一輪復(fù)習(xí)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞講義

1、第10講 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（要點(diǎn)透析）教案【考點(diǎn)定位】 考綱解讀和近幾年考點(diǎn)分布高考研究非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是動(dòng)詞用法中最為復(fù)雜的部分之一，它不僅有時(shí)態(tài)的變化、語(yǔ)態(tài)的不同，而且還要格外注意它所表達(dá)的邏輯關(guān)系，這些都已經(jīng)成為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法的難點(diǎn)。近年來(lái)，高考對(duì)該語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象的滲透日趨明顯和突出，所牽扯到的焦點(diǎn)問(wèn)題主要有：現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)；現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞句法功能；現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞用法的區(qū)別和辨析；現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)及其構(gòu)成；現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞在上下文中的聯(lián)系和紐帶作用等。另外，對(duì)于動(dòng)詞不定式主要考查一些固定搭配、固定句型和在句子中的句法功能；動(dòng)名詞主要考查在一些動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)的用法等。預(yù)測(cè)今

2、后高考非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞將是考點(diǎn)中最重要的?！究键c(diǎn)pk】 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括不定式(to do)、動(dòng)名詞(ing)、現(xiàn)在分詞(ing)與過(guò)去分詞(ed)。它們不受主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的限制，在句子中不能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)，但可以充當(dāng)句子的其他成分，并且有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。所以，要正確使用非謂語(yǔ)形式，一定要充分理解不同形式所表現(xiàn)的意義，要明確非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是“主動(dòng)”還是“被動(dòng)(或狀態(tài))”，所表示的動(dòng)作是“過(guò)去”、“現(xiàn)在”還是“將來(lái)”，以及和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同步發(fā)生還是有先后之分。 形式對(duì)比項(xiàng)目動(dòng)詞不定式(to do)動(dòng)名詞(doing)現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)過(guò)去分詞(done)意義相當(dāng)于名詞、形容詞、副詞，往

3、往有將來(lái)意味相當(dāng)于名詞，指經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作相當(dāng)于形容詞、副詞，往往有現(xiàn)在意味相當(dāng)于形容詞、副詞，本身兼有被動(dòng)、完成意義充當(dāng)句子成分主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)形式主動(dòng)一般式 to do doingdoingdone被動(dòng)式 to be done being donebeing done無(wú)主動(dòng)完成式 to have done having donehaving done無(wú)被動(dòng)完成式to have been done having been donehaving been done無(wú)否定式在上述各種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式之前直接加n

4、ot 【考點(diǎn)透析】一、不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)1. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)常用以下句型：It isno use/gooddoing sth. 而不定式作主語(yǔ)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)。It was no use sending him to a hospital.Its very hard to learn an art.2. 當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞帶邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，只可在其前加上物主代詞或名詞的所有格，不可以用人稱代詞主格和賓格，也不可以用名詞的普通格。His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him)Jacks suddenly disappearing made them wor

5、ried. (不可用Jack)3for/of sb. to do sth.中for或of無(wú)意義。如果介詞后的名詞或代詞與其前面的形容詞存在邏輯上的主系表關(guān)系，則該介詞用of，反之，則須用for。在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel，selfish, wicked

6、, wrong等后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)。I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. It was wise of him to do that.二、不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)1. 動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以帶邏輯主語(yǔ)。此時(shí)，帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的既可以是物主代詞或名詞的所有格，也可以是人稱代詞賓格和名詞的普通格。Do you mind my/me reading your paper? She doesnt like Mary /Marys talking that way. 2. 常見(jiàn)的帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞如下：(利用口訣進(jìn)行記憶。事實(shí)上，口訣

7、內(nèi)的動(dòng)詞后跟動(dòng)詞不定式幾乎都有將來(lái)意味。)想要干 want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim, would like/love, desire, swear 早打算 plan, prepare, mean, arrange同意否 agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford問(wèn)問(wèn)看 ask, beg, (ask to do 要求做)決定了 decide, determine, make up ones mind, be determined盡力干 try, manage

8、(反義詞fail), struggle, strive 努力做 care 別裝蒜 pretend3. 介詞以及少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(“動(dòng)詞不定式口訣”以外的動(dòng)詞)和詞組后只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)： admit，dislike，appreciate，avoid，enjoy，bear(忍受)，envy，cant help(不禁)，delay，escape, cant stand(受不了)，deny，excuse(借口)，consider(考慮)，fancy，mind，miss(錯(cuò)過(guò))，mention, finish，pardon，resist，forgive，imagine，risk，practise，sugges

9、t(建議)，keep，quit，put off, give up, feel like, be worth, set about, burst out, be/get/become used to(習(xí)慣于), look forward to, pay attention to, devoteto, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能勝任), turn to(求助于)等。 I appreciate having been given the opportunit

10、y to study abroad two years ago.He used to be late for work, but now he has been used to getting up early.4. 動(dòng)詞advise/allow/permit/forbid后可跟doing，也可跟sb. to do。You would be well advised to stay indoors.The teacher advised taking a different approach.5. need, require, want作“需要”解時(shí)，其后必須用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式或不定式的被動(dòng)式

11、作賓語(yǔ)，表示某事需要被做。be worth后須用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。The road is covered with some fallen trees and they need removing/to be removed immediately.6. 有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)有差別，如forget, stop, remember, regret, try, mean, go on, propose等。 try to do努力、企圖做 try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法 mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味著 go on to do 繼而(

12、去做另外一件事情) go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒(méi)有做完的事情) propose to do 打算(要做某事) propose doing建議(做某事)like /love/hate/ prefer to do 表示具體行為；doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念，如果這幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞前有should/would，其后賓語(yǔ)只跟不定式，不能跟動(dòng)名詞。Dont you remember seeing the man before? You must remember to leave tomorrow. I should like to see him tomorrow.7. 固定句型1)Ther

13、e is no use (good/point/sense/harm)doing sth.做某事沒(méi)用(不好/意義/重要性) There is no use crying over spilt milk.2)have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun (in) doing He had a good time in travelling abroad this summer vacation.3)spend/waste/lose time (in) doing sth. They cant lose time play

14、ing computer games as usual.4)There is no doing“不可能” There is no telling what he is going to do.5)prevent/stop/keep sb./sth. from doing阻止做Nothing can stop him from realizing his dream.【疑難點(diǎn)擊】1. do/did/doesnothing/anything/everythingbut(except)動(dòng)詞原形，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是do/did/does，所跟的不定式須帶to。Last night I did nothi

15、ng but watch TV.The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.2. can not (help/choose) but do，can do nothing but do，have no choice/alternative to do表示“不得不”。 When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift. 3. 作動(dòng)詞expect，like，mean，i

16、ntend，want，prefer，hate等的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)，在mind, object to等后面用there being。作狀語(yǔ)多用there being結(jié)構(gòu)。We dont want there to be any comrades lagging behind.I dont mind there being a chair here. There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself.4. 為避免重復(fù)，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, pl

17、an, need, mean, forget, refuse, tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等動(dòng)詞后面再次出現(xiàn)相同的不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常出現(xiàn)單獨(dú)使用的to，而把曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)的動(dòng)詞省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be, have, have been時(shí)，要保留這些詞。John didnt pass his driving test, but I expected him to. Hasnt he finished writing the report? No, but he ought to have. Arent y

18、ou the headmaster? No, and I dont want to be.三、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ)1不定式作表語(yǔ)一般表示具體動(dòng)作，特別是表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，表示抽象的一般性的行為。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.His hobby is collecting stamps.2. 表心理狀態(tài)的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising,

19、pleasing等形容詞化分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示“令人的”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示“感到”，也可用修飾體現(xiàn)內(nèi)心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名詞作主語(yǔ)。Travelling is interesting but tiring. The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.3. 除be done外

20、， get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系動(dòng)詞都可跟done。如remain seated/hidden, get paid/dressed/changed/stuck/hurt/injured/burnt等。What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour. 四、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作定語(yǔ) 1. 不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)通常后置，即作后置定語(yǔ)，表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Wed better find some work for the children to do. He is th

21、e first one to help me with computer.(名詞前有序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)時(shí)用不定式作定語(yǔ))She bought a bookshelf to put her books on.(不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的不定式作定語(yǔ)，要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，這里的介詞不能省去。)Your ability to analyze the problem really surprised us.動(dòng)詞的ing形式作定語(yǔ)，表所修飾的人或物的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，可以表正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也可表經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)，還可表示被修飾詞的某種用途。He was an

22、 inspiring leader.The boy lying on the ground was a student.過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示已經(jīng)完成的或表被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。He is an experienced teacher.The book published in March sells well.2當(dāng)作定語(yǔ)的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式既可用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，也可用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但其含義不同。Do you have anything to send?你有什么東西要寄嗎？(to send的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是“你”。)Do you have anything to be sent?你有什

23、么東西要(我或別人)寄嗎？(不是you寄，是別人寄) 3. 一些形容詞化的過(guò)去分詞表示已完成的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，意為“已經(jīng)的”。a fallen leaf落葉(已經(jīng)落在地上)(a falling leaf 飄零的落葉，尚在空中)a developed country 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家(a developing country 發(fā)展中國(guó)家)a risen sun 升起的太陽(yáng)(a rising sun 冉冉升起的太陽(yáng))boiled water 開水 (boiling water 沸水) a returned student 歸國(guó)學(xué)生a retired worker 退休工人 an advanced wor

24、ker 先進(jìn)工作者a bent branch 彎曲的樹枝 determined opposition 強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)a devoted soldier 忠誠(chéng)的士兵 a wellinformed professor 見(jiàn)多識(shí)廣的教授【疑難點(diǎn)擊】(1)The man who came this morning is our legal adviser.() The man coming this morning is our legal adviser. (不能用doing表達(dá)過(guò)去動(dòng)作) (2)Is there anyone who can answer this question? ()Is ther

25、e anyone answering this question? ( 用answering表達(dá)can answer的意思是錯(cuò)的)(3)Those who have finished their work can go home now.()Those having finished their work can go home now. (完成式不能作定語(yǔ))2. drink, learn, sink, light都有兩種形式的過(guò)去分詞，但作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，只用拼寫較長(zhǎng)的過(guò)去分詞。a drunken driver 喝醉酒的司機(jī) a learned lawyer 博學(xué)的律師a sunken ship 沉

26、船 a lighted candle 點(diǎn)著的蠟燭3. 不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞和不定式邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式往往用主動(dòng)形式。Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon?五、不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ) 1動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)表示目的、結(jié)果、原因等。目的狀語(yǔ)還可以用in order to或so as to來(lái)表示，但so as to不能置于句首，only to do, soas to do和suchas to do中的不定式均作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。only to do表示出人意料的結(jié)果。She did all she could to save him.They lifted

27、 a rock only to drop it on their own feet.In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.He was so angry as to be unable to speak. 動(dòng)詞ing形式一般式(doing)與句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生；完成式(having done)表示該動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生。Hearing the news, they got excited.Not having received an answer, he decided to write another

28、 letter.過(guò)去分詞和動(dòng)詞ing形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致，且和句中主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成邏輯上的主語(yǔ)或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，否則不能作狀語(yǔ)。但獨(dú)立成分，如Generally speaking, Judging from等除外。過(guò)去分詞的一般形式(done)同動(dòng)詞的ing形式的完成被動(dòng)式(having been done)均與句中主謂構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生。Given(Having been given) a wrong number, I couldnt contact him over phone.Being blind, how could they see an el

29、ephant?2. 不定式(to do sth.)作目的和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)總是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后發(fā)生，而分詞一般式(doing sth.)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)總是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。He worked deep into the night, preparing a speech for the president.(worked與preparing同時(shí)發(fā)生)I got up very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family.(got up先，prepare breakfast后)【疑難點(diǎn)擊】1. tooto do表示肯定的情況當(dāng)only

30、too和 all too與動(dòng)詞不定式連用時(shí)，表示肯定意義。too ready (anxious，eager, glad, willing)to do，其后的動(dòng)詞不定式具有肯定意義。never(not)tooto句型為“不會(huì)太所以能”之意。Im only too pleased to help you.They are all too enthusiastic to take part in the activity.One is never too old to learn. She did not get up too late to catch the early bus. 2. devo

31、te，absorb，lose，seat，dress，hide等動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)時(shí)可以用它們的ed形式(devoted, absorbed，lost，seated，dressed，hidden)或ingoneself形式(devoting/absorbing/losing/seating/dressing/hiding oneself)。Seating himself/Seated/Sitting in the room, he is absorbed in reading.Have you noticed the student losing himself/lost in thought?3

32、. 有些to do 短語(yǔ)，doing短語(yǔ)和done 短語(yǔ)已經(jīng)當(dāng)作插入語(yǔ)使用，此時(shí)，句子的主語(yǔ)在邏輯上與它們不存在主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系：to tell you the truth(實(shí)話說(shuō))，needless to say(不用說(shuō))，to be honest/ frank(老實(shí)說(shuō)，坦白說(shuō))，to be more exact(更確切地說(shuō))，to make things worse (更糟的是)，not to mention(更不用說(shuō))generally/frankly/roughly speaking (一般說(shuō)來(lái)/坦白說(shuō)/粗略地說(shuō))，considering(鑒于/考慮到)，judging by/from(

33、從來(lái)看，依據(jù)來(lái)判斷)，supposing that(假定)，providing that(假定)，according to(依據(jù)), including(包括)，owing to(由于)，talking/speaking of (談及)given(考慮到), provided that(如果)Generally speaking，the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：n./pron.doing/done/to do/adv./adj./prep.短語(yǔ)前后主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)，分詞作狀語(yǔ)需有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，且分詞與

34、邏輯主語(yǔ)之間存在著邏輯上的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系，此時(shí)，視為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。若把獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)還原為狀語(yǔ)從句，則主句的主語(yǔ)與從句的主語(yǔ)是不同的。It being Sunday, we neednt go to school. Because it is Sunday, we neednt go to school.All the work done, you can have a rest. If all the work is done, you can have a rest.5. 連詞分詞(短語(yǔ)) 有時(shí)為使分詞短語(yǔ)與主句關(guān)系更清楚，可在分詞前加連詞。連詞有when, while, if, unles

35、s, though, after, before, as等。但分詞的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)必須為同一個(gè)。While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.He will not attend the party unless invited.六、不定式和分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 1. like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order, allow，invite, force, ask, cause, adv

36、ise, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach，lead等動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)to do sth.，賓語(yǔ)與to do 為主動(dòng)關(guān)系?！咎貏e提醒】My father permits me to surf the Internet at the weekend. hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do2. 感官動(dòng)詞see, observe, hear, notice，watch, feel, look at, listen to 賓語(yǔ)do sth.(主動(dòng)，全過(guò)程或經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作)doing(主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行)done(被

37、動(dòng)，完成)若感官動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，則to 要還原；She saw the old man cross the road. The old man was seen to cross the road.The children were last seen playing by the river.We are glad to see our child taken good care of.3. get/send/set 賓語(yǔ)doing表示“使起來(lái)”，動(dòng)作由靜止到運(yùn)動(dòng)并持續(xù)下去；get賓語(yǔ)to dolet/have sb. do表示“讓某人做某事”；get賓語(yǔ)donehave sth. done表示“使某事被做”；send賓語(yǔ)to do表示“派某人去做某事”Finally I got my car running.His words sent me thinking. The teacher often gets us to recite texts.Id like to get my car cleaned before the New Year. To our surprise, he was sent to work abroad.4. 使役動(dòng)詞make/let賓語(yǔ)do/done；賓語(yǔ)與do