shuí)的書(shū)最多？)/ Which is the heaviest,a pig,a horse or an elephant?(豬、馬、象哪個(gè)最重？)8、上下文中含有both/either/neither/two/twins等表示兩個(gè)事物的詞時(shí),用比較級(jí),而且往往還要加the；含有all/none/no one/ ever

8、y 等表示三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上事物時(shí),用最高級(jí)。如： -Do you like the smaller one?Neither.(小一點(diǎn)的那個(gè)你喜歡嗎？一個(gè)都不喜歡)/ -Which do you like best? All of them!(你最喜歡哪個(gè)？全部。)七、介詞：1、介詞的主要用法：介詞是一種虛詞,不能獨(dú)立使用。介詞之后一般有名詞或代詞(賓格)或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語(yǔ)或從句作它的賓語(yǔ),即構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。有些介詞是由兩個(gè)以上的詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)介詞,如：out of(從中出來(lái)), because of(因?yàn)?, away from(距離), on top of(在頂上), ever sinc

9、e(自從), next to(在隔壁), according to(根據(jù)), in front of(在前方)等。2、介詞的分類表： (見(jiàn)下表) 地點(diǎn)(位置、范圍)介詞：above在前, about在附近, across在對(duì)面, after在后面, against倚著., along在近旁, among在中間, around在周圍, round在.周圍, at在處, before在.前, behind在.后, below低于., beside在.旁邊, between在.之間, by在.旁, down在.下面, from來(lái)自., in在.里面, inside在.里面, near靠近., of在

10、.之中, on在.上面, out of在.之外, outside在.外面, over在.上方, under在.下方, up在.上面, on top of在.頂部, in front of在.前, close to靠近., in the middle of在.的中間, at the end of在.的末端,等等。 方向(目標(biāo)趨向)介詞：across橫越., against對(duì)抗., along沿著., around繞著., round環(huán)繞., at朝著., behind向后面, etweenand從到.,by路過(guò)/通過(guò)., down向下, for向., from從/離., in進(jìn)入., into進(jìn)

11、入., inside到.里面, near接近., off脫離/除., on向.上, out of向.外, outside向.外, over跨過(guò)., past經(jīng)過(guò)/超過(guò)., through穿過(guò)., to向/朝., towards朝著., on to到.上面, onto到.上面, up向.上, away from遠(yuǎn)離. 時(shí)間介詞：about大約., after在以后, at在 (時(shí)刻), before在以前, by到為止, during在期間, for有(之久), from從(時(shí))起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past過(guò)了(時(shí)), since自從(至今), thro

12、ugh 貫穿(期間), till直到時(shí), until直到時(shí), to到(下一時(shí)刻), ever since從那時(shí)起至今,at the beginning of在.開(kāi)始時(shí) ,at the end of在.末 , in the middle of在.當(dāng)中 ,at the time of在.時(shí) 方式介詞：as作為/當(dāng)作., by用/由/乘坐/被., in用(語(yǔ)言), like與一樣, on騎(車)/徒(步),通過(guò)(收音機(jī)/電視機(jī)), over通過(guò)(收音機(jī)), through通過(guò)., with用(材料),用(手/腳/耳/眼), without沒(méi)有 涉及介詞: about關(guān)于., except除了, be

13、sides除了還. for對(duì)于/就而言, in在(方面), of的,有關(guān)., on關(guān)于/有關(guān)., to對(duì)而言, towards針對(duì)., with就而言 其它介詞: 【目的介詞】 for為了., from防止, to為了 【原因介詞】 for因?yàn)?, with由于, because of因?yàn)? 【比較介詞】 as與一樣,like象一樣,than比.,to與相比, unlike與不同 【伴隨/狀態(tài)介詞】 against和一起(比賽),at在(上班/休息/上學(xué)/家,etc.),in穿著(衣服/顏色),into變成.,on在(值日), with與一起,有/帶著/長(zhǎng)著., without沒(méi)有/無(wú)/不與一

14、起3、介詞短語(yǔ)的句法作用：介詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞或副詞,可用作狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。如：The man came .(狀)(那個(gè)人走下樓來(lái))/The woman is from the countryside.(定)(頭上戴花的婦女來(lái)自鄉(xiāng)下)/The teacher is now with the pupils.(表)(老師現(xiàn)在和學(xué)生在一起)4、介詞短語(yǔ)在句子中的位置： 介詞短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)時(shí),如果表示時(shí)間/地點(diǎn),可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴隨/涉及/原因/目的/比較,一般放在句尾； 介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)時(shí)放在連系動(dòng)詞之后；介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),只能放在被修飾的名詞之后。如：He wanted t

15、o find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(狀語(yǔ))(他想來(lái)年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched the room for the thief.(他們?cè)诜块g里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表語(yǔ))(信是給你的)/ Have you seen a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定語(yǔ))(你看見(jiàn)一只黑頭白腿的貓了嗎？)5、重要注釋： this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等

16、詞構(gòu)成的時(shí)間短語(yǔ),前面不用任何介詞。如：Every year travellers from abroad come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有國(guó)外的游客來(lái)游覽平窯鎮(zhèn))/ He had a bad cold that week.(那個(gè)星期他患重感冒) for有時(shí)用來(lái)引出動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),常翻譯成“對(duì)于而言”。如：Its too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(讓我在區(qū)區(qū)一個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作太難了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子夠大的可

17、以容10個(gè)人住) of有時(shí)用來(lái)表示后面的人物正好是前面的表語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)。如：Its very nice/kind of you to do so.(你這么做真是太好了) 介詞有時(shí)會(huì)與它的賓語(yǔ)分離,而且賓語(yǔ)前置。 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)。Who are you talking about?(你們?cè)谡務(wù)撜l(shuí)？) 賓語(yǔ)在從句中當(dāng)連接詞時(shí)。He has a younger brother who he must take good care of.(他有 一個(gè)需要他照顧的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我們的老

18、師在那邊和什么人談話嗎？) 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)且該動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,后面有介詞。I finally found a chair to sit on.(我 最終找到了一張椅子坐。) (5) 記住一些固定詞組：arrive at/in(到達(dá)),on foot(步行),notat all(根本不),to the north of(在以北),in the east of(在的東部),in the night(在夜間),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕),be full of(充滿/ 裝滿.),be filled with(充滿/ 裝滿.),be good/bad for(對(duì)有益

19、/有害),be made of(由做成),be made from(由制造),play with(玩耍),look out of(朝外面看),at the end of(在末梢/結(jié)束時(shí)),by the end of(不遲于/到末為止),with the help of或with ones help(在的幫助下),look after(照料),look for(尋找),on a bike(=by bike)騎車, help sb. with(幫某人做),get on (well) with(與某人相處融洽),等等。6、某些介詞的用法辨析： 時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)介詞in、on、at的用法區(qū)別：表示時(shí)間時(shí),

20、in表示在一段時(shí)間里(在將來(lái)時(shí)句子中則表示在一段時(shí)間之后), on表示在具體的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某個(gè)時(shí)刻或者瞬間； 表示地點(diǎn)時(shí), in表示在某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi), on表示在某個(gè)平面上或與一個(gè)面相接觸,at則表示在某個(gè)具體的場(chǎng)所或地點(diǎn)。如：He was born on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七點(diǎn)鐘起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼鏡就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the

21、cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在電影院) after與in表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別：“after+(具體時(shí)刻/從句)”表示“在時(shí)刻之后”常用于一般時(shí)態(tài)；“in+(一段時(shí)間)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如：He said that he would be here after 6：00.(他說(shuō)他六點(diǎn)鐘之后會(huì)來(lái)這兒)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父親大約一個(gè)月以后從英國(guó)回來(lái)) since與for表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)別：“since+(具體時(shí)刻/that-從句)”表示“自從起一直到現(xiàn)在”

22、,“for +(一段斶間)”表示“總共有之久”,都常用于完成時(shí)態(tài)；如：Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自從1970年起就在這家工廠工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在這家工廠已經(jīng)工作了30多年) by、in與with表示方式的用法區(qū)別：都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某個(gè)交通工具或“以方式”,在被動(dòng)句中可以表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者；in表示“使用”某種語(yǔ)言/文字,with表示“使用”某個(gè)具體的工具、手段。如：We see

23、 with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我們用眼睛看東西,用雙腳走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(請(qǐng)你用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)那篇文章)/ Lets go to the zoo by taxi.(我們打的去動(dòng)物園吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍寫(xiě)的) about與on的用法區(qū)別：都可以表示“有關(guān)”,但是about的意義比較廣,而on主要表示“有關(guān)(專題/課程)”。如：Tom is going to give a talk on the history of America.

24、(湯姆要作一個(gè)美國(guó)歷史的報(bào)告)/ They are very excited talking about the coming field trip.(他們興致勃勃地談?wù)撝磳?lái)到的野外旅游) through與across、over的用法區(qū)別： through指“穿過(guò)(門洞/人群/樹(shù)林)”； across和over可以指“跨越(街道/河流)”,可互換,但是表示“翻過(guò)”時(shí)只能用over. 如：Just then a rat (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那時(shí)一只老鼠跑過(guò)路面)/ There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座橋)/

25、 They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time.(他們翻過(guò)大山提前到達(dá)了那里)/ The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(參觀者們穿過(guò)一個(gè)大門來(lái)到另一個(gè)公園)(7)as與like的區(qū)別：兩個(gè)詞都表示“像”,但是as譯為“作為”,表示的是職業(yè)、職務(wù)、作用等事實(shí),而like譯為“像一樣”,表示外表,不是事實(shí)。如：Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父親的身份和你講話。)(說(shuō)話者是聽(tīng)者的父親) / Let me sp

26、eak to you like a father.(讓我像一位父親一樣和你講話)(說(shuō)話者不是聽(tīng)者的父親)(8)at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法區(qū)別：at the end of既可以表示時(shí)間也可以表示地點(diǎn),譯為“在末；在盡頭”,常與過(guò)去時(shí)連用；by the end of只能表示時(shí)間,譯為“在前；到為止”,常用于過(guò)去完成時(shí)； in the end與at last基本等義,表示“終于、最后”,通常用于過(guò)去時(shí)；to the end譯為“到的終點(diǎn)為止”,前面往往有表示運(yùn)動(dòng)或連續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞。如：By the end of last te

27、rm we had learned 16 units of Book III.(到上學(xué)期期末我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了第三冊(cè)16個(gè)單元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的盡頭你能找到一幢有棕色窗戶的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他們動(dòng)身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded in the final exams.(他最終在期末考試中考及格了)/ We should go on wi

28、th the work to the end.(我們應(yīng)該把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿這條路走到底就能看見(jiàn)一家郵電局)(9)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的區(qū)別：for a moment“一會(huì)兒、片刻”(=for a while),常與持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用；for the moment“暫時(shí)、目前”,常用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)；in a moment“一會(huì)兒、立即、馬上”(=soon; in a few minutes),一般用于

29、將來(lái)時(shí)；at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：Please wait for a moment.(請(qǐng)稍等)/ Lets leave things as they are for the moment.(暫時(shí)就維持現(xiàn)狀吧！) / Ill come back in a moment.(我過(guò)會(huì)兒回來(lái))/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙)(10)but的問(wèn)題：用介詞but引出另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí),要注意：如果前面有do,后面就用原形動(dòng)詞,前面沒(méi)有do時(shí),后面的動(dòng)詞要加to。如：I could do nothing but wait.(

30、我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(選擇) but to fight.(他們沒(méi)有選擇只有戰(zhàn)斗)(11)in front of 與in the front of： in front of“在的前面”, 與in the front of“在的前部”。如：A car was parking in front of the hall.(大廳跟前停著一輛汽車)/ In the front of the hall stood a big desk.(大廳前部立著一個(gè)大講臺(tái)) (12)except與besides的區(qū)別：except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含；而bes

31、ides“除了”則表示包含,即“不僅又”。如：Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宮博物院)(Tom沒(méi)有去故宮)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了漢語(yǔ)之外,他還學(xué)其他許多功課)(“漢語(yǔ)”也是他學(xué)的功課之一)八、動(dòng)詞1、動(dòng)詞的分類：類 別意 義例 句實(shí)義動(dòng)詞含有實(shí)在的意義,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),在句子中能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes. 他們常吃土豆。I

32、m reading an English book now.我現(xiàn)在正看一本英文書(shū)。連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),必須和表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。His father is a teacher.他父親是教師。Twins usually look the same.雙胞胎通常看起來(lái)一樣。The teacher became very angry. 老師變得很生氣。助動(dòng)詞本身沒(méi)有詞義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,用來(lái)表示否定、疑問(wèn)、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)或其它語(yǔ)法形式,助動(dòng)詞自身有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。He doesnt speak English. 他不說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。We are pl

33、aying basketball. 我們?cè)诖蚧@球。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟嗎？情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的意義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ),只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有過(guò)去式。You can keep the books for two weeks.這些書(shū)你可以借兩個(gè)星期。May I smoke here? 我可以在這兒抽煙嗎？We must go now. 我們現(xiàn)在得走了。重要注解：(1) 關(guān)于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞： 英語(yǔ)的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩大類：后面必須跟賓語(yǔ)意義才完整的叫及物動(dòng)詞；本身意義完整,后

34、面不需跟賓語(yǔ)的叫不及物動(dòng)詞。 有些動(dòng)詞通常只作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。有些動(dòng)詞通常用作及物動(dòng)詞。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。 大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可以兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。如：study, sing等。 有些動(dòng)詞作及物動(dòng)詞與作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)的意義有所不同。如：know, wash等。 有些動(dòng)詞常和介詞 、副詞或其它詞類一起構(gòu)成固定詞組,形成短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如：listen,reply,wait,look.(2) 關(guān)于連系動(dòng)詞： 連系動(dòng)詞用來(lái)連接主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),連系動(dòng)詞后面常為形容詞。 常見(jiàn)的連系動(dòng)詞有

35、：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。 有些連系動(dòng)詞來(lái)源于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,意思也跟著變化：look(看看起來(lái))、feel(感覺(jué)、摸感到)、 smell(聞、嗅聞起來(lái))、taste(嘗嘗起來(lái))、turn(翻轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)變得)、grow(生長(zhǎng)變得)、get(得到、到達(dá)變得)、go(去變得),所不同的是,作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面不能跟形容詞。注釋 become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法區(qū)別：become表示“變成”,比較正式,通常不用將來(lái)時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。get也表

36、示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成,但是更加口語(yǔ)化,通常表示溫度、時(shí)間、歲數(shù)等變化。go表示“變得”,常見(jiàn)于某些短語(yǔ)中,后面常有形容詞bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成為、當(dāng)”,多用于將來(lái)時(shí)、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“變得”,常指逐漸的變化,表示身高、歲數(shù)的增長(zhǎng)。turn表示“變得”,指變?yōu)榕c原先不同的情況,通常指顏色等變化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了)/ He has got rich.(他變富了)/ He will be a scientist in the future.(將來(lái)他將成為科學(xué)家)/ My lit

37、tle brother has grown much taller in the past year.(在過(guò)去的一年里我的弟弟長(zhǎng)得高多了)/ The sandwich has gone bad.(那塊三明治已經(jīng)變壞)/ Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批評(píng)) her.(媽媽批評(píng)了他以后他的臉變紅了)(3) 關(guān)于助動(dòng)詞：常見(jiàn)的助動(dòng)詞有：用于進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成時(shí)的have(has,had,having) ;用于將來(lái)時(shí)的shall (shoul

38、d) ; will (would)和用于一般時(shí)的do(does,did) . 助動(dòng)詞必須同主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)一致,也就是說(shuō)因主語(yǔ)人稱、數(shù)的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助動(dòng)詞也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：shall, will, should, would. (4) 關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：常見(jiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面必須加動(dòng)詞的原形。 can表示體力、腦力方面的能力或客觀的可能性?？谡Z(yǔ)中,

39、 在詢問(wèn)或說(shuō)明一件事可不可以做時(shí),常用“can”代替“may”。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞“can”的過(guò)去式是“could”,否定式是“cannot”通常縮寫(xiě)成“cant”,“could”的否定式是“could not”,通?？s寫(xiě)成“couldnt”。如：Can I help you?(要幫忙嗎？)/ He can swim.(他會(huì)游泳)/ That cant be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生) may表示允許、請(qǐng)求或可能性,用may提問(wèn)時(shí),肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用cant或mustnt. 如：May I ask you a question?Certain

40、ly.(可以問(wèn)你一個(gè)問(wèn)題嗎？當(dāng)然可以)/ You may go now.(現(xiàn)在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里) must表示“必須”、“一定”的意思。表示“必須”時(shí)否定形式是mustnt；表示“一定”時(shí),否定形式是“cant” 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我們過(guò)馬路時(shí)一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那準(zhǔn)是杰克)/ I havent seen Kate today. She cant be here.(我今天沒(méi)有看到過(guò)凱特,她不可能在這里) 注意用

41、must(必須)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)時(shí),肯定回答用must,否定回答用neednt；用must(一定)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)時(shí),肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用cant.如：Must we clean the room before we leave? Yes,you must.或No,you neednt.(我們走之前必須要打掃房間嗎？是的,必須打掃。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm? Yes,she must.或No,she cant.(她一定在房間里嗎？是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。) “have to”表示“不得不”、“必須”。Well have to leave no

42、w for it is very late at night. have to的疑問(wèn)形式是：助動(dòng)詞+have to,否定形式是：助動(dòng)詞+not+have to或者用neednt.如：Do you have to stay until 8 oclock?(你得呆到8點(diǎn)鐘嗎？)/ You dont have to do so.(=You neednt do so.)(你不用這么做) shall在問(wèn)句中,可表示征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn),與第一人稱連用；在陳述句的第二、三人稱的主語(yǔ)后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允許”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend?(我們這個(gè)周末去動(dòng)

43、物園好嗎？)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必須帶自己的書(shū)來(lái)) should可表示“勸告”、“建議”、“驚奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我們應(yīng)該禮貌地對(duì)老人講話) will表示“意愿”、“決心”等意思,一般與第二人稱連用。如：Will you please close the door for me?(請(qǐng)你替我把門關(guān)上好嗎？)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教訓(xùn)你一頓)would表示過(guò)去的“意愿”、“決心”等。He would sit near t

44、he fire every time he returned home.(每次他回到家中總要坐在火爐邊)would也可以表示現(xiàn)在的情況,表達(dá)說(shuō)話人向?qū)Ψ教岢龅囊?語(yǔ)氣比“will”婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣。在日常會(huì)話中,“我想要”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(Id) like to”來(lái)表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你現(xiàn)在想要休息一下嗎？) would還可以表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who

45、 would save his people.(每一年父母?jìng)兛偸窍蚝⒆觽冎v述這個(gè)將會(huì)拯救他的人民的男孩的事) need表示“需要”,用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句?！皀eed”作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),在肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)句中都可以用。如：He neednt do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做這件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些幫助)/ He doesnt need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就無(wú)須帶上足球襪了) dare是“敢”的意思,用法幾乎與“need”完全相同,即在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中,可以作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,后面用不

46、帶“to”的動(dòng)詞不定式。在肯定句中和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一樣,后面的動(dòng)詞不定式要帶“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢說(shuō)我是個(gè)傻瓜？)/ He didnt dare to touch the red button.(他不敢觸碰那個(gè)紅色的按鈕) d better (do)(“最好是”)一般也當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用,否定式是：d better not (do). 如：Youd better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在這兒不講話)/ Youd better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要講話因?yàn)?/p>

47、他正在睡覺(jué)) 2、動(dòng)詞詞形變化一覽表：(1)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：規(guī) 則變 化原形動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾情況現(xiàn)在時(shí)單三人稱現(xiàn) 在 分 詞過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞一般情況+s+ing+eds,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾+es+ing+ed輔音字母+y結(jié)尾yi,+es+ingyi,+ed重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結(jié)尾+s雙寫(xiě)輔音字母,+ing雙寫(xiě)輔音字母,+ed不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾+s去掉e,+ing+die結(jié)尾+siey,+ing+d不規(guī)則變化havehas；beis(無(wú)) (見(jiàn)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表)注意：在加ing或ed時(shí)動(dòng)詞如果以“r”結(jié)尾,尾音節(jié)又重讀的動(dòng)詞,“r”應(yīng)雙寫(xiě)。s/es的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀s；在濁輔音后和元音后讀z；在 s

48、 、 F、z、tF、dV后讀iz.ed的讀音規(guī)則：在清輔音后讀t；在濁輔音后和元音后讀d；在t、d后讀id.(2)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：( 原形 過(guò)去式 過(guò)去分詞)be(am,is) wasbeenloselostlostbe(are) werebeenmakemademadebeat beatbeatenmaymightbecome becamebecomemeanmeantmeantbegin beganbegunmeetmetmetblowblewblownmistakemistookmistakenbreakbrokebrokenmustmustbringbroughtbroughtpay

49、paidpaidbuildbuiltbuiltputputputbuyboughtboughtreadreadReadcancouldrideroderiddencatchcaughtcaughtringrangrungchoosechosechosenriseroserisencomecamecomerunranruncostcostcostsaysaidsaidcutcutcutseesawseendigdugdugsellsoldsolddodiddonesendsentsentdrawdrewdrawnsetsetsetdrinkdrankdrunkshallshoulddrivedr

50、ovedrivenshineshoneshoneeatateeatenshowshowedshownfallfellfallenshutshutshutfeelfeltfeltsingsangsungfindfoundfoundsinksank/sunksunk/sunkenflyflewflownsitsetsetforgetforgotforgot/forgottensleepsleptsleptfreezefrozefrozensmellsmeltsmeltgetgotgotspeakspokespokengivegavegivenspendspentspentgowentgonespi

51、llspiltspiltgrowgrewgrownspoilspoiltspoilthanghung/hangedhung/hangedstandstoodstoodhave(has)hadhadsweepsweptswepthearheardheardswimswamswumhidehidhiddentaketooktakenhithithitteachtaughttaughtholdheldheldtelltoldtoldhurthurthurtthinkthoughtthoughtkeepkeptkeptthrowthrewthrownknowknewknownunderstandund

52、erstoodunderstoodlaylaidlaidwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedwearworewornleaveleftleftwillwouldlendlentlentwinwonwonletletletwritewrotewittenlielaylain3、be(“是/存在”)動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化：一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)一 般 將 來(lái) 時(shí)現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)I am.You are.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.(I等各人稱) will be.I am He/She/It is

53、 going to be We/You/They are I have been.You have been.She/he/It has been.We/You/They have been.一 般 過(guò) 去 時(shí)過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 時(shí)過(guò) 去 完 成 時(shí)I was.You were.He/She/It was.We/You/They were.(I等各人稱) would be.I was He/She/It was going to be We/You/They were I had been.You had been.She/he/It had been.We/You/They had been.注

54、意：句型變化時(shí),否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫(xiě)為nt (am后面not不可以縮寫(xiě))；疑問(wèn)句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。4、其它謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))的時(shí)態(tài)變化一覽表：現(xiàn)在 時(shí)態(tài)一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí)現(xiàn) 在 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)一 般 將 來(lái) 時(shí)現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞用原形(單三加s / es)(問(wèn)句和否定句借用助詞do / does)amis +動(dòng)詞-ingarewill + 動(dòng)詞原形amis +going to+動(dòng)詞原形arehave +過(guò)去分詞has過(guò)去 時(shí)態(tài)一 般 過(guò) 去 時(shí)過(guò) 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí)過(guò) 去 將 來(lái) 時(shí)過(guò) 去 完 成 時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式(問(wèn)句和否定句借用助詞did)was +動(dòng)詞-ingwerewo