定語從句課件2

1、a green teama team in greena team who were wearing greenantecedentadj.prepositional phraseattributive clause relative pronoun定語從句及相關(guān)概念定語從句及相關(guān)概念 定語從句在句中相當(dāng)于一個形容詞，起定語從句在句中相當(dāng)于一個形容詞，起“定語定語”的作用，修飾說明主句中的某一名詞、代詞或主的作用，修飾說明主句中的某一名詞、代詞或主語的全部內(nèi)容。通常定語從句所修飾的詞語被稱語的全部內(nèi)容。通常定語從句所修飾的詞語被稱為為“先行詞先行詞”，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞分為關(guān)系，引導(dǎo)定語從句

2、的關(guān)聯(lián)詞分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。常見的關(guān)系代詞有代詞和關(guān)系副詞。常見的關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose等；常見的關(guān)系副等；常見的關(guān)系副詞有詞有when, where, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞位于先行詞和定語從句之間，連接定語從句和詞位于先行詞和定語從句之間，連接定語從句和主句，同時身兼兩職，既指代其先行詞，又在其主句，同時身兼兩職，既指代其先行詞，又在其后的定語從句中充當(dāng)從句的某個成分。后的定語從句中充當(dāng)從句的某個成分。the girl who is standing there is mary. 定語從句定語從句找出下列定語從句中

3、的先行詞找出下列定語從句中的先行詞及關(guān)系代詞及關(guān)系代詞 is he the man who wants to see you? you must do everything that i can do. the one who knows me well is tom. the book which i bought yesterday is very interseting. i know the boy whose father is a doctor. the man who is speaking at the meeting is a worker.the man is speaki

4、ng at the meeting.the man is a worker.the woman is a teacher.they wanted to visit the woman.the woman whom they wanted to visit is a teacher.the book is very interesting.i borrowed the book yesterday.the book which i borrowed yesterday is very interesting.the little boy and his dog live in the same

5、neighborhood with us.you saw the little boy and his dog just now.the little boy and his dog that you saw just now live in the same neighborhood with us.danyang is not a small place. (now)danyang used to be a small place.dangyang is not a small place that it used to be.i know the girl.the girls mothe

6、r is a doctor.i know the girl whose mother is a doctor.i live in that room whose window opens south.i live in that room.its window opens south.關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞指代的先行詞指代的先行詞充當(dāng)從句的成分充當(dāng)從句的成分who人人主語、賓語主語、賓語whom人人賓語賓語which物物主語、賓語主語、賓語that人或物人或物主語、賓語、表語主語、賓語、表語whose人或物人或物定語定語關(guān)系代詞用法一覽表all that can be done has been d

7、one. ive read every book that is borrowed from the library. (1) 先行詞為先行詞為all, none, everything, nothing, anything, few, little, much 等不定代詞時。等不定代詞時。(2) 先行詞被先行詞被all, both, every, no, some, any, few, little, much等修飾時。等修飾時。ive read all the books that are about this matter. 先行詞指物時一般關(guān)系代詞先行詞指物時一般關(guān)系代詞that和和w

8、hich可以可以互換。但在下列情況下，關(guān)系代詞一般用互換。但在下列情況下，關(guān)系代詞一般用that不用不用which：do the best that you can do.this is the most interesting film that i have ever seen.(3) 先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾時。(4) 先行詞是形容詞最高級或被先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級形容詞最高級修飾時。修飾時。he is the first that gave us some useful advice.it is the first letter tha

9、t i have written in french.(5) 先行詞被先行詞被the only, the very, the last, theright修飾時修飾時this is the very book that belongs to him.(6) 先行詞既有人又有物時先行詞既有人又有物時they talked about the people and things that they remembered.(7) 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時he is no longer the boy that he used to be.(8) 當(dāng)主句是以當(dāng)主句是以w

10、hich/who的特殊疑問句時。的特殊疑問句時。which is the car that killed the boy?who is the boy that is standing by the door?(9) 如果一個句子有兩個定語從句如果一個句子有兩個定語從句, ,其中一個關(guān)其中一個關(guān)系代詞已用系代詞已用which, ,另一個用另一個用that,以避免重復(fù)。以避免重復(fù)。last year, he visited a factory which produced toys that sold well.先行詞指人時其關(guān)系代詞可用先行詞指人時其關(guān)系代詞可用who, whom, 也也可用可

11、用that。但在下列情況下多用或需用。但在下列情況下多用或需用who(1) 先行詞是先行詞是all, anyone, one, ones, those, people時多用時多用who。the one who knows me well is tom.(2) 當(dāng)主句以當(dāng)主句以there be（存在句）形式出現(xiàn)時。（存在句）形式出現(xiàn)時。there is a young man who wants to see the manager.(4) 當(dāng)先行詞與定語從句之間有較長或較為復(fù)當(dāng)先行詞與定語從句之間有較長或較為復(fù)雜的成分分隔時。雜的成分分隔時。a new teacher will come to

12、morrow who will teach you german.(3) 如果復(fù)合句中有兩個或更多的定語從句如果復(fù)合句中有兩個或更多的定語從句時，其中第一個從句已用了時，其中第一個從句已用了that，其他的定，其他的定語從句一般用語從句一般用who引導(dǎo)，以避免重復(fù)。引導(dǎo)，以避免重復(fù)。the student that i like is the one who is both diligent and honest.注意！注意！1.1.關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語時可以省略。時可以省略。2.2.whose后面一般要加名詞。后面一般要加名詞。3.3.在關(guān)系代

13、詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，如果關(guān)系在關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，如果關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)定語從句的主語，其后的謂語動詞代詞充當(dāng)定語從句的主語，其后的謂語動詞應(yīng)與先行詞的人稱與數(shù)保持一致。應(yīng)與先行詞的人稱與數(shù)保持一致。先行詞為先行詞為one of 短語時，一般情況下中心短語時，一般情況下中心詞為后面的名詞。但是如果短語前出現(xiàn)了詞為后面的名詞。但是如果短語前出現(xiàn)了the或或the only，中心詞則為，中心詞則為one。在在“one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)名詞”后跟定語從句時，后跟定語從句時，先行詞是先行詞是one of 后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，定語從句中后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，定語從句中的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但如果是的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；但

14、如果是“the (only) one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)名詞”時，先行詞是時，先行詞是the one，定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。he is one of the students who have received the prize in our class.he is the only one of the students who has received the prize in our class.can you show me the house?you were born in the house.can you show me the house

15、 in which you were born? the boy is in the lab. you want to talk to him.the boy (whom) you want to talk to is in the lab.the boy to whom you want to talk is in the lab. this is the boy. i sit behind him.this is the boy (whom) i sit behind.this is the boy behind whom i sit.介詞介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

16、 在在“介詞介詞+ +關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語從結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞指物就用句中，關(guān)系代詞指物就用which，指人用指人用whom。 do you know the boy to whom she was talking? the little girl is reading a book, in which there are many pictures.1. 介詞的確定方法介詞的確定方法(1) 根據(jù)先行詞來確定介詞。根據(jù)先行詞來確定介詞。ill never forget the day on which i came here. is this the bike on w

17、hich you often ride?(2) 根據(jù)定語從句中的謂語動詞或形容詞來選根據(jù)定語從句中的謂語動詞或形容詞來選介詞。介詞。hes the model from whom we should learn.li hong is the person from whom i borrowed some money.(3) 根據(jù)定語從句所表達(dá)的意義來確定介根據(jù)定語從句所表達(dá)的意義來確定介詞。詞。this book opened a window, through which we can see a wonderful world.mother gave me the money with

18、which i bought a book.mr. smith is the person for whom i am working now.the professor has two sons, both of whom are teaching in the same university.new york is famous for its skyscrapers, the highest of which has more than 100 storeys.he was educated at a local grammar school, after which he went o

19、n to cambridge.2. 介詞的位置介詞的位置介詞一般放在關(guān)系代詞介詞一般放在關(guān)系代詞 which 和和 whom 之前，但也可以放在原來的位置上。之前，但也可以放在原來的位置上。this is the man from whom i learned the news.= this is the man (that/whom) i learned the news from.is this the play (which/that) you were talking about just now?mr. brown is the teacher (who/that/whom) we

20、show great respect for. 注意：當(dāng)介詞和動詞組成一個固定短語時，注意：當(dāng)介詞和動詞組成一個固定短語時，介詞通常不能移至介詞通常不能移至 which 或或 whom 之前。如：之前。如：these are the three children whom i am looking after now.you are the very man whom i am looking for.i have many books which you can refer to.類似的短語還有：類似的短語還有：listen to; depend on; take care of; make

21、 use of; catch up with; hear of; look forward tothe waythatin which/i dont like the way you speak to your mother.i dont like the way that you speak to your mother.i dont like the way in which you speak to your mother.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞先行詞先行詞在從句中所在從句中所起的作用起的作用where（=in/at/from which）the p

22、lace/town/city/factory/room/point/situation/case地點狀語地點狀語when(=in/on/at/during which)the time/age/years/months/weeks/days時間狀語時間狀語why(=for which)the reason原因狀語原因狀語1. 關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)的定語從句引導(dǎo)的定語從句(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點的名詞，如當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點的名詞，如place, room, mountain, airport 等，同時又在從等，同時又在從句中做地點狀語時，定語從句需要用關(guān)系句中做地點狀語時，定語從句需

23、要用關(guān)系副詞副詞where引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)。this is the park where they first met.they visited a factory where computers are made.(2) 通常，引導(dǎo)定語從句的通常，引導(dǎo)定語從句的where 大都可以大都可以轉(zhuǎn)換成轉(zhuǎn)換成“介詞介詞+which”的形式。的形式。this is the park in which they first met.they visited a factory in which computers are made.(3) 當(dāng)表示地點的先行詞在從句中不是作狀語，當(dāng)表示地點的先行詞在從句中不是作

24、狀語，而是作主語、賓語或表語時，必須用關(guān)系代詞而是作主語、賓語或表語時，必須用關(guān)系代詞that 或或which 引導(dǎo)定語從句，而不是引導(dǎo)定語從句，而不是where。this is the park which/that they often visit.they visited a factory which/that makes computers.(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間的名詞，如當(dāng)先行詞是表示時間的名詞，如time, age, day, year, month, week等，同時又在從等，同時又在從句中做時間狀語時，定語從句需要用關(guān)系副句中做時間狀語時，定語從句需要用關(guān)系副詞詞when

25、引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)。do you still remember the day when you joined the league?that was the year when i first went abroad.he is looking forward to the days when he will stay with you.2. 關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)的定語從句引導(dǎo)的定語從句(2) 與與where一樣，引導(dǎo)定語從句的一樣，引導(dǎo)定語從句的when 也可以轉(zhuǎn)換成也可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“介詞介詞+which”的形式。的形式。do you still remember the day on whi

26、ch you joined the league?that was the year in which i first went abroad.he is looking forward to the days during which he will stay with you.(3) 當(dāng)表示時間的先行詞在從句中不是作狀當(dāng)表示時間的先行詞在從句中不是作狀語，而是作主語、賓語或表語時，必須用語，而是作主語、賓語或表語時，必須用關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞that 或或which 引導(dǎo)定語從句，而不引導(dǎo)定語從句，而不是是when。ill remember the days which/that i spen

27、t with you.ill remember the days when we stayed together.he is looking forward to the days which/that will be very important in chinese history.3. 關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)的定語從句引導(dǎo)的定語從句(1) 當(dāng)先行詞是表示原因的名詞當(dāng)先行詞是表示原因的名詞reason，同，同時又在從句中做原因狀語時，定語從句需時又在從句中做原因狀語時，定語從句需要用關(guān)系副詞要用關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)，此時的定語從句說引導(dǎo)，此時的定語從句說明先行詞的內(nèi)容。明先行詞的內(nèi)容。c

28、an you tell me the reason why you were late this morning?i dont know the reason why he didnt turn up at the party.(2) 關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞why 可與可與 for which 替換。替換。is this the reason for which you failed in the exam.(3) 當(dāng)表示原因的先行詞在從句中不是作狀當(dāng)表示原因的先行詞在從句中不是作狀語，而是作主語或賓語時，必須用關(guān)系代語，而是作主語或賓語時，必須用關(guān)系代詞詞that 或或which 引導(dǎo)定語從句，而

29、不是引導(dǎo)定語從句，而不是why。this is the reason （that/which） he set out.這就是他陳述的理由。這就是他陳述的理由。he gave the reason that/which might explain his absence.as 引導(dǎo)定語從句時的用法引導(dǎo)定語從句時的用法1. as 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句通常用于引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句通常用于the same as, such/ so as結(jié)構(gòu)中結(jié)構(gòu)中i want the same shirt as my friends.such machines as are used in our workshop ar

30、e made in china.we should do more such exercises in the future _ we did yesterday.a. as b. which c. which d.than2. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用來修飾整個句子。前，也可放在主句之后，用來修飾整個句子。通常用下列句型通常用下列句型: as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as i expect等

31、。等。as i expected,he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.正如我所預(yù)料的那樣，他在這次期中考試中又正如我所預(yù)料的那樣，他在這次期中考試中又獲得了第一名。獲得了第一名。 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句一、限制性定語從句所修飾的詞代表一個、一、限制性定語從句所修飾的詞代表一個、一些或一類特定的人或事物，這種定語從句一些或一類特定的人或事物，這種定語從句已和她所修飾的詞構(gòu)成一個完整的意思，這已和她所修飾的詞構(gòu)成一個完整的意思，這事定語從句不能隨便拿掉，否則剩下的主句事定語從句

32、不能隨便拿掉，否則剩下的主句就會失去意義或意思不完整。就會失去意義或意思不完整。 those who break law will be punished. 違法的人會受到懲罰。違法的人會受到懲罰。（如果去掉定語從句，主句意思不明確）（如果去掉定語從句，主句意思不明確） he is a man who i can turn to for help. 他是一個我能求得幫助的人。他是一個我能求得幫助的人。（定語從句限制什么樣的人，如果去掉定語從（定語從句限制什么樣的人，如果去掉定語從句，主句毫無意義。）句，主句毫無意義。）二、非限制性定語從句對主句不起限定作二、非限制性定語從句對主句不起限定作用，

33、只起補充說明作用，如果去掉定語從用，只起補充說明作用，如果去掉定語從句，主句意思仍然完整。句，主句意思仍然完整。his father, who works in beijing, came back yesterday.他爸爸在北京工作，昨天回來了。他爸爸在北京工作，昨天回來了。（如果變成限制性定語從句，就意為（如果變成限制性定語從句，就意為“他在他在北京工作的爸爸昨天回來了。北京工作的爸爸昨天回來了?！毖酝庵馑酝庵馑€有在其他地方工作的爸爸，這事邏輯上不還有在其他地方工作的爸爸，這事邏輯上不能成立的。）能成立的。）三、限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作賓語時，三、限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作賓語

34、時，且不在介詞之后，可以省略。且不在介詞之后，可以省略。四、非限制性定語從句通常用逗號與主句隔四、非限制性定語從句通常用逗號與主句隔開。當(dāng)先行詞指物時，非限制性定語從句不開。當(dāng)先行詞指物時，非限制性定語從句不用用that引導(dǎo)，而用引導(dǎo)，而用which。非限制性定語從句。非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作賓語不能省略。中，關(guān)系代詞作賓語不能省略。she has a brother who is a musician.she has a brother, who is a musician.五、非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞五、非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞which和和as可指整個主句的意思或一部分意思?？?/p>

35、指整個主句的意思或一部分意思。he invited me to dinner, which made me happy.他邀請我吃飯，這使得我非常高興。他邀請我吃飯，這使得我非常高興。（which作定語從句主語，指整個句子的意思）作定語從句主語，指整個句子的意思）as everyone knows, china is country with a long history.正如大家所知，中國是個歷史悠久的國家。正如大家所知，中國是個歷史悠久的國家。as作作know的賓語，指代整個主句的意思。的賓語，指代整個主句的意思。六、六、as與與which的區(qū)別的區(qū)別（1 1）as引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句之

36、前，而引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句之前，而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后。引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后。（2 2）從意義上講，）從意義上講，which指前面主句的內(nèi)容；而指前面主句的內(nèi)容；而as指代的是作為一般人都知道的常識性的東西，指代的是作為一般人都知道的常識性的東西，因此常譯成因此常譯成“就象就象那樣、正如所那樣、正如所的的”。he made a long speech, as we expected.正如我們所預(yù)料的，他做了長篇大論。正如我們所預(yù)料的，他做了長篇大論。he made a long speech, which was unexpected.他做了冗長的發(fā)言，這一點大家沒有預(yù)料到。他做了冗長的發(fā)言，這一點大家沒有預(yù)料到。（3 3）如果定語從句的內(nèi)容對主句的內(nèi)容）如果定語