專(zhuān)四語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)

1、專(zhuān)四語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)主從復(fù)合句和某些連接用語(yǔ)的用法主從復(fù)合句和某些連接用語(yǔ)的用法在歷年的英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)考試中占的分值最大，所涉及的考點(diǎn)也最多。根據(jù)從句在句子中的句法作用，分為三類(lèi)：名次性從句，形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。（一）名詞性從句一個(gè)句子在句法功能上起名詞的作用，在句中做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)介詞賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)，那么這個(gè)句子就是名詞性從句。名詞性從句1.what/whatever的用法2.whoever和whomever的區(qū)別3.有關(guān)同位語(yǔ)從句的問(wèn)題4.whether與if在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的區(qū)別5. 賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。6陳述句做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞that不能省略。但一般情況下，用it作形式主語(yǔ)。7特殊句型A

2、 is to B what C is to D.1.what/whatever的用法what是關(guān)系代詞，它起著引導(dǎo)從句并在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分這兩個(gè)作用。如：They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.(what既引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句又在從句中做主語(yǔ))Water will continue to be what it is todaynext in importance to oxygen.(what既引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句又在從句中做表語(yǔ))Whatever的用法主要有以下兩

3、點(diǎn)：1）、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，相當(dāng)于anything that，意思是“所的任何事情”，在語(yǔ)氣上比what更加強(qiáng)調(diào)。Whatever she did was right. 她所做的一切都是對(duì)的。Take whatever you want. 你想要什么就拿什么吧。2）、引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，相當(dāng)于no matter what，意思是“無(wú)論什么”，“不管什么”，whatever在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。Whatever happens，you mustnt lose your heart. 無(wú)論發(fā)生什么事情，你都不要喪失信心。 Whatever you do，do it well. 無(wú)論你做什

4、么事情都要把它做好。Whatever I am，it is useful to know foreign languages.無(wú)論我干什么，懂幾門(mén)外語(yǔ)總是有用的。You have to go on whatever difficulties you meet. 不管遇到什么困難你都得進(jìn)行下去。2.whoever和whomever的區(qū)別whoever和whomever相當(dāng)于anyone who，用主格與賓格取決于其在從句中做主語(yǔ)還是做賓語(yǔ)。如：They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first. (whoever在從句中做主語(yǔ))Giv

5、e it to whoever is at the table.3.有關(guān)同位語(yǔ)從句的問(wèn)題(1)引導(dǎo)詞通常為that, 一般在下列名詞之后：suggestion, news, fact, information,message等。但有時(shí)因名詞內(nèi)容的需要，也可由whether及連接副詞why, when, where, how引導(dǎo)。that不表示任何意義，其他詞表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等。如： We have heard the news that his car broke down halfway.This is my suggestion that we be the first to leav

6、e. （與虛擬語(yǔ)氣相結(jié)合） The problem, whether I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.(2)同位語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)與先行詞隔開(kāi)，注意識(shí)別。如：Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.4.whether與if在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的區(qū)別(1)主語(yǔ)從句只能用whether引導(dǎo)；if 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句只能用于it做形式主語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)中；Wheth

7、er he is still there is not certain. （主語(yǔ)從句）(2)whether一般多用于賓語(yǔ)從句的肯定式，而if引導(dǎo)的從句可以有否定式；(3)whether or not可以連在一起用，而if or not則不能，or not只能放在句末，構(gòu)成ifor not；I dont know whether / if he is still there. (賓語(yǔ)從句)I dont know whether or not he is still there.(4)whether可以引導(dǎo)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句，if則不能；(5)賓語(yǔ)從句提至謂語(yǔ)前面時(shí)，只能用whether引導(dǎo)；(6)在q

8、uestion, ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位語(yǔ)從句也用whether引導(dǎo)；(7)后接不定式時(shí)，只能用whether。5.動(dòng)詞believe, expect, fancy, imagine, suppose, think后的賓語(yǔ)從句如為否定式，一般將否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語(yǔ)上。6陳述句做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞that不能省略。但一般情況下，用it作形式主語(yǔ)。That he won the game is known to us all.It is known to us all that he won the game. (it 作形式主語(yǔ))7特殊句型A is to B wha

9、t C is to D. “A對(duì)于B就象C對(duì)于D一樣?！盇ir is to people what water is to fish. 空氣對(duì)于人就象水對(duì)于魚(yú)一樣重要。名詞性從句1.what/whatever的用法2.whoever和whomever的區(qū)別3.有關(guān)同位語(yǔ)從句的問(wèn)題4.whether與if在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)的區(qū)別5. 賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。6陳述句做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞that不能省略。但一般情況下，用it作形式主語(yǔ)。7特殊句型A is to B what C is to D.形容詞性(定語(yǔ))從句形容詞性從句在句法功能上相當(dāng)于形容詞的作用，可以在句子中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)，因此形容詞從句也叫作定語(yǔ)從

10、句。定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種，前者在其所引導(dǎo)的從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，主要有who，whom,which, that, whose, as, but等，后者在其所引導(dǎo)的從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，主要有when, where和why.形容詞性從句（定語(yǔ)從句）1.尤其要注意whose的用法2.介詞 + which的用法3.as 與which用作關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別4.關(guān)系代詞that與which用于引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別5.but做關(guān)系代詞，用于否定句1.尤其要注意whose的用法whose在從句中做定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞。所以，如果關(guān)系代詞后面緊接的是名詞，且關(guān)系代詞又不在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，那么，這個(gè)關(guān)系

11、代詞就應(yīng)該是whose。2.介詞 + which的用法如果從句中主賓成分齊全，便可考慮關(guān)系代詞是否在從句中做狀語(yǔ)，而狀語(yǔ)通常用介詞短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，于是可以得知，關(guān)系代詞前面應(yīng)有介詞，再分析所給的選項(xiàng)，根據(jù)與名詞的搭配作出正確選擇。如：We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.3.as 與which用作關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別(1)as與the same,

12、 such, as等關(guān)聯(lián)使用。As the forest goes, so gts animal life. I have such a good daughter as you have.(2)as和which都可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，但as在句中的位置比較靈活，可出現(xiàn)在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出現(xiàn)在句末，尤其是當(dāng)先行詞是整個(gè)句子時(shí)。如：As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.As is generally accepted, economic growth is determin

13、ed by the smoothdevelopment of production.常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)有：as has been said before, as has been mentioned above, as canbe imagined, as is known to all, as has been announced, as can be seen from these figures, as might/could be expected, as is often the case, as has been pointed out, as often happens, as wi

14、ll be shown等。4.關(guān)系代詞that與which用于引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別(1)如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語(yǔ)，用that, which都可以，而且可以省略；(2)先行詞是不定代詞anything, nothing, little, all, everything, something, all, much,somebody等時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that；(3)先行詞由形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾或由next，last, only, very, no, just等詞修飾時(shí)，用that；(4)先行詞是分別指人和物的并列短語(yǔ)時(shí)，用that；I didnt see a man and a horse tha

15、t went that way.(4)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句只能用which引導(dǎo)(5)關(guān)系代詞前面如果有介詞，只能用which。5.but做關(guān)系代詞，用于否定句相當(dāng)于whonot, thatnot這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是主句中常有否定詞或含有否定意義的詞。如：There are few teachers but know how to use a computer. There is no complicated problem but can be solved by a computer.There is no one but loves his country. (There is no one th

16、at does not love his country.)形容詞性從句（定語(yǔ)從句）1.尤其要注意whose的用法2.介詞 + which的用法3.as 與which用作關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別4.關(guān)系代詞that與which用于引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別5.but做關(guān)系代詞，用于否定句（三）副詞性(狀語(yǔ))從句副詞在句中起狀語(yǔ)作用，故如果起狀語(yǔ)作用的部分為一個(gè)句子，那么該句便是副詞性從句，也稱(chēng)狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)從句可細(xì)分為：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、原因、讓步、目的、結(jié)果、比較、方式等。狀語(yǔ)從句的測(cè)試重點(diǎn)為：考查對(duì)主句之間邏輯意義關(guān)系的把握，看其是否能選擇正確的從屬連詞。副詞性從句（狀語(yǔ)從句）1.條件狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)2

17、.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)3.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)4.原因狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)5. as 可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間、方式、原因狀語(yǔ)從句6not until 的用法7.while, whereas 引導(dǎo)對(duì)比從句8.sothat, with the result that, so much so that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句9.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虛擬語(yǔ)氣) 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句1.條件狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)(1)if與unless的用法。if和unless都是引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的連詞，考生應(yīng)尤其注意unless的用法，因?yàn)樗硎痉疵鏃l件，相當(dāng)

18、于if not“如果不”、“除非”。如：In debating, one must correct the opponents facts, deny the relevance of his proof,or deny that what he presents as proof, if relevant, is sufficient.(2)復(fù)合連詞as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition that，in the event that；動(dòng)詞及分詞provided(that)，providing(that)，given that,suppose/

19、supposing(that)，assuming，say等引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you dont mind taking the night train.Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test. In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. (如果)You can go sw

20、imming on condition that you dont go too far from the river bank.(如果)Suppose it rained, we would still go. (假如)Say it were true, what would you do about it? (假如)(3)祈使句表示條件eg：Dress warmly, or else youll catch cold.Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and youll soon discover that thescience of genetic

21、s is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.2.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的常考知識(shí)點(diǎn)(1)as 引導(dǎo)讓步從句，要求用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，把強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分置于句首。如：Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前 （形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。注意：1) 句首名詞不能帶

22、任何冠詞。2) 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞, 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ), 隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。Though he tries hard, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 雖然他盡了努力，但他的工作總做的不盡人意。A. Hard as he will try . B. Try hard as he will. = Hard as he will try, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.(2)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，有though，although時(shí)

23、，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though和yet可連用。(3)while引導(dǎo)讓步從句。如:Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldnt cheat under any circumstances.(4)復(fù)合連接詞for all thatFor all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldnt be seen

24、assubstitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.(5)Be 主語(yǔ)adj.or adj. 意思為無(wú)論 還是_, Ill marry him all the same. (TEM4-2004-42)A. Was he rich or poor B. Whether rich or poor C. Were he rich orpoor D. Be he rich or poor3.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)(1)before表示漢語(yǔ)的 “只有/必須才能”。如:New ideas sometimes have to wait fo

25、r years before they are fully accepted.(2)when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句時(shí)，如果出現(xiàn)在后半句，則表示“這/那時(shí)突然”。I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard thevoices.(3)when it comes to 是習(xí)慣用法，意為“當(dāng)談到時(shí)”。如：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this isespecially true when it comes t

26、o classroom tests.(4)名詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time,by the time起連詞作用。I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year. My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the firstman I met asked sympathetically: “Ar

27、e you feeling all right?”Mercurys velocity速度is so much greater than the Earths that it completes morethan four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one.(5)副詞directly, immediately, instantly, now引導(dǎo)時(shí)間從句, 相當(dāng)于as soon as。 The policemen went into action directly they heard

28、 the alarm.(6)since “自從以來(lái)”Since he came back from Beijing, he writing two novels. (since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，主句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))It three months since he came back from Beijing. (特殊結(jié)構(gòu)It is /has beensince)注意區(qū)別于原因狀語(yǔ)從句，since意思為“既然，由于”Since he is not here, we will not go on with the work. (since 表示顯而易見(jiàn)的原因，意思為既然，because 表示強(qiáng)烈

29、的因果關(guān)系，意思為因?yàn)?(7)by the time “到時(shí)間為止”。從句的時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí)，主句是將來(lái)完成時(shí)；從句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)時(shí)，主句是過(guò)去完成時(shí)。By the time you get to the railway station, the train will have left.By the time I got to the railway station, the train had left.4.原因狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)(1)in that引導(dǎo)原因從句時(shí),有時(shí)翻譯成“是因?yàn)椤薄ⅰ熬驮谟凇?。?Advertising is distinguished from other for

30、ms of communication in that theadvertiser pays for the message to be delivered. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.(2)now that表示 “既然”(與since相比，now that有時(shí)間意義，表示現(xiàn)在的情況)；seeing that, considering表示“鑒于”、“考慮到”。 Now that we have all the material re

31、ady, we should begin the new task at once.He did poorly in the examinations,ow hard he had tried for them. she is lawfully old enough to get married, I dont think you can stop7/20其他引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞語(yǔ)還有: for the (simple) reason that, by reasonthat, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。5. as 可

32、以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，為“當(dāng)，隨著”；原因狀語(yǔ)從句，為“由于”；方式狀語(yǔ)從句，為“按照，根據(jù)。”；讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，為“盡管”。As time goes by, he gradually forgets whathappened then.As I am a layman, youd better ask for others help.I will do as you say.Young as he is , he has become a famous professor.6not until 可用于正常語(yǔ)序、倒裝語(yǔ)序和強(qiáng)調(diào)句型He did not go to bed until he fini

33、shed his homework.Not until he finished his homework did he go to bed. It is not until he finished his homework that he went to bed.7.while, whereas 引導(dǎo)對(duì)比從句While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade, violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased

34、.A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile andreach out to another infant.8.sothat, with the result that, so much so that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句 Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at thatuniversity with the result that it has acquired substantial ex

35、perience in dealing with them. He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it.9.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虛擬語(yǔ)氣) 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句 Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exa

36、ctly what Johnwanted.副詞性從句（狀語(yǔ)從句）1.條件狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)2.讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的常考知識(shí)點(diǎn)3.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)4.原因狀語(yǔ)從句的?？贾R(shí)點(diǎn)5. as 可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間、方式、原因狀語(yǔ)從句6not until 的用法7.while, whereas 引導(dǎo)對(duì)比從句8.sothat, with the result that, so much so that 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句9.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虛擬語(yǔ)氣) 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句虛擬語(yǔ)氣 If 引導(dǎo)的從句類(lèi) her. 從句中的（should）do句

37、型類(lèi) 含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式常用虛擬形式的句型If 引導(dǎo)的從句類(lèi)(1)掌握主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的規(guī)范搭配:(2)混合時(shí)態(tài)的虛擬區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時(shí)間概念：注意：此類(lèi)虛擬語(yǔ)氣常常省略if，將從句中的系動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞提前，變成倒裝句。(3)識(shí)別事實(shí)和假設(shè)混合句：If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.(2)

38、混合時(shí)態(tài)的虛擬區(qū)分主從句表示的不同時(shí)間概念：主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所指時(shí)間不同，這叫做錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況來(lái)調(diào)整。如：Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反)Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.(主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，從句與過(guò)去事實(shí)

39、相反)注意：此類(lèi)虛擬語(yǔ)氣常常省略if，將從句中的系動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞提前，變成倒裝句。(3)識(shí)別事實(shí)和假設(shè)混合句：Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. (句子前半部分為假設(shè)情況，而“父母病了”是事實(shí))I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, bu

40、t Iwas fully occupied the whole of last week.(前半部分為假設(shè)，后半部分是事實(shí))2. 從句中的（should）do句型類(lèi)(1)下列動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)時(shí)，that賓語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request,9/20require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：In the past men generally preferred that their wi

41、ves work in the home. I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.注意：suggest，recommend，insist分別為“表明”，“推薦”和“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”講時(shí)不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。He insists that he is right.(2)下列名詞(大部分由(1)中的動(dòng)詞派生而來(lái))，接同位語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, re

42、quest, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：John Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry ishis insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.They keep telling us it is of utmost importance

43、that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.(3)下列形容詞和分詞做表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，that主語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞用虛擬形式：advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, comm

44、anded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如：The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.3.含蓄虛擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式含蓄虛擬語(yǔ)氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過(guò)if從句表達(dá)，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中。應(yīng)熟悉：(1)連詞but, but that, or, or el

45、se；副詞otherwise, unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。 如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger.Unfortunately, it was never done.Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened; otherwise he wouldnt have madesuch a stupid remark.(2)介詞短語(yǔ)暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable

46、conditions等。如：But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plan或was/were +不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished +不定式一般式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.(4)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣（neednt have done, could

47、have done, should have done, shouldnt have done） I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt.4.常用虛擬形式的句型(1)從句中動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去完成式表示虛擬的句型： would rather would as soon as though suppose had rather would sooner as if supposing provided, providing If only It is (high) time that(從句中動(dòng)詞只用過(guò)去式)如

48、：His wife would rather they didnt talk about the matter any more.Id rather you went by train, because I cant bear the idea of your being in anairplane in such bad weather.If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in myhands for a cry. My father always talks as though he

49、 were addressing a public meeting.4.常用虛擬形式的句型(2)If it were not for (與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)If it had not been for (與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反) 相當(dāng)于but for。如：If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.(3)If only謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視情況選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。如：If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into

50、 effect as soon as possible.If only he had talked to her sooner!If only I werent so tired!注意區(qū)別：Ill tell you, but only if you dont tell anyone else.(4)lest/for fear that/in case 從句謂語(yǔ)用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形。如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(5)whetheror有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用

51、法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian,Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly11/20非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的各種用法是英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)四級(jí)考試對(duì)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目要求中非常重要的一項(xiàng)，它包括三種形式: 不定式（infinitive），動(dòng)詞-ing（-ing partic

52、iple）形式和動(dòng)詞-ed (-ed participle)形式。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之所以得名，是因?yàn)樗荒塥?dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，不受主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的限制，但仍然具有動(dòng)詞的某些特征，在句中可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)及補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。（一）不定式 ( to v. )（二）動(dòng)名詞 ( v. ing)（三）分詞 (v. ing, v.ed)（四）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的其他考點(diǎn)1.不定式做主語(yǔ)(1)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語(yǔ)的介詞：不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語(yǔ)時(shí), 不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)則由of引導(dǎo)：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, c

53、lever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.Its clever of you to have invented such a device.(2)不定式做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)

54、：掌握常用不定式做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句型。注意不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth./ to have done注意區(qū)別與v.ing 形式作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：句型上的不同含義上的不同不定式的句型It is n. to do. It is my dream to become a super star in the future.It takes sb. some time to do sth. It took me three hours to fly b

55、ack to my hometown.It is adj. for sb to do sth. It is important for you to make a good preparationfor the coming test.It is adj. of sb to do sth. It is very kind of you to help us solve the problem. 動(dòng)詞ing形式適用的句型It is no use, no good, no fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore,etc.+ doing sth.

56、: It is no use crying over the split milk. It is good interesting, nice, pointless, useless, etc. + doing sth.: It is useless asking him for help.There is no doing.: There is no saying (telling) what may happen next. 想要說(shuō)出接下來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生什么是不可能的。含義上的不同(1)不定式作主語(yǔ)一般表示較為具體的動(dòng)作，而動(dòng)詞ing形式作主語(yǔ)則表示較為抽象的動(dòng)作。It is harmful fo

57、r you to drink too much. (具體的動(dòng)作)Drinking is not allowed for persons under 8. （抽象的概念）(2)時(shí)間的隱含意義不同：不定式表示動(dòng)作尚未開(kāi)始，動(dòng)詞ing則表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已知的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。To spend my summer vacation in Florida is my biggest dream these days.（還未開(kāi)始度假）Spending the summer vacation in Florida is quite a funny thing. （根據(jù)已有經(jīng)驗(yàn)）2.不定式做賓語(yǔ)不同的動(dòng)詞接不同的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式作賓語(yǔ)。掌握要求接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞： afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect