高中英語從句講解及相關(guān)練習(xí)

1、高中英語從句講解及相關(guān)練習(xí)(一) 定語從句定語從句（Attributive Clauses）：在復(fù)合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句。（*在句中做定語，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，有時(shí)也可以修飾部分或整個(gè)句子。） 被修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。 關(guān)系代詞有：that（主/賓）, which（主/賓）, who（主）, whom（賓）, whose（定：定語是用來修飾、限定、說明名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)與特征的）, as。 關(guān)系副詞有：when（指時(shí)間）, where（指地點(diǎn)）, why（指原因）, how（指方式或理由）。 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞

2、放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時(shí)又可做定語從句的一個(gè)成分。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做賓語時(shí)可以省略。 定語從句中的謂語動詞必須在人稱上和數(shù)量上和先行詞保持一致。 定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。1 、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1) who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在從句中作主語）He is the man （whom/ that） I saw yesterday.（whom/that在從句中作賓語，引導(dǎo)詞可?。?) whose 用來

3、指人或物，（只用作定語，若指物，它還可以同of which互換），例如：Please pass me the book whose / of which cover is green. 3) which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如：A prosperity（繁榮） which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that在句中作主語）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about

4、to come unwrapped（打開）. (which / that在句中作賓語，可省) 關(guān)系代詞that和which 都可以指物，that 和who 都可以指人，其用法區(qū)別： 不用that的情況：a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (錯(cuò)！此處應(yīng)用which！)b) 介詞后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.（此處就不能用that）c) 多用who 的情況關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語A friend who h

5、elps you in time of need is a real friend.先行詞為those, people 時(shí)Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.先行詞為all, anyone, ones, one 指人時(shí)One who doesnt work hard will never succeed in his work.在There be句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you.在被分隔的定語從句中A new teach

6、er will come tomorrow who will teach you German.在有兩個(gè)定語從句的句子中，其一用who，其二用that,但若先行詞后接兩個(gè)以上的并列定語從句時(shí)，后一個(gè)必須重復(fù)前一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞。The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does. 只能用tha

7、t作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況：a)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。All that is needed is a supply of oil. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. b)先行詞有the only, the very, the just修飾時(shí)，只用that。 He is the very man that helped the gir

8、l out of the water.c)先行詞為序數(shù)詞(the last)、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時(shí)，只用that。The first English book that I read was The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twin.d)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.e)當(dāng)主句是以who 或which 開始的特殊疑問句時(shí)，用that 以避免重復(fù)。Who is the person that is standing at the gate.f)關(guān)系代詞在

9、從句中做表語（表語是用來說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)、品性、特征和狀態(tài)的）He is not the man that he used to be.2 、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how的含義相當(dāng)于介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：There are occasions when /on which one must yield（屈服）. Beijing is the place where /in which I was born.Is this th

10、e reason why /for which he refused our offer?Im surprised the way how /by which he works out the problem.u 注意： 非限制性定語從句中，介詞+ which結(jié)構(gòu)不能代替關(guān)系副詞。如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.（此處不能用in which!） 有介詞短語的動詞一般不能拆開，介詞仍放在動詞后面。Is this the book which (that

11、) she was looking for?3、名詞/數(shù)詞/代詞 /形容詞最高級 + 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten.There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are working hard.There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia.4、as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的差別 由as, which 引

12、導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有“正如”的意思。As is know, smoking is harmful to ones health.u 用法區(qū)別：(1) as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。As we all know, he never smo

13、kes.(2) as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which。(3)非限定性定語從句中出現(xiàn)expect, think, suppose 等表示猜測、想象、預(yù)料等時(shí)。She succeeded in her doing the research work , as we expected.(4)As 的用法： the same as; suchas 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu)，意思為“和一樣”。I should like to use the same tool as is used here.We should have

14、such a dictionary as he is using. 定語從句語法專項(xiàng)練習(xí)習(xí)題用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空：1. I still remember the night _I first came to the house.2. Ill never forget the day_ we met each other last week.3. Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _is the best season there.4. I will never forget the days _I spent with your family.5.

15、 Ill never forget the last day_ we spent together.6. This is the school _I used to study.7. Do you still remember the place_ we visited last week?8. Do you still remember the place_ we visited the painting exhibition?9. Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_is famous for the West Lake?10. Have you ever be

16、e to Hangzhou, _lies the West Lake?11. Tom will go to Shanghai,_live his two brothers.12. I live in Beijing,_is the capital of China.13. There was a time _there were slaves in the USA.14. It is the third time _you have made the same mistake.15. It was in the street _I met John yesterday.16. It was a

17、bout 600 years ago_the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.17. The moment _I saw you, I recognized(認(rèn)出)you.18. This is the very novel about_weve talked so much.19. This is the way_he did it.20. Who is the student _was late for school today?21. Who _knows him wants to make friends with h

18、im?22. What else was there in my brother_you didnt like?23. He lives in the room_window faces to the south.24. He lives in the room, the window_faces to the south.25. This is Mr. John for_son I brought a book yesterday.26. This is Mr. John for_I bought a book yesterday.27. This is the hour_the place

19、 is always full of women and children.28. And there is one point _Id like your advice.29. Winter is the time of year_the days are short and nights are long.30. I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place_you may spend your weekend.(二) 名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses）。 名詞性從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在

20、復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。一 主語從句主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句。引導(dǎo)主語從句的詞有連詞that,whether；連接代詞who,what,which;連接副詞when,where,how,why等。通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。如：That these old languages are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Br

21、itain. Whether we will visit the Great Wall tomorrow has not been decided. Who won the game is now known. How we will make the plan has been explained clearly by the teacher.1. It 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句的比較It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，無論強(qiáng)調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)也可用who/whom。

22、例如： a) It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. 你不去看那場電影真可惜。 b) It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.我對你成功與否不感興趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.謀殺案是在早上發(fā)生的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型:It is that） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗戶。（強(qiáng)調(diào)句型）2. 用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)(1) It is 名詞 從句 It

23、is a fact that 事實(shí)是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸 It is common knowledge that 是常識(2) It is 形容詞 從句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是(3) It is 不及物動詞 從句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎(4) It 過去分詞 從句 It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 It has been proved that 已證實(shí) It is said that 據(jù)說3.

24、主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況：（1）if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。(同樣表示“是否”的whether可以居句首)（2）It is said /reported結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達(dá)：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達(dá)：It occurred to him

25、that he failed in the examination. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達(dá)：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. （5）含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時(shí)，主語從句不可提前。例如： 正確表達(dá)：Is it likely that it will r

26、ain in the evening? 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：Is that will rain in the evening likely?4. what 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別 what 引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)在句時(shí)在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，如主語賓語表語，而that 則不然。例如：a) What you said yesterday is right. b) That she is still alive is a consolation 二賓語從句賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞(及物動詞)或介詞之后。它可以由連詞that,whether,if;連接代詞who,who

27、se,what,which和連接副詞when,where,how,why等引導(dǎo)。如：They realize that it is of great value to keep their original language.Many parents dont understand why their children like to try new things and be different.Can you imagine what will happen next?They are careful about what they eat and exercise regularly.W

28、e cannot be sure whether our dreams will come true.1. 作動詞的賓語 (1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that 通?？梢允÷?, 例如： I heard (that) he joined the army. 我聽說他參軍了。 (2) 由what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，例如： a) She did not know what had happened.她不知道發(fā)生了什么。 b) I wonder whether/if you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能幫我改一下筆記。(3)

29、動詞間接賓語賓語從句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation.她對我說她會接受我的邀請。2. 作介詞的賓語例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我們的成功取決于我們之間的合作。3. 作形容詞的賓語例如：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.我恐怕我已經(jīng)犯了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。u 注意：that 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語：anxious, aware, certain, confident,

30、convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。4. it 可以作為形式賓語 it 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 我聽說她下個(gè)

31、月就會結(jié)婚了。5. 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞 這類動詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。如： 正確表達(dá)：I admire their winning the match. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：I admire that they won the match.6. 不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞 有些動詞不可用于“動詞間接賓語that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常

32、見的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： 正確表達(dá)：He impressed the manager as an honest man. 錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7. 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移若主句謂語動詞為think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的賓語從句若含有否定意義，一般要把否定

33、詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語上，從句謂語用肯定式。例如：I dont think （that）this dress fits you well. 我認(rèn)為這件衣服不適合你穿。三. 表語從句表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語的名詞性從句，放在系動詞之后，一般結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語連系動詞表語從句”?？梢越颖碚Z從句的連系動詞有be, look, remain, seem等。引導(dǎo)表語從句的that?？墒÷浴Ａ硗?，常用的還有the reason is that 和It is because 等結(jié)構(gòu)。引導(dǎo)表語從句的詞有連詞that,whether,as if；連接代詞who,what,which和連接副詞when,where,how,w

34、hy等。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we cant get the support of the people.3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四. 同位語從句同位語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作名詞的同位語的名詞性從句。

35、它一般跟在某些名詞（如fact,idea,news,promise等）的后面，用以說明或解釋前面的名詞。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞有連詞that；少數(shù)情況下也可用連接副詞how,when,where等。如：The fact that Great Britain is composed of three countries is still unknown to many people.The idea that England stands for Fish & Chips,Speakers Corner,Big Ben and the Tower of London is past.I have n

36、o idea when he will be back.1. 同位語從句的功能 同位語從句對于名詞進(jìn)一步解釋，說明名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般由that引導(dǎo)，例如： 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位語在句子中的位置 同位語從句有時(shí)可以不緊跟在它所說明的名詞后面，而是被別的詞隔開。例如： He got the

37、 news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3. 同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別(1) 定語從句中的that既代替先行詞，同時(shí)以在從句中作某個(gè)成分（主語或賓語），而同位語從句中的that是連詞，只起連接主句與從句的作用，不充當(dāng)句中任何成分。(2) 定語從句是形容詞性的，其功能是修飾先行詞，對先行詞加以限定，描述定的性質(zhì)或特征；同位語從句是名詞性的，其功能是對名詞進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。例如：1) The news (that) he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告訴我的消息是湯姆明

38、年將出國。）（第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是定語從句，that在從句中作賓語；而第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的從句是同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（湯姆將出國的消息是他講的。）（同位語從句，that在句中不作任何成分） 名詞性從句專項(xiàng)練習(xí)1_he does has nothing to do with me. A. whatever B. No matter what C. That D. If2. The manager came over and asked the customer how_

39、 A. did the quarrel came about B .the quarrel had come about C. had the quarrel come about D. had the quarrel come about3. Energy is _makes thing work. A. what B. something C. anything D. that4. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. wh

40、ile B. that C. when D. as5. This is _the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed. A. there B. in which C. where D. when6. They have no idea at all_. A. where he has gone B. where did he go C. which place has he gone D. where has he gone 7. The doctor did a lot to reduce the patients fear _he would die of the di

41、sease. A. that B. which C. of which D. of that 8. The order came _the soldiers _the small village the next morning. A. that ;had to leave B. that; should leave C. /; must leave D. when; should leave9. _is no possibility _Bob can win the first prize in the match. A. There; that B. It; that C. there;

42、whether D. It; whether10. The question came up at the meeting_ we had enough money for our research. A. that B. which C. whether D. if 11. Is _he said really true? A. that B. what C. why D. whether12._the meeting should last two days or three days doesnt matter. A. That B. Whether C. If D. Where13.

43、It worried her a bit _her hair was turning gray. A. while B. if C. that D. for 14. _more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen. A. Whether B. This C. who D. If 15._he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us. A. What B. That C. Whether D. If 16. _you dont

44、 like him is none of my business. A. What B. That C. Who D. How17._all the inventions have in common is _they have succeeded. A. What; what B. That; that C. what; that D. That ; what 18. _appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much. A. What B. It C. All that D. That19. It is widely _that smoki

45、ng can cause cancer. A. believed B. think C. say D. hoped 20. _caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where(三) 狀語從句從句擔(dān)任狀語，在句子中可修飾謂語（或其它動詞）、形容詞、副詞或是整個(gè)句子，它可以用來表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方式、比較、讓步等。1) 時(shí)間狀語從句表示時(shí)間的狀語從句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), s

46、ince, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner than, hardly (scarcely) when, every time等引導(dǎo)。e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.He started as soon as/the moment he received the news.Once you see him, you will never forget him.No sooner had I gone to bed

47、 than I went to sleep.2) 原因狀語從句原因狀語從句是表示原因或理由的，引導(dǎo)這類從句的最常用的連詞是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果關(guān)系時(shí)（它引導(dǎo)的不是從句）為并列連詞，語氣不如because強(qiáng)。e.g. He is disappointed because he didnt get the position. As it is raining, I will not go out. Now that you mention it, I do remember.3) 地點(diǎn)狀語從句引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的連詞是where 和w

48、herever等。e.g. Sit wherever you like.Make a mark where you have a question.4) 目的狀語從句引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句最常用的詞（組）是so, so that（從句謂語常有情態(tài)動詞）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.He left early in case

49、he should miss the train.5) 結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句是表示事態(tài)結(jié)果的從句，通常主句是原因，從句是結(jié)果。由so that （從句謂語一般沒有情態(tài)動詞）, so that, such that等引導(dǎo)。 e.g. She was ill, so that she didnt attend the meeting. He was so excited that he could not say a word. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.6) 條件狀語從句條件狀語從句分真實(shí)性（有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情）與

50、非真實(shí)性（條件與事實(shí)相反或者在說話者看來不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情）條件句。引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的詞（組）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：條件從句中的if 不能用whether替換（因?yàn)樵诖薸f意為“如果”而不是“是否”！）。 e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean. So far a

51、s I know（據(jù)我所知）, he will be away for three months.You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you dont go too far away from the river bank.If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.7) 讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter

52、who (when, what, ) 等引導(dǎo)。注意：as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句一般是倒裝的。e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot. Child as he is, he knows a lot. Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, Ill never change my mind.8) 方式狀語從句方式狀語從句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引導(dǎo)。e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you. He acted as

53、 if nothing had happened.9) 比較狀語從句比較狀語從句常用than, so (as) as, the more the more等引導(dǎo)。e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have. He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford. The busier he is, the happier he feels.u 使用狀語從句時(shí)要注意的幾個(gè)問題1、在時(shí)間和條件（有時(shí)也在方式、讓步等）從句中，主句是一般將來時(shí)，從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。e.g. Well go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow. Ill write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.2、有些時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、方式或讓步從句，如果從句的主語與主句主語一致（或雖不一致，是it），從句的謂語又包含動詞be