英語國家概況課件修訂版

1、a guide to english-speaking countries英語國家概況英語國家概況the united the united kingdom of great kingdom of great britain and britain and northern irelandnorthern ireland contentsgeographyipeopleiithe english languageiii i geographyv1. geographical featuresv2. climatev3. major cities map of the ukread the ma

2、p to find:atlantic ocean north seairish sea the english channel the republic of ireland geographythe official title of the uk the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland（since 1927)conventionally shortened to united kingdomabbreviation: ukthe uk is made up of:v great britain ( england ,

3、 scotland and wales ) v northern ireland vpeople often get confused with the terms “england”, “britain”, “great britain”, “united kingdom”, and “british isles”. even some british people are not fully aware of the precise reality that these terms express.vdo these terms mean the same? england england

4、vmany people say england when they really mean the united kingdom. this is not correct! people in scotland, wales and northern ireland consider it insulting and hate hearing britain being referred to as “england” as it appears to ignore their existence. vengland is only a constituent country in the

5、uk, and a part of the island of great britain, together with scotland and wales. britain britainvstrictly, “britain” refers to the largest island in the british isles, which contains modern-day england, wales and scotland and islands governed from the mainland (i.e. not isle of man or channel island

6、s). vhowever, the term “britain” is more commonly used as a political term: an alternative name for the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. great great britainbritainvgreat britain is the collective name for the three countries of england, scotland and wales. it also includes the s

7、mall adjacent islands but it does not include the channel islands and the isle of man. vgreat britain and northern ireland together form the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland“, or uk. the united kingdom the united kingdomv“the united kingdom” is the abbreviated form for the offici

8、al name “the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland“, which came into use in 1922 after the constitution of the irish free state (1922-1937), the former name of the republic of ireland. the british isles( the british isles(不列顛群島）不列顛群島）vthe british isles is a geographical term for a gro

9、up of islands consisting of great britain, the whole of ireland, and many other smaller surrounding islands.vthe british isles are the largest group of islands in europe. location and territorylocation of the uk: the mainland areas lie between latitudes 49n and 61n and longitudes 8w to 2etotal terri

10、tory: about 243,000 square kilometersno one in the uk lives more than 120 km (75 miles) from the sea. topography(地勢）northern ireland: its mostly hilly. wales: its mostly mountainous. south wales is less mountainous than north and mid-wales. scotland: its geography is varied, with lowlands in the sou

11、th and east and highlands in the north and west. england: it consists of lowland terrain, with some mountainous terrain in the northwest, north and southwest. ben nevis in scotland the highest point in uk rivers and lakesv the longest river: severn river (about 980 km kilometers long)v the second lo

12、ngest river: thames (330 km kilometers long) v the largest lake in the british isles: lough neagh（內(nèi)伊湖）thames the river thames (泰晤士河)v the longest river in england and the second longest in the united kingdom (332 kilometers long) v a historical landmark in the city of london. v a boat ride along the

13、 thames is also something that every visitor should experience.v several boat races and activities take place along or at the river each year. lake district lake poetsi wandered lonely as a cloud william wordsworth i wandered lonely as a cloudthat floats on high oer vales and hills,when all at once

14、i saw a crowd,a host, of golden daffodils;beside the lake, beneath the trees,fluttering and dancing in the breeze.continuous as the stars that shineand twinkle on the milky way,they stretched in never-ending linealong the margin of a bay:ten thousand saw i at a glance,tossing their heads in sprightl

15、y dance. lake poetsthe waves beside them danced; but theyout-did the sparkling waves in glee:a poet could not but be gay,in such a jocund company:i gazedand gazedbut little thoughtwhat wealth the show to me had brought:for oft, when on my couch i liein vacant or in pensive mood,they flash upon that

16、inward eyewhich is the bliss of solitude;and then my heart with pleasure fills,and dances with the daffodils. kiltsv knee-length skirtlike garment that is worn by men as a major element of the traditional national garb of scotland. v highland dress is also the uniform of scottish regiments in the br

17、itish army, and kilts have been worn in battle as recently as world war ii.v in braveheart, william wallace, a scottish freedom fighter, wears his kilt high on the thigh while riding. 2. climatemain characteristics:temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation（降水） throughout

18、 the yearthree major features: v winter fog v rainy daysv instability/changeability 3. major citieslondonthe river thamesv the capital of england and the united kingdomv the political, industrial, cultural and financial center of the countryv one of the worlds leading banking and financial centers l

19、andmarks & symbols of london the palace of westminster landmarks & symbols of londonwestminster abbeybig ben landmarks & symbols of londonguildhall（市政廳）（市政廳） landmarks & symbols of londonhyde parktower of london（倫（倫敦塔）敦塔） landmarks & symbols of londontower bridge buckingham palace landmarks & symbol

20、s of londonlondon eye major citiesedinburgh v capital of scotlandv administrative, financial, legal, medical and insurance center of scotlandv beautiful scenery v renowned architecture university of edinburgh（愛丁堡大學(xué)）v one of the most noted of scotlands universities. v it was founded in 1583 as “the t

21、owns college”.v alumni: charles darwin, sir walter scott, the novelist robert louis stevenson, and the inventor alexander graham bell. landmarks & symbols of edinburghedinburgh castlepalace of holyrood（霍利魯?shù)拢ɑ衾數(shù)拢?major citiescardiff v the capital city of wales for 58 years v europes youngest capita

22、l cityv home to an enormous amount of urban regeneration and restoration v one of the most fashionable cities in the united kingdom landmarks & symbols of cardiffcardiff city hall landmarks & symbols of cardiffmillennium stadium（千年（千年球場）球場）cardiff castle major citiesbelfast city hallv the largest ci

23、ty and the capital of northern irelandv an important historic cityv once the home of the irish linen industry, tobacco production, rope making and the world famous harland and wolff shipbuilders. landmarks & symbols of belfastbelfast castle ii people overall population: about 63 million (2012)distri

24、bution:v england: about 53 millionv scotland: around 5.2 millionv wales: around 3.1 millionv northern ireland: around 1.8 million ethnicity（種族）v the majority of the population is descendents of the anglo-saxons. v most people in wales and scotland are descendents of the celtic people. v the irish pe

25、ople are also of celtic origin.v immigrants: italians, greeks, australians, new zealanders, etc. percentage of total uk population ethnic groups percentage of totalvwhite: british 80.5 vwhite: other 5.4 vwhite/black caribbean 0.8 vwhite/black african 0.3 vwhite/asian 0.6 vother mixed 0.5 vindian 2.5

26、 vpakistani 2.0 vbangladeshi 0.8 vchinese 0.7 vother asian 1.5 vafrican 1.8 vcaribbean 1.1 vother black 0.5 vany other ethnic group /arab 1.0 iii the english languagev 1. old englishv 2. middle englishv 3. modern english v 4. standard english 1. old english (5th11th)language of angle-saxonsinfluence

27、d by old norse latin and greek words french-speaking normans the origins of the english languagev the history of the english language really started with the arrival of three germanic tribes who invaded britain during the 5th century ad. these tribes, the angles, the saxons and the jutes, crossed th

28、e north sea from what today is denmark and northern germany. v at that time the inhabitants of britain spoke a celtic language. but most of the celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now wales, scotland and ireland. the angles came from englaland and their l

29、anguage was called englisc - from which the words england and english are derived. beowulfthe most famous work from the oldenglish period is the epic poem beowulf.hwt! we gar-dena in geardagum,eodcyninga, rym gefrunon,hu a elingas ellen fremedon.oft scyld scefing sceaena reatum 2. middle english (11

30、th15th)status french replaced english as the official language, and english became the language of lower class pig pork sheep mutton cattle beefdevelopment english increased in importance after the black death. the canterbury tales geofery chaucer (c.1342-1400)whan that aprill, with his shoures soot

31、e the droghte of march hath perced to the roote and bathed every veyne in swich licour, of which vertu engendred is the flour;the canterbury tales 3. modern english (15th )v the printing pressbrought standardization to englishv samuel johnsons dictionaryestablished a standard form of spellingv renaissanceassimilated foreign words v the industrial revolutionnecessitated the introduction of n