美國文學(xué)1stPart

1、American LiteratureA Birds-eye View of American LiteraturePart 1: Colonial America From the settlement of America in the early seventeenth century through the end of the eighteenth Major topic: American Puritanism Major figures: Jonathan Edwards 喬納森喬納森愛德華茲愛德華茲 Benjamin Franklin 本杰明本杰明富蘭克林富蘭克林Part 2:

2、 American Romanticism Time: covers the first half of the nineteenth century Background: Following the nations political independence, theres a rising America with its ideals of democracy & equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences such as Walter Sco

3、ttPre-Romanticism Washington Irving 華盛頓華盛頓歐文歐文: inspiring the American romantic imagination eg: The Sketch Book 見聞札記見聞札記 (Rip Van Winkle李伯大夢李伯大夢, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow )睡谷傳說睡谷傳說 James Fenimore Cooper庫柏庫柏: offering some fictional version of the American national experience of adventure into the

4、 wilderness of the American West eg: Leatherstocking Tales 皮襪子故事集皮襪子故事集New England Transcendentalism/ American Renaissance(1836-1855)The culmination of American Romanticism Ralph Waldo Emerson愛默生愛默生: leading Transcendentalist, optimism Nature自然自然: the manifesto of American Transcendentalism The Amer

5、ican Scholar美國學(xué)者美國學(xué)者: Americas Declaration of Intellectual Independence Henry David Thoreau梭羅梭羅: Walden 瓦爾登湖瓦爾登湖Post-Romanticism Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑霍桑: a blackness of vision The Scarlet Letter Herman Melville梅爾維爾梅爾維爾 : not optimistic, not hopeful Moby Dick 白鯨白鯨 Walt Whitman惠特曼惠特曼: Leaves of Grass

6、紅字紅字草葉集草葉集Post-Romanticism Emily Dickinson狄金森狄金森: completely original way of writing Edgar Allan Poe愛倫坡愛倫坡: the most contoversial & misunderstood of American writers Harriet Beecher Stowe比徹比徹: Uncle Toms Cabin 湯姆叔叔的小屋湯姆叔叔的小屋Part 3: The Age of Realism The Civil War (1861-1865) brought the Romantic Pe

7、riod to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It goes against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism, and expresses the concern for the commonplace and the low, offering an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. William Dean Howells豪威爾斯豪威爾斯 Henry

8、James亨利亨利詹姆斯詹姆斯: international theme psychological realism Mark Twain: local colorist The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (fathered modern American literature)馬克馬克吐溫吐溫 哈克貝里哈克貝里芬歷險(xiǎn)記芬歷險(xiǎn)記Part 4: American NaturalismHistorical Background In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development o

9、f industry & modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent & essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless & hopeless. They saw mans life governed by the two forces of heredity & environment, forces absolut

10、ely beyond mans control. Emile Zola 左拉左拉 Stephen Crane斯蒂芬斯蒂芬克萊恩克萊恩: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (the first American naturalistic work) The Red Badge of Courage 紅色英勇勛章紅色英勇勛章 Frank Norris弗蘭克弗蘭克諾里斯諾里斯: McTeague 麥克提格麥克提格 (the manifesto of American naturalism) 街頭女郎麥吉街頭女郎麥吉 Theodore Dreiser德萊賽德萊賽: Siste

11、r Carrie (the work in which naturalism attained maturity) O. Henry: short stories Jack London: scathing social criticism嘉莉妹妹嘉莉妹妹歐歐亨利亨利杰克杰克倫敦倫敦Part 5: Modernism The First World War made America a different country, and its literature underwent a substantial change.Poetry Ezra Pound 龐德龐德: the father o

12、f modern American poetry Cantos 詩章詩章 (Imagism: the economy of expression, the use of a dominant image) T.S. Eliot艾略特艾略特 : the most important literary figure of the period The Waste Land 荒原荒原(spiritual poverty)Poetry William Carlos Williams威廉斯威廉斯: simple, direct, formless Wallace Stevens斯蒂文斯斯蒂文斯: art

13、 is to create order out of a world of chaos & confusion E. E. Cummings 康明斯康明斯 Robert Lee Frost 弗羅斯特弗羅斯特: full of life, truth, and wisdom, not always sunny & happy L（a l e af fa ll s） one l iness Novel F. Scott Fitzgerald 菲茨杰拉德菲茨杰拉德: The Great Gatsby 了不起的蓋茨比了不起的蓋茨比 (the frustration & despair resultin

14、g from the falilure of the American dream) Ernest Hemingway: portray the dilemma of modern man utterley thrown upon himself for survival in an indifferent world, reveal mans impotence & his despairing courage to assert himself against overwhelming odds brought the colloquial style to near-perfection

15、海明威海明威 William Faulkner ?？思{?？思{ (The Southern Renaissance): made the history of the Deep South the subject of the bulk of his work, and created a symbolic picture of the remote past Yoknapatawpha 約克納帕塔法郡約克納帕塔法郡: a microcosm of the whole macrocosmic nature of human experienceBlack American LiteratureI

16、nspired by the myth of deliverance from slaveryRemained for a long time as oral traditions, folksongs & oratoriesWritten Black literature appeared in the 18th, esp. the 19th centuryBlack American Literature Frederick Douglass道格拉斯道格拉斯: My Bondage and My Freedom Booker T. Washington布克布克華盛頓華盛頓: struggl

17、e against discrimination as the postbellum African American leader W. E. B. DuBois杜波伊斯杜波伊斯: The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches黑人的靈魂黑人的靈魂Black American LiteratureThe Harlem Renaissance 哈萊姆文藝復(fù)興哈萊姆文藝復(fù)興: the 1920s, an upsurge of Black literature Langston Hughes 蘭斯頓蘭斯頓休斯休斯Black literature come

18、of age: the 1940s Richard Wright理查德理查德賴賴特特: Native Son土生子土生子Black American LiteratureRalph Ellison拉爾夫拉爾夫埃利森埃利森 Invisible Man Toni Morrison托妮托妮莫里森莫里森 Beloved Alice Walker艾麗絲艾麗絲沃克沃克: The Color Purple Alex Haley艾力克斯艾力克斯. 哈雷哈雷: Roots 看不見的人看不見的人寵兒寵兒紫色紫色根根American DramaAmerican Drama Eugene ONeill 尤金尤金奧尼爾

19、奧尼爾: nihilistic, nightmarish Clifford Odets奧達(dá)茨奧達(dá)茨: Waiting for Lefty Tennessee Williams威廉姆斯威廉姆斯 Arthur Miller 亞瑟亞瑟米勒米勒 Death of a Salesman Edward Albee愛德華愛德華阿爾比阿爾比等待左翼分子等待左翼分子推銷員之死推銷員之死Part 6: American Literature since1945 Literature is of robust energey & bustling activity: the war novel, the south

20、ern novel, the Jewish novel, the Beat novel, the black novel fantasy, surrealism, non-fiction, meta-fiction, science-fiction, parody, pop literature Saul Bellow 索爾索爾貝婁貝婁 Seize the day J. D. Salinger 塞林格塞林格 The Catcher In The Rye Joseph Heller約瑟夫約瑟夫海勒海勒 Catch-22 (black humour) Flannery OConnor 奧康納奧康納

21、 Allen Ginsberg 金斯堡金斯堡 Howl (Beat Generation)勿失良辰勿失良辰麥田里的守望者麥田里的守望者第第22條軍規(guī)條軍規(guī)嚎叫嚎叫 Part 1: Colonial America(early 17th century-the end of the 18th) American Puritanism Jonathan Edwards Benjamin Franklin Puritans serious & religious, advocating highly religious & moral principles Gods chosen people, m

22、eant to build a new Garden of Eden Idealists, religion was of primary importance, original sin, Gods grace More practical A doctrinaire opportunist Puritans Attacked for: religious intolerance & bigotry, austerity of taste & killjoy way of life Comparison: Puritanism & Chinese ConfucianismPuritanism

23、 & Literature American literature is based on a myth, that is, the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. American literature is a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritan bequest. The puritans dreamed of living under a perfect order and worked with indomitable courage & confi

24、dent hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America. A tremendous amount of optimism Emerson: saw the American as Adam himself reborn, standing simple & sincere before the world Thoreau: an Adam in his Eden Whitman: rapturous at the sight of the Americans bustling with activity as the children

25、 of Adam restored to lost paradise Henry James: the innocence & simplicity of his Americans as so many NewmansPuritanism & Literature A mood of frustration or despair in the works of especially later periods: at the latter end of weal stands woe when the dream did not materialize, and when only a Gi

26、lded Age came instead of the anxiously expected GoldenPuritanism & Literature The American Puritans metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. Physical life was simultaneously spiritual; every passage of life, enm

27、eshed in the vast context of Gods plan, possessed a delegated meaning. The world was, in a word, one of multiple significance. Puritanism & Literature The puritans have been abhorred for their austerity & rigidity in matters of taste, notorious, in a manner of speaking, for their distaste for the ar

28、ts & for any manifestation of sensuous beauty. With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple & direct; the rhetoric is plain & honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.The Literary Scene in Colonial America The early poets were in fact s

29、ervants of God. In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, if there was any form at all, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted.Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)布萊德斯特律布萊德斯特律 Tenth MuseContemplations (9) I heard the merry grassho

30、pper then sing. The black-clad cricket bear a second part; They kept one tune and played on the same string, Seeming to glory in their little art. Shall creatures abject thus their voices raise And in their kind resound their Makers praise, Whils I, as mute, can warble forth no higher lays?Edward Ta

31、ylor(1642-1729)愛德華愛德華泰勒泰勒 a meditative poet a Puritan poet, concerned about how his images speak for GodThomas Paine(1737-1809)托馬斯托馬斯潘恩潘恩 His works are of revolutionary & inflammatory character Common Sense American Crisis The Rights of Man The Age of Reason 常識常識美國危機(jī)美國危機(jī)人權(quán)人權(quán)理性時(shí)代理性時(shí)代Philip Freneau(17

32、52-1832) Dawning nationalism: The Rising Glory of America 蒸蒸日上的美洲蒸蒸日上的美洲 Lyric quality, sensuous images, fresh perception of nature, noble savagery: The Wild Honey Suckle 野忍冬花野忍冬花 Two basic patterns of thought in 18th century America Enlightenment, reason, order, deism the best way to worship God is

33、 to study his handiwork, and to do good things to mankind The persistent Calvinist belief that God was all, and man was, since the Fall, basically evil and enslaved by his sense of sin, all he could do was to worship the Almighty and hopeJonathan Edwards(1703-1758)愛德華滋愛德華滋 The last great voice that

34、was ever heard in America to reassert the Calvinist stance His works reveal his medieval mind. He represents the element of piety, the religious passion, the aspect of emotion & ecstacy, of the New England tradition. He discovered a dynamic world filled with the presence of God. And he urges his peo

35、ple to enjoy the sweetness of conversion, the change of heart with the help of the grace of God. A good deal of a transcendentalistJonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will 論意志自由論意志自由 The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 原罪說辯原罪說辯 The Nature of True Virtue 論德性的真諦論德性的真諦Benjamin Franklin(1706-179

36、0)本杰明本杰明富蘭克林富蘭克林 rare genius， Jack of all trades essayist, scientist, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador Autobiography 自傳自傳 Poor Richards Almanac窮理查德年鑒窮理查德年鑒Poor Richards Almanac Famous sayings: Lost time is never found again. A penny saved is a penny earned. God help th

37、em that help themselves. Fish and visitors stink in three days. Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty & obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of Americas first self-made man. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Puritan: self-analysis, industrious, frugal, prudent simplicity, directness, concision Spokesma