高一英語語法Word版

1、傳播優(yōu)秀word版文檔 ，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！ 高一英語語法 一. 句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。（二）主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。we often speak english in class.（代詞）to swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）smoking does harm to health.（動名詞）when we are going to have an english te

2、st has not been decided.（主語從句）it is necessary to master a foreign language.（三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：he practices running every morning. 2、復合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如：you may keep the book for two weeks. he has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：we ar

3、e students.（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。his hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動名詞）the machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）time is up. class is over.（副詞）（五）賓語：賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。i enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語）i think（that）he is fit for h

4、is office.（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如：they elected him their monitor.（六）賓語補足語：補充說明賓語的特征或狀態(tài)的。we saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）we found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）china is a

5、 developing country; america is a developed country.（分詞） our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）（八）狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆簂ight travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）he has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）he is proud to have passed the examination.（不定式

6、短語）he is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語）（九） 同位語：用來說明或者解釋同一事物或人，通常放在所說明的名詞或者代詞之后?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆簃r. smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. yesterday i met tom, a friend of my brother's.  the fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody 即時訓練：指出下列

7、句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1. the students got on the school bus.2. he handed me the newspaper.3. i shall answer your question after class.4. what a beautiful chinese painting!5. they went hunting together early in the morning.6. his job is to train swimmers.7. he took many photos of the palaces in beijing.8. th

8、ere is going to be an american film tonight.9. he is to leave for shanghai tomorrow.10. his wish is to become a scientist.11. he managed to finish the work in time.12. tom came to ask me for advice.13. he found it important to master english.14. would you please tell me your address?15. he sat there

9、, reading a newspaper.16. it is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.17. he noticed a man enter the room.18. the apples tasted sweet. 二. 英語句子分類一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：he is six years old; she didnt hear of you before.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：do they like skating? how old is he? is he

10、 six or seven years old? mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：be careful, boys; dont talk in class4）感嘆句：how clever the boy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g. he often reads english in the morning.tom and mike are american boys.she likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newsp

11、apers.2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g. you help him and he helps you.the future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。e.g. the foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the great wall.

12、三. 簡單句的五種基本句型1、主語+系動詞+表語：e.g. he is a student.2、主語+謂語（不及物動詞）：e.g. we work.3、主語+謂語（及物動詞）+賓語：e.g. henry bought a dictionary.4、主語+謂語+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）：e.g. my father bought me a car.5、主語+謂語+復合賓語（賓語+賓補）：e.g. tom made the baby laugh. 即時訓練：判斷簡單句的五種基本句型。1. our school is not far from my home. 2. it is a great

13、pleasure to talk with you 3. all of us considered him honest. 4. my grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. would you please pass me the cup? 6. he made it clear that he would leave the city 7. trees turn green when spring comes. 8. grandma told me an interesting story last night. 9. all the

14、 students think highly of his teaching. 10. he asked us to sing an english song. 11. the idea sounds great.12. we will make our school more beautiful.13. ill get my hair cut tomorrow.14. luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town. 15. the old man lives a lonely life. 四 . 定語從句講解

15、(1)（一）定義及相關術語1定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。2先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。3關系詞：引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。   關系詞有關系代詞和關系副詞。關系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關系副詞有when, where, why等。 關系詞通常有下列三個作用：a、引導定語從句；b、代替先行詞；c、在定語從句中擔當一個成分。 例如： the man wh

16、o is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.  該句中，who is  shaking hands with my father 是定語從句，修飾先行詞the man， “who”是引導定語從句的關系詞，代替先行詞the man，在定語從句中作主語。（二）定語從句的分類定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。charl

17、es smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。（非限)there is somebody here who wants to speak to you這里有人要和你說話(限制性)（二）關系代詞引導的定語從句 關系代詞一覽表 功能 作用用于限制性從句或非限制性從句只用于限制性從句代替人代替物代替人或物主語whowhichthat賓語whomwhichthat定語whose ( = of whom)whose ( = of which)1who  指人，在定語從句中作主語。

18、yesterday i helped an old man who had lost his way.      昨天我?guī)椭艘晃幻月返睦先恕hat is the teacher who teaches us physics.         那就是教我們物理的老師。2whom 

19、; 指人，在定語從句中做賓語，常可省略。 mr. liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.      劉先生就是你們在公共汽車上談論的那個人。li ming is just the boy (whom) i want to see. 

20、     李明正是我想要見的男孩。 注意：關系代詞whom 在口語或非正式文體中常可用who 來代替，也可省略。 the man (whom / who) you met just now is my old friend. 3which 指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時?？墒÷浴his is the pen (which) h

21、e bought yesterday.   這是他昨天買的鋼筆。the film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.   他們昨晚看的電影一點意思也沒有。4that 指人時，相當于who 或whom；指物時，相當于which.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時?？墒÷浴he

22、re is the man that / whom i saw this morning?   我今天早上看到的那個人在哪兒？the person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.   你介紹給我的那個人很友好。the season that /

23、60;which comes after spring is summer.   春天以后的季節(jié)是夏季。yesterday i received a letter that / which came from australia.   昨天我收到了一封來自澳大利亞的信。* 具體使用時還要注意下列問題：1、只能使用that,不用which 的情況：* 1） 當先行詞是：all , any

24、,much; little; none; anything , everything , nothing或被它們修飾時。is there anything that i can do for you ? 有什么可以為你做的嗎？all that can be done must be done . 凡是能做的都必須做。* 2）當先行詞被形容詞的最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。例如：that is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.那是這家書店出售的最有趣的書之一。the first thing that we s

25、hould do is to get some food .我們該做的第一件事是弄點吃的。* 3）當先行詞有：the only , the very , the same , the last 等修飾時。例如：my necklace is not the only thing that's missing.我的項鏈不僅是丟掉的東西。* 4）當主句以who或which開頭時，定語從句中引導詞用that ,不用which 或 who ，以避免重復。例如：who is the girl that is wearing a red coat?正穿一件紅色外套的女孩子是誰？* 5）當先行詞既有人

26、又有物時，用that 。例如：the writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known .你剛才談起的那位作家以及他的小說確實很著名。2、只用which不用that的情況：* 1) 關系代詞前有介詞時；e.g. this is the room in which lu xun lived.* 2) 非限定性定語從句中；作賓語用的關系代詞也不能省略。e.g. that necklace, which you gave me as a present, was lost yesterday* 3)

27、先行詞本身是that時；e.g. the clock is that which tells the time 即時訓練： i will tell him all you told me at the ball. the only thing we could do was to wait. the first place we visited was the great wall. we talked about the people and the villages we remembered.5whose  通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。i vis

28、ited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜訪了一個全國知名的科學家。he has a friend whose father is a doctor.   他有一個爸爸當醫(yī)生的朋友。i once lived in the house who

29、se roof has fallen in.   我曾經(jīng)住在那幢屋頂已經(jīng)倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物時，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：the classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.the classroom the door of which is broken will soon 

30、be repaired.do you like the book whose cover is yellow?do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?  （三）“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句關系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由“介詞+關系代詞”引出。the school (which /&

31、#160;that) he once studied in is very famous.the school in which he once studied is very famous.  他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學校很出名。this is the boy (whom / who / that) i played 

32、;tennis with yesterday.this is the boy with whom i played tennis with yesterday. 這是我昨天跟他打臺球的男孩。 即時訓練： 一、請分析一下定語從句：( 請劃出定語從句，并標出先行詞)eg.1 . another thing that i found very difficult was english grammar.2. you couldnt understand people wh

33、o talked fast.3. i have some ideas that may help.4. they said something you didnt like.5. can you think of any problems you have had recently?6. what are some of the rules that a teenager should obey?7. standing very close to the person you are talking with is quite common in some countries.二 定語從句易犯

34、錯誤 （改錯）1some of the boys i invited them didnt come 2the book that you need it is in the library 3anyone who break the law will be punished 4those who has finished may go home 5children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth 6the key opens the bike is missing 7the house where he lives in needs repai

35、ring 8i still remember the day on when i first came to beijing 9have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？ 10i dont believe the reason why he has given for his being late 三、用關系代詞填空：that 、which 、who、 whom 、whose1. this is the man _ wants to see you.2. the student _ answered the qu

36、estion is zhang hua.3. the man _ you went to see has come.4. the woman _ you saw is our geography teacher.5. the man _was passing by saw what happened.6. here is the pen _ you lost the day before yesterday.7. these books _ you lent me were very useful.8. i will never forget the days_ we spent togeth

37、er.9. a clock is a machine _ tells people the time.10. a dictionary is a book _ gives the meaning to the word.11. i will never forget the people and the places _ i have ever visited.12. is there anyone _ family is in beijing?13. she hates everything _ is modern.14. she wrote a book about the people

38、and things _ impressed her most deeply during her stay there.15. he is the only person _ was present at the time.16. this is the best car _ is made in china. 定語從句講解 (2)（一） 關系副詞引導的定語從句1 when  指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。i still remember the day when i first 

39、came to this school.      我仍然記得我第一次來到這所學校的那一天。2 where  指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。shanghai is the city where i was born.  上海是我出生的城市。the house where i lived ten years ago&#

40、160;has been pulled down.  我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被拆掉了。 如果定語從句分別修飾point, situation, stage, condition, degree和case等表示抽象意義的詞，常用where 引導，意思是“到了某種地步，在某種境況中”（前提是從句中缺少狀語）。3.  why  指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。please tell me the reason why you missed th

41、e plane.  請告訴我你誤機的原因。the reason why he was punished is unknown to us.  他受懲罰的原因我們都不知道。i dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.  我不知道他今天為什么看上去不愉快。   

42、60; 注意：關系副詞引導的定語從句經(jīng)常可以用“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句來表示。如：from the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he g

43、rew up.       自從他在農(nóng)村讀小學時，他就已經(jīng)知道長大后要做什么。great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.      他們生活的城市正發(fā)生巨大的變化。 the reason why

44、0;/ for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.       他為什么拒絕接受邀請的原因是十分明了的。總的說來,選擇介詞，一是根據(jù)從句中動詞或形容詞與介詞的習慣搭配，二是根據(jù)先行詞和介詞的習慣搭配，三是根據(jù)句子意思表達的需要。1. 考查定語從句中謂語部分的搭配習慣(1) 看定語從句中動詞與介詞的搭配the documents which they were searching

45、 have been recovered. american women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. a. who b. as c. about which d. with whom (2004上海卷)(2) 看定語從句中形容詞與介詞的搭配 he referred me to some reference books which i am not very familiar. 2. 考查先行詞與介詞的搭配習慣 這類考題往往要根據(jù)具體的語境來選擇介詞。如：ill never f

46、orget the day which she said goodbye to me.the english play _ my students acted at the new year's party was a great success. a. for which b. at which c. in which d. on which 3，考查根據(jù)句意確定介詞tom, whom the window was broken, has been criticized by his teacher.i am looking for my glasses, which i cant

47、watch tv clearly.in the office, i never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m. _ time many people have gone home. a. whose b. that c. on which d. by which （二）關系代詞as和which 引導的定語從句as 和which 引導非限制性定語從句時， 其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是：1.   as 和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個

48、句子。如：he is honest, as / which we can see.  他很誠實， 這一點我們看得出來。 2. as 引導的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。 which 引導的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含義。如：as is known to all, china is a

49、 developing country.   眾所周知，中國是發(fā)展中國家。john, as you know, is a famous writer.  正如你所知， 約翰是個著名作家。注意：當主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關系時，關系詞往往只用which。如：tom was late for school again and again, which m

50、ade his teacher very angry.  湯姆老是遲到，這使得老師很惱火。1.  當先行詞受such, the same 修飾時，關系詞常用as。 如：ive never heard such stories as he tells.  我從未聽過像他講的這樣的故事。this is the same dictionary 

51、as i lost last week.  這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。注意：當先行詞受the same 修飾時，偶爾也用 that引導定語從句，但與as引導的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。如：she wore the same dress that she wore at marys wedding.  她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。she wore the

52、60;same dress as her younger sister wore.  她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。  (三) 以the way為先行詞的限制性定語從句, 并在定語從句中當方式狀語時，用in which或that引導，而且通?？梢允÷浴Ｈ纾簍he way (that / in which ) he answered the questions

53、60;was surprising.  他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。 i dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her.      我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。（四）關系代詞與關系副詞的選擇 用關系代詞還是關系副詞引導定語從句主要看關系詞在定語從句中的作用（即所擔當?shù)某煞郑?。試比較：a.  

54、i know a place _ we can have a picnic.      。      i know a place _is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.    b.   

55、i will never forget the days _ we spent our holidays together.          i will never forget the days  _ we spent together.     

56、60; c.  this is the reason _ he was dismissed.           這就是他被解雇的原因。     this is the reason _he explained to me for his not&#

57、160;attending the meeting.     (五) 定語從句的其他要點* 在定語從句的使用中，one of后面的名詞是復數(shù)，這個復數(shù)名詞制約后面的定語從句的謂語動詞，用復數(shù)；而在one of 前面the only時，后面引導的定語從句中的謂語動詞則用單數(shù)形式。he is the only one of the students who is elected?jasper is one of those people who know about the accident.* 先行詞為time時， 若time 當“次數(shù)

58、“講時，應用關系代詞that引導定語從句， that可以省略；若time當 “一段時間，時代”講時，應用關系副詞when或者介詞at/during + which引導定語從句。如：this is the second time _ i have visited the great wall.there was a time _ i hated to go to school.鞏固練習1. this is the best factory _we visited last year. a. where b. which c. in which d. that2. is this the

59、 factory _computers are built? a. that b. which c. in which d. in that3. please pass me the dictionary _cover is red .a. whose  b. its   c. which d. which of4. the man _has arrived .  a. whom i told you b. that i told you c. whom i told you about him d. i told you about5. do

60、 you know the person _we are talking ? a. to whom b. to who c. whom d. to that6. they visited the house _the great writer was born . a. from where b. in which c. which d. in where7. the comrade _is speaking at the meeting is my teacher . a. whom b. which c. who d. whose8. he asked us

61、to watch carefully everything _he did in class . a. who b. that c. what d. where9. ill visit the professor tomorrow, _he will be back from shanghai . a. who b. that c. when d. which10. the school _i study is a new one . a. on which b. at where c. on that d. at which11. china has many

62、islands, _the largest is taiwan . a. in which b. at which c. which d. of which 12. the city _my mother grew up is not far from here . a. what  b. where c. that d. which13. our teacher lives in the house _door faces to the north . a. which b. his c. that d. whose14. do you know th

63、e man _your father nodded ? a. whom b. to whom c. to who d. about whom15. wrestling is a sport in _people easily get hurt. a. that b. when c. which d. what16. i told you _i know. a. all that b. all which c. all what d. all whom17. china has a lot of famous writers ,one _is lu xun .

64、60;a. of which b. of whom c. of who d. of them18. is this factory _we visited last year? a. in which b. around that c. whom d. the one19. is there anything _i can do for you, sir? a. that b. which c. whose d. who20. i still remember the day _she first wore that green dress.  a. which

65、b. in which c. on that d. on which21. he wrote several songs last year, and three of _ were very popular among young people. a. them b. which c. what d. that 22. do you remember the day _we spent _climbing mount tai last summer? a. ; going b. when; in going c. on which; going d. which; to go 23. ill never forget the days _ we