跨文化交際(UNIT 8)

1、2021/6/161Review of Unit 7 What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is the dominating time system in our culture?2. What is the right way of dealing with issues of space and privacy in an intercultural environment?2021/6/162Intercultural CommunicationUnit 8Cross-Cultural Perception 2021/6/163Wa

2、rm Up Please read the story on page 264 and fill in the blanks. What do you think of the story? &“I told the Englishman it was the 1 sporting thing to do, and he jumped. I told the Frenchman it was 2 chic; the German that it was a 3 command; the Italian that it was 4 forbidden; the Russian that it w

3、as 5 revolutionary; so they all jumped overboard.”&“And how did you get the American to jump?”&“No problem,” said the captain, “I told him he was 6 insured!”O(jiān)f course, what the story tells us about people of those different nations can only be partially true at best and we must be aware of such over

4、generalization and oversimplification in our perception of people of other cultures. 2021/6/164French Leave and Dutch Courage (p265-267) Do you know some terms and expressions in English that are formed with names of other nationalities?Danish pastry, Flemish bond, Irish stew, Italic handwriting, Po

5、rtuguese man-or-war, Russian roulette, Spanish fly, Scotch pine, Swiss roll, Turkish delight and Welsh rarebit;Belgian hare, Dutch barn, French letter, German measles, Greek gifts and Swedish drill.Among the English idioms mentioned in Reading I, some are emotionally “neutral” in that they only deal

6、 with “flora and fauna and products” that are not native to England. However, some other idioms may carry the British cultural values and attitudes to other nations.2021/6/165French Leave and Dutch Courage (p265-267) Do you know some terms and expressions in English that are formed with names of oth

7、er nationalities?For instance, idioms which are culturally neutral include:Danish pastry, Flemish bond, Irish stew, Italic handwriting, Portuguese man-or-war, Russian roulette, Spanish fly, Scotch pine, Swiss roll, Turkish delight and Welsh rarebit.Idioms which are culturally loaded include:Belgian

8、hare, Dutch barn, French letter, German measles, Greek gifts and Swedish drill. 2021/6/166French Leave and Dutch Courage (p265-267)Many idioms concerning other nations suggest that the Britishs used to hold others in derision and contempt. But all those related to the British themselves indicate tha

9、t the British used to view themselves in positive ways.Homework: Finish the Fill-in Task exercise (p268). What do they mean in the sentence? 2021/6/167Fill-in Task (p268)1. Excuse my French, but hes a bloody nuisance!2. The headmaster always talks to the pupils like a Dutch uncle.3. I dont understan

10、d this book at all, its all Greek to me!4. If you wanted me to go, why didnt you say so in plain English instead of making vague hints?5. Scratch a Russian, and youll find a Tartar. Do you understand what I mean?2021/6/168Fill-in Task (p268)6. Keep away from; his Irish is up.7. Ill have a couple of

11、drinks to give me Dutch courage.8. Its good to see that old film star enjoying a(n) Indian summer with her second highly acclaimed film this year.9. Before she left, she said a final goodbye and give him a long French kiss.10. The companies do not wish to Welsh on their debts to banker if though the

12、ir business seems to be not good at the moment. 2021/6/169Reading IIRead the article “Ethnocentrism and Ethnorelativism” (p272-276) .1. What is ethnocentrism?Most other cultures are backward compared with my culture.My culture should be the role model for other cultures.Other cultures should try to

13、be more like my culture.Most people from other cultures just dont know whats good or them.Most people would be happier if they lived like people in my culture.People in my culture have just about the best lifestyles of anywhere.Lifestyles in other cultures are not as valid as those in my culture.I d

14、o not cooperate with people who are different.2021/6/1610Reading IIRead the article “Ethnocentrism and Ethnorelativism (p272-276)”.1. What is ethnocentrism?I do not trust people who are different.I dislike interacting with people from different cultures.I have little respect for the values and custo

15、ms of other cultures.Other cultures are smart to look up to my culture.Other people are much the same as my people.Our way of doing things is the only right way. 2021/6/1611Reading IIEthnocentrism is negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of ones own culture. It is the techni

16、cal name for the view of things in which ones own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.It occurs when our nation is seen as the center of the world.In other words, it refers to our tendency to identify with our ingroup and to evaluate outgroups

17、and their members according to its standard. 2021/6/1612Reading IIIt is not suggested that ethnocentrism is always deliberate. Often the expression of ethnocentrism is a function of how we are socialized. (see examples on p273)Ethnocentrism often is expressed in the way people draw their maps. Peopl

18、e tend to draw maps of the world with their own country at the center and with other parts of the world depicted as peripheral.Ethnocentrism can all too easily lead to “us” versus “them” thought and language. The collective pronouns “us” and “them” become powerful influences on perception. The names

19、 given to “them” can be used to justify their suppression and even their extermination. (see the poem “We and They” on p280-281) 2021/6/1613Reading IIIt seems to be really impossible to eradicate ethnocentrism through education and intercultural exchange; however, they do help reduce the degree of e

20、thnocentrism, a sort of natural tendency, for people live in the context of their culture so they can hardly get rid of their cultures influences on their thinking, behaving and way of living. What one needs to do is to develop the attitude of ethnorelativism. What is ethnorelativism?It is just oppo

21、site to the attitude of ethnocentrism; it is cultural relativism. It involves the view that all cultures are of equal value and the values and behaviors of a culture can only be judged using that culture as a frame of reference.2021/6/1614Discovering Problems the stereotyped images of different cult

22、ures in the US (p276-278) and the stereotypes of Americans (p278-279) Since most of information we get about people of other nations comes from the mass media today, it is very difficult for us to avoid being greatly influenced by the media in our formation of impressions of other peoples, and our i

23、mpressions tend to become stereotypes that may hinder us from truly understanding those peoples in intercultural communication.Besides, what impressions we have formed about people of other nations may also be different from what they view themselves. For instance, it has been noted that there often

24、 exists a disparity between the way U.S people think of themselves and the way they are viewed by foreigners. Please look at the results of a survey in the following: 2021/6/1615Discovering ProblemsU.S Persons Views of Themselves Informal, friendly, casual Egalitarian Direct, aggressive Efficient Go

25、al/achievement oriented Profit oriented Individualistic Progressive Enthusiastic Open Foreigners Views of U.S Persons Undisciplined, too personal & familiar Insensitive to status Blunt, rude, oppressive Obsessed with time, opportunistic Promise more then they deliver Materialistic Self-absorbed Tend

26、 to equate “new” with “best” Deceptive Untrustworthy 2021/6/1616Culture and Perception (p281-284) A Basic Model of Human Perception: (1) Sensation, (2) Perception, (3) Selection, (4) Organization, (5) Interpretation. Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their env

27、ironment. It refers to the initial detection of energy from the physical world. Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people and their behavior through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory info

28、rmation. 2021/6/1617Culture and Perception (p281-284) A Basic Model of Human Perception: (1) Sensation, (2) Perception, (3) Selection, (4) Organization, (5) Interpretation. Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us. Organization: It

29、 is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way. Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding. 2021/6/1618Barriers to Accurate Perception in Intercultural Communication(1) Ignoring Details, (

30、2) Over-generalizing,(3) Holding on to Preconceptions and Stereotypes,(4) Imposing Consistency,(5) Preconnecting Causes and Effects,(6) Preferring Simple Explanations,(7) Ignoring Circumstances,(8) Crediting Irrelevant Information,(9) Focusing on the Negative,(10) Seeing Good or Bad.2021/6/1619Stere

31、otype and Prejudice (p292-295) StereotypeA stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with no distinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we used to categorize a group of people.PrejudiceTrue prejudices are those nega

32、tive attitudes directed toward groups, especially racial and religious groups, that are formed by highly personal and unreasoned generalizations about all or most members of the group. 2021/6/1620Stereotype and Prejudice (p292-295) Direct results of prejudice: the formation of ingroups and outgroups

33、. Main causes of racial prejudice:ignorance: it leads to indifference and hostility.insecurity: it leads to fear. Classifications of prejudice:Red-neck racism: based on some imagined standard; formal education.Symbolic racism: expressed in terms of threats to peoples basic values and to the status q

34、uo.Tokenism: certain people harbor negative feelings about a given group but do not want to admit this fact to themselves; they engage in unimportant, but positive intergroup behaviors, thus they can effuse to perform more important intergroup behaviors.2021/6/1621Stereotype and Prejudice (p292-295)

35、 Classifications of prejudice:Arms-length prejudice: certain people engage in friendly, positive behavior toward outgroup members in certain situations but hold those same outgroup members at an “arms length” in other situations.Real likes and dislikes: members of the group engaged in behaviors that

36、 people dislike; should be given more attention.The familiar and unfamiliar: to experience behaviors or ideas that are unfamiliar and hence feel uncomfortable; a lack of understanding and an insensitivity regarding other cultural groups. 2021/6/1622Stereotype and Prejudice (p292-295) Relation among

37、stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination:When cognitions (stereotypes) are assigned values (prejudice), we may enact biased action (eg. discrimination). Prejudice varies principally along the dimension of intensity. Five common forms of prejudice can be identified in terms of intensity: verbal abus

38、e, physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack, and massacre. How to overcome stereotypes and prejudice:Empathy is the main communication skill we should learn to solve the problem through the face-to-face interaction. Empathic persons know how to show understanding by projecting themselves

39、into their partners position. This means that to be empathic in intercultural interactions we need to be open-minded in terms of information sharings, to be imaginative in correctly drawing the picture of others situation, and to show a commitment or strong willingness to understand our culturally d

40、ifferent partners in any kind of situation.2021/6/1623Case StudyCase 29 (Page 285) In this case, both the white people (the Virginia Government) and the Indians were ethnocentric. The white people seemed to believe that their learning and sciences were without doubt superior to the Indians learning.

41、 They didnt expect that what they considered as good for the Indian youth would be taken as “totally good for nothing” by the Indians, to whom, the white peoples learning and sciences could be inapplicable in their living environment and irrelevant to the way they preferred to live. On the other han

42、d, the Indians were also somewhat ethnocentric when they implied that their education was better by asking the white people to send their sons to be educated by the Indians and promising that they would be able to “make men of them” through instructing them in all the Indians knew. 2021/6/1624Case S

43、tudyCase 30 (Page 286-287) It is said that the event which really marked a dividing point in Western images of China was the visit of U. S. President Richard Nixon to China in February 1972. “A week that changed the World” was Nixons characterization of his own trip and his view was shared by many Americans, because it symbolized that the U