世界化石能源使用情況優(yōu)質(zhì)分析

1、fossil fuels 85% of the worldscommercial energycoaloilnatural gas1嚴(yán)選文書2嚴(yán)選文書3嚴(yán)選文書20 richest countries consume: 50% of coal 80% of natural gas 65% of oil4嚴(yán)選文書5嚴(yán)選文書u.s. energy consumptionmining/metalsother industrytransportationother9%6嚴(yán)選文書coalfossilized, condensedcarbon-rich fuel10 x reserves of oil/g

2、as, last 200 years at present rate7嚴(yán)選文書8嚴(yán)選文書coal minessurface (strip) mine,western u.s.underground (shaft) mine,eastern u.s.9嚴(yán)選文書coal cheaper,but pollutingmuch eastern u.s. coal hashigh-sulfur content,more expensive to minemuch western u.s. coal haslow-sulfur content,cheaper to minebut mining in sem

3、i-arid westmore damaging to land.10嚴(yán)選文書heat value of coal typesanthracite bituminoussubbituminouslignite51% of u.s. use in coal11嚴(yán)選文書energy lost from coal10% lost ontransmission lines(stray voltage) 65% lost in power plants12嚴(yán)選文書effects on health black lung disease (miners) respiratory illnesses (pu

4、blic)13嚴(yán)選文書effects on land coal sludge releases hardpan at strip mines mountaintop removal huge water use slurry pipelines14嚴(yán)選文書effects on air greenhouse gases 3/4 sulfur dioxide 1/3 nitrogen oxides 1/2 carbon dioxide toxics mercury uranium15嚴(yán)選文書acid rain16嚴(yán)選文書acidity of rain ph of 6.0 kills insects

5、, crabs ph 5.0 kills fish, trees17嚴(yán)選文書sources of nitrogen oxides nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide create acid rain tall stacks deposit farthertransportationelectricalplantsother18嚴(yán)選文書coal scrubbers19嚴(yán)選文書20嚴(yán)選文書the future? hydrogen fuel cells21嚴(yán)選文書natural gasmethane, othergases in bedrock22嚴(yán)選文書23嚴(yán)選文

6、書advantages of natural gas cleaner to burn half as much co2 as coal more efficient 10% energy lost 60-year supply at current rates 24嚴(yán)選文書disadvantages of natural gas difficult to transport pipelines liquified natural gas (lng) tankers can be polluting, dangerous when extracted methane bed drilling p

7、ollutes 25嚴(yán)選文書oil (petroleum)buried organic matter rich in hydrocarbons26嚴(yán)選文書27嚴(yán)選文書oil consumption by sector (1998)24.69.22.131.16051015202530transportationindustryresidentialcommercialelectric utilitiesquads of oil28嚴(yán)選文書29嚴(yán)選文書30嚴(yán)選文書31嚴(yán)選文書32嚴(yán)選文書33嚴(yán)選文書34嚴(yán)選文書proven oil reserves 465 billion barrels con

8、sumed 1 trillion barrels left 22 billion consumed a year 45 years to go! party now!35嚴(yán)選文書180022002600global oil production for resources of 1800, 2200, and 2600 billion barrels05101520253035195019601970198019902000201020202030billions of barrels per year36嚴(yán)選文書distribution of estimates of ultimately

9、recoverable world crude oil (1975-1993)0510152025303514001600180020002200240026002800billion barrelspercentage of estimates37嚴(yán)選文書world crude oil production0510152025301950196019701980199020002010billions of barrels per year38嚴(yán)選文書world crude oil prices(economic crises in oil states)010203040506019701

10、97519801985199019952000$1992 per barrel39嚴(yán)選文書global trends in oil growing use in china (+10%/year) japan, europe depend on mideast new reserves around caspian sea nearly size of saudi arabia increasing source of major wars, human rights abuses 40嚴(yán)選文書kuwait oil well fires, 199141嚴(yán)選文書42嚴(yán)選文書persian gul

11、fand caspian sea43嚴(yán)選文書44嚴(yán)選文書oil & natural gas pipelines45嚴(yán)選文書46嚴(yán)選文書u.s. trends in oil diverse sources (not mideast) venezuela, nigeria, etc. opening domestic sources alaska controversy polluting technologies? oil shale extraction synthetic fuels (coal-to-oil)47嚴(yán)選文書exxon valdez, alaska 198948嚴(yán)選文書

12、attempts tocontain spill49嚴(yán)選文書clean-up efforts50嚴(yán)選文書prince william sound fishing industry damaged51嚴(yán)選文書52嚴(yán)選文書oil in ecuador ecuador 2nd largest s. america producer 70% of exports drilling in amazon rainforest53嚴(yán)選文書opposition to oil companies construction of roads, pipelines on indian lands displacem

13、ent of indians, deforestation oil leaks into rivers larger than valdez spill54嚴(yán)選文書ecuador indian occupationstexaco withdrew 1992,arco met demandslawsuit againsttexaco inu.s. courts, 199955嚴(yán)選文書oil in nigeria largest producer in africa, mainlyin niger deltanigeria had militarygovernments in 1990s56嚴(yán)選文

14、書environmental problemsin niger delta regionhomeland of ogoni, ijaw groupsgas flaring hazards oil spills in mangrove swamp57嚴(yán)選文書ogoni environmental protests 58嚴(yán)選文書oil companies collude with military many ogoni killed by militaryogoni leaderdr. ken saro-wiwa executed in 1995shell oil pays,transports soldiers59嚴(yán)選文書nigerian women protest,