分析高層建筑火災(zāi)因素與防火措施畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

1、英文文獻(xiàn)一factor analysis of high-rise building fires reasons and fire protection measuresabstract high-rise building fires have many characteristics, such as the diversity of blazing, factors, various ways of fires spreading, the difficulty of evacuation and saving activities etc. thus in order to attai

2、n a partial event tree whose top event is the direct fire hazard loss, the comprehensive analysis of the factors that can cause high-rise building fires is needed. establishing high-rise building fire safety system and countermeasure begins from "man-machine-environment" , that is to say t

3、echnology (hardware) and management (software) which highlight the effect of guiding and coordination of management to technology, with management as outlines and technology as method: establishing and improving the save system, strengthening "three simultaneous”, enhancing safety management of

4、 the related personnel and cultivating the sense of safety, sounding the fire precautionary emergency program. the study aims at solving fire protection of highrisebuilding and providing some practical value to the design of high-rise building, assessment of fire safety and establishment of precauti

5、onary emergency program.1. introductionwith the development of urban economy, high-rise buildings and super high-rise buildings become more and more because of high population density and land price.nowadays in our country high-rise buildings develop into the direction of modernization, maximization

6、 and multi-functions, so it becomes more difficult to put out fires from outside and evacuate than one that takes place in ordinary constructions considering the high floors, complex functions and diversified devices. ofcourse it tends to cause great economical loss and personnel casualty accidents

7、easily.the statistics from ministry of public security suggests that fires in our urbancommunity rise obviously year by year,especially fires in high-rise buildings whichtake up a great proportion 1. fire disasters in high-rise buildings were relativelysevere during 1980s to 1990s, then slightly mit

8、igate in 1990s, but in recent years, it has presented upturn tendency since the rapid development of economic construction, such as one which took place in office building of wuhan government hubei province, april 17th, 2009, two days later, one occurring at international square building of nanjing,

9、jiangsu province and the recent report about a fire that happened at a high residence building of jingan area in shanghai,november 15th, 2010. the main reasons were about hardware which has no sounding fire fighting system, that is to say the fighting equipments don't match the floors and softwa

10、rein another word, management of related personnel and safety sense cultivation arelacked.the fireproof of high-rise building is still a worldwide difficult problem. the author analyses the partial event tree whose top event is the direct fire hazard loss according to the characteristics of high-ris

11、e buildings and fires. establish high-risebuilding fire safety system framework and emphasize four directions of fire safety countermeasure from "man-machineenvironment"that is to say technology (hardware) and management (software). the author aimed at providing some practical value to sol

12、ve the difficulty.2. the characteristics of high-rise buildings and fires high-rise buildings have three characteristics: construction structure is complicated (its high height, many floors and podium); functions are complicated and the population density is high (wide functions including residentia

13、l building,hotel, office building, store and so on); combustibles is multiple and fire load is large (much combustible decorativematerial, such as ceiling from combustible material, wall cloth of plastic, wallpaper, curtain and so on 2). characteristics drawing from above are as following 3-4:(1) fi

14、re spreads quickly. high-rise building has many staircases, elevator shafts, pipe shafts, air passages, cable shafts and many other vertical shafts. if fire separation is not arranged reasonably, they will become lofty chimneys, in other words,they will become the passages to spread fire, especially

15、 in superior hotels, comprehensive buildings, libraries, office buildings and other high-rise buildings. because of much existing combustible material, once it catches fire, combustion will spread quickly and be of high intensity. according to determination, owing to air convection, the horizontal v

16、elocity ofsmoke diffusion is 0.3 m/s in the initial stage of fire, when in the violent stage of fire, and it may reach at 3-4m /s (fig 1).once a high-rise building with the height of 100m catches fire, smoke will diffuse to the top floor through the vertical shafts in 30 seconds and its velocity is

17、more than 10 times of that in the horizontal direction.(2) it is difficult to evacuate. the features of high-rise buildings are as followings: firstly, there are many floors and thevertical dimension is long, whats more, it will cost too much time to evacuate. secondly, population density is concent

18、rated.thirdly, once it catches fire, air flow is unblocked and fires and smoke spread quickly. all of those increase the difficulty ofevacuation. some developed cities purchase a few of lift-up fire engines, while the majority cities with high-rise buildingshave no one, besides the height of them ca

19、n't meet the requirement of safety evacuation and fighting. generally speaking,ordinary elevators don't work because they can't protect from smoke and fires or power fails. therefore, it depends on stairsto evacuate in majority high-rise buildings. of course it is difficult to evacuate,

20、because the staircases are filled of smoke.all above are the main disadvantages to evacuate in high-rise buildings.(3) it is hard to put out the fire. it is fairly difficult to put out fires from outside because the height of high-rise buildingsranges from tens of meters to hundreds of meters. there

21、fore we have to depend on self-save that are to say we have to putout fires by indoor fire apparatuses. due to the limitation of economy and technology, the indoor fire apparatuses of highrisebuildings are not perfect, especially for the second class of high-rise buildings. it is more difficult to p

22、ut out fireshappening in high-rise buildings because of its strong thermal radiation, the speed of fire spreading, and the lack offirewater and so on.3. the analysis to the factors that may cause high-rise building firesit is an important part of the establishment of fire safety system and fire safe

23、ty countermeasure to analyze the factors thatmay cause fires. thus the comprehensive analysis of the factors is an essential prerequisite to establish fire safety systemand to put forward fire safety countermeasure.the occurrence and development of fires do not happen in twinkling but a series of de

24、veloping processes. it is a necessary condition for fires to have combustibles, comburent and ignition source together, while enough disaster-deducingfactors (such as building structure strength and material, fire load characteristic and distribute, the formation and strengthof ignition source, fire

25、 alarm system, fire equipment, emergency countermeasure, the group and so on) are the sufficientcondition. when the necessary condition mixes with the outside environmental condition, the fire will occur, develop andspread, then results in casualties and property loss. a partial event tree whose top

26、 event is the direct fire hazard loss is madeby analyzing fire accident cases and it is shown just as fig 2.evidence from fig 2: the trend of building fire safety is not only related to the life-cycle of building, the sense of firesafety and the carrying out measures but also the related to personne

27、l and the interfaces between systems that are consistedof personnel and buildings. these need to establish perfect fire protection system and strengthen "three simultaneous".that is to say fire-fighting facilities must be designed, constructed and put in the production at the same time. it

28、 is notdifficult to recognize that the existence of defect events includes elements of safety management. that is to strengthen thesafety management and cultivate related personnel the safety sense of building fire protection after the hardware of building environment is determined.high-rise buildin

29、g fires are a kind of risk events which are threaten to life and property of people. there are aboutthousands of these events every year in our whole country, which have terrible impact on our whole society and takeenormous damages. in order to know and protect fire accidents, the danger level of bu

30、rsting fire events should be decreasedand the danger should be controlled to lowest extent, besides it needs a perfect precautionary emergency program and awell-trained organization 5-7. analysis of the causes of high-rise building fires can not only help the emergency rescue butalso contribute to f

31、inding the defaults of precautionary system. if both of them can combine together and supply mutually,then fire safety system of high-rise buildings will be better.4. fire safety countermeasures of high-rise buildings safety is a best situation, where systems of "man-machine-environment" c

32、an realize mutual coordination. in order toachieve the goal, it needs to guarantee the safety of personnel and machine-environment. on one hand, some measures should be taken in technology to make the system of machine-environment with ability to ensure safety, on the other hand,the relationship bet

33、ween the personnel and the system of machine-environment in management should be coordinated. thatis to say we should realize the harmony of system from measures in both technology and management. fig 3 presentsbuilding fire safety system. the system emphases the timing relevance and the dynamic cha

34、racteristics of building firesafety trend, which carries out the management based on preliminary hazard analysis. it achieves the change frompassiveness to initiative and the development from steady to trends.high-rise building fire safety activity is consisted of the fire prevention and the control

35、 of fire loss. in the view ofcontaining fires, the most important method is to prevent the meeting of the three elements of fire. if the meeting can't avoid,the environment should be controlled well to prevent their interaction or mechanism of action. in the terms of avoiding anddecreasing the l

36、oss of building fires, the exposure of life and property in time and space should be controlled firstly, then thedisaster inducement factors in the fire process should be limited. from fig 3, we can know that if innate fire safety trend ofbuildings is confirmed, which is consisted of buildings, inne

37、r equipments, apparatus and other hardware, then the majorityreasons causing fires is the defaults of management 8-9. so the building fire safety countermeasure should have theprocess property and be made of technology and management. what's more, because of the special properties of personnel,i

38、t is a key point to strengthen safety management. only if after correct plan, organization, supervision, coordination andother activities, technology equipments and other jobs will make some sense and give service to the building fire safety. interm of the analysis of building fire loss, the majorit

39、y of basic events that the author puts forward in the existing technologyconditions can guarantee the building fire safety by improving and perfecting the safety management in order to control andeliminate hazards.in terms of fire safety, building, owners of building, the inner fire safety equipment

40、s, the rules of building andmanagement system is an organic integrity that is correlative and has mutual restriction. in order to achieve building firesafety, fire prevention of many factors, including personnel, building (including the inner equipments, facilities and so on),the related environment

41、al factors, and their interaction should be controlled and coordinated. from the sequence of time(fig 3), building has different time phases such as design, construction, acceptance inspection, application and so on.whether fire safety measures are practicable in different phases has a profound infl

42、uence on the next step. that is to say thejob in different phases is interrelated have mutual restriction. at the same time, in a time of stage in the building and the cross-section of the relevant personnel, job, all kinds of facilities and safety management system is also a connected andchecked ea

43、ch other organic integrity 10-11. according to the guiding ideology, in the process of implementation of fireprevention safety countermeasures, first step is to put the fire safety of buildings work as an integral subsystem and definiteorganizational mechanism and target; then, along the timing inve

44、stigation buildings in design, construction and acceptance,various stages of fire prevention safety characteristics and working communication and determine the specific safetymanagement of the content and the technical countermeasures are applied to achieve the whole process of fire preventionmanage

45、ment; in the specific time sequence of stage cross section (some phase), the technical countermeasures and technicalcountermeasures coordination and management should be implemented, of which the most important is to emphasize theprocess of operation management, especially to emphasize the homework

46、in danger analysis and the dynamic safetymanagement while management measures is regarded as the core. due to the overlapping of longitudinal and lateraldirection, the vertical should be emphasized as the main line in order to strengthen the manoeuvrability of the workrequirements, while the horizon

47、tal is the keypoint.5. conclusionsthe paper put the "safety and prevention first" as the principle and analyses the features of high-rise buildings fire to gainthe course of accident by understanding high-rise buildings and its fire and attain a partial event tree whose top event is thedir

48、ect fire hazard loss, while it combined with the current state of the economy. in view of the high-rise buildings fireproblem, this is a "global" problem, and several points are put forward as followings:(1) putting forward a new idea that is from "man-machine (content, equipment, etc

49、.) -environment", that is, the twoaspects of the technology (hardware) and management (software) should be take into consideration comprehensively tosolve problems in high-rise buildings fire prevention.(2) technology can't solve the problem that fire control facilities can't keep up wi

50、th the increasing of the floor heighteffectively in a short term. in terms of the present economic situation in our country, a high-rise buildings fire preventionsafety system which takes the management as outline should be put forward while technology is a method and outstand theguiding and coordin

51、ation that that management presents on technology.(3) our high-rise buildings should emphasize the four high-rise buildings fire safety countermeasures with the realizationof fire prevention safety system at the same time, and achieve technology and the management synchronous development assoon as p

52、ossible. besides, high-rise building fire prevention safety system should be perfected.in order to solve the high-rise building fire prevention safety problem, this study hopes to provide some practical value to the design of high-rise building, assessment of fire safety and establishment of precaut

53、ionary emergency program.英文譯文分析高層建筑火災(zāi)因素與防火措施摘要高層建筑火災(zāi)有很多特點(diǎn),比如不同的起火方式、因素,火災(zāi)的各種蔓延形式,疏散的難度大和撲救困難等。因此為了達(dá)到最小火災(zāi)經(jīng)濟(jì)損失,綜合因素分析高層建筑防火是必要的。建立高層建筑消防安全系統(tǒng)和對策開始從人-機(jī)-環(huán)境,也就是說技術(shù)和管理,突出的影響和協(xié)調(diào)指導(dǎo)管理到技術(shù),管理和技術(shù)方法概述:建立和完善自救系統(tǒng),加強(qiáng)“三個(gè)同步”,增強(qiáng)安全管理的相關(guān)人員，培養(yǎng)安全意識(shí),探測火災(zāi)預(yù)防應(yīng)急程序。這項(xiàng)研究旨在解決高層建筑的消防和提供一些實(shí)用價(jià)值的高層建筑設(shè)計(jì)、消防安全評估和建立預(yù)防應(yīng)急程序。 1.介紹隨著城市經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,高

54、層建筑和超級(jí)高樓大廈越來越因?yàn)楦呷丝诿芏群屯恋貎r(jià)格增高而增多。如今在我國高層建筑向現(xiàn)代化,最大化和多功能方向發(fā)展。所以就變得很難從外面撲滅大火且疏散困難，比發(fā)生在普通建筑，考慮建筑較高、復(fù)雜的功能和多樣化的設(shè)備。當(dāng)然這往往很容易造成巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失和人員傷亡事故。從公安部統(tǒng)計(jì)表明火災(zāi)在我們的城市明顯逐年上升,特別是在高層建筑火災(zāi)占據(jù)很大的比例。在高層建筑火災(zāi)從1980年代到1990年代,然后稍微減輕在1990年代,但近年來,它已呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展。例如在2009年4月17日一次發(fā)生在湖北省武漢市政府辦公大樓,兩天后,一次發(fā)生在江蘇省南京國際廣場建筑,最近的2010年11月15日報(bào)告關(guān)

55、于火災(zāi)發(fā)生在上海的一個(gè)較高的住宅建筑面積。主要原因是對建筑沒有自動(dòng)消防系統(tǒng),也就是說滅火能力不能達(dá)到滅火要求,管理相關(guān)的人員和安全意識(shí)的缺乏。高層建筑的防火仍然是一個(gè)世界性的難題。作者根據(jù)高層建筑的特點(diǎn)和火災(zāi)減少火災(zāi)損失。建立高層建筑消防安全系統(tǒng)框架和強(qiáng)調(diào)消防安全對策從人-機(jī)-環(huán)境，就是說技術(shù)和管理。作者旨在提供一些實(shí)用價(jià)值來解決這個(gè)困難。2.高層建筑的火災(zāi)特點(diǎn) 高層建筑有三個(gè)特征:建筑結(jié)構(gòu)是復(fù)雜;功能很復(fù)雜,人口密度高(復(fù)雜的功能,包括住宅、酒店、辦公樓、商店等等);可燃物多,火災(zāi)荷載大(多可燃裝飾材料,如天花板、壁布、可燃材料的塑料,壁紙,窗簾等)。(1) 火災(zāi)蔓延速度很快。高層建筑有許多

56、樓梯、電梯井、管道井、氣管、電纜豎井和許多其他垂直井。如果不安排合理的防火分隔,他們將成為高大煙囪,換句話說,他們將成為火災(zāi)傳播通道。尤其是在高級(jí)酒店火災(zāi),綜合建筑、圖書館、辦公樓和其他高層建筑，因?yàn)橛写蟛糠值目扇疾牧?一旦著火,火災(zāi)迅速傳播和具有較高強(qiáng)度。據(jù)測定,由于空氣對流,初期火災(zāi)水平速度煙霧擴(kuò)散是0.3 m/s,當(dāng)在中期的階段,它可能達(dá)到火在3-4m/s，一個(gè)高層建筑有100米的高度,一旦起火，煙在30秒內(nèi)通過豎井?dāng)U散到頂層,速度是水平方向的10倍。 （2）疏散困難。高層建筑的特點(diǎn)是,有下列情形之一的:首先,建筑物距離地面較高,更重要的是,它將花費(fèi)太多的時(shí)間撤離。其次,人口密度集中。第

57、三,一旦著火,空氣流動(dòng)暢通，大火和濃煙迅速蔓延。所有原因?qū)⒃龃笫枭㈦y度。一些發(fā)達(dá)城市購買的消防車,不能滿足大多數(shù)城市的高層建筑的高度，不能滿足安全疏散的要求和滅火能力。一般來說,在火災(zāi)發(fā)生時(shí)，普通電梯不工作,因?yàn)樗麄儾荒鼙ＷC從煙霧和火災(zāi)中電源發(fā)生故障。因此,這完全依靠于多數(shù)高層建筑樓梯撤離。當(dāng)樓梯充滿煙霧，人員很難撤離。以上是主要的缺點(diǎn)在高層建筑疏散。 (3)撲滅難度大。它是相當(dāng)難以撲滅大火從外面，因?yàn)楦邔咏ㄖ母叨葟膸资椎綆装倜?。因此我們必須依靠自?就是說我們必須依靠室內(nèi)消防器材。由于經(jīng)濟(jì)和技術(shù)的限制,室內(nèi)消防設(shè)備的費(fèi)用高并不合理,尤其是對第二類高層建筑。在高層建筑火災(zāi)中，由于其強(qiáng)大的熱

58、輻射使得火災(zāi)更難以撲滅,火災(zāi)蔓延的速度,而缺乏有效消防水等等。3.分析可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致高層建筑火災(zāi)的因素 它的一個(gè)重要組成部分,建立消防安全制度和消防安全對策,分析引起火災(zāi)的因素。因此全面分析的因素是一個(gè)重要的先決條件,建立消防安全體系，提出消防安全對策。火災(zāi)的發(fā)生、發(fā)展不發(fā)生在瞬間,而是一系列的發(fā)展過程。火災(zāi)發(fā)生的必要條件是要有可燃物、燃料和點(diǎn)火來源在一起，有足夠外在條件(如建筑結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度和材料、消防負(fù)荷特性和分布,形成和點(diǎn)火來源、火災(zāi)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)、消防設(shè)備、應(yīng)急對策等等)是火災(zāi)發(fā)生的條件。當(dāng)混合的必要條件與外部環(huán)境條件,火會(huì)發(fā)生、發(fā)展蔓延,最終導(dǎo)致人員傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失。一個(gè)局部的火災(zāi)是造成直接的火災(zāi)損失

59、的原因。 建筑消防安全的趨勢不僅與建筑的生命周期相關(guān),防火安全的意義和實(shí)施措施也是相關(guān)人員和系統(tǒng)之間配合。這些需要建立完善的消防系統(tǒng)和加強(qiáng)“三個(gè)同時(shí)”。也就是說消防設(shè)施必須設(shè)計(jì)、建造和投入生產(chǎn)在同一時(shí)間。它并不困難,認(rèn)識(shí)到存在的缺陷事件包括元素的安全管理。這是加強(qiáng)管理和培養(yǎng)相關(guān)人員的安全意識(shí)。高層建筑火災(zāi)是一個(gè)非常危險(xiǎn)事件，威脅到人們的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)。這些事件每年在我們國家發(fā)生,嚴(yán)重影響我們整個(gè)社會(huì)和人身安全。為了了解和保護(hù)火災(zāi)事故、危險(xiǎn)程度的爆炸火災(zāi)事件應(yīng)該減少，應(yīng)控制到最低程度,除了需要一個(gè)完善的預(yù)防應(yīng)急程序和有效的消防組織。分析高層建筑火災(zāi)不僅可以幫助緊急救援，還有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)有效的預(yù)防系統(tǒng)。如果他們兩個(gè)可以相互結(jié)合和供應(yīng),那么高層建筑消防安全系統(tǒng)會(huì)更好。4.高層建筑的消防安全對策 安全是一種最好的情況,系統(tǒng)的“人-機(jī)-環(huán)境”可以實(shí)現(xiàn)相互協(xié)調(diào)。為了發(fā)揮目標(biāo),它需要保證安全的人員和機(jī)械環(huán)境。一方面,應(yīng)該采取措施在技術(shù)上，使系統(tǒng)的機(jī)器環(huán)境與能力結(jié)合,確保安全,另一方面,人員之間的關(guān)系和系統(tǒng)的機(jī)器環(huán)境管理應(yīng)該協(xié)調(diào)。那說我們應(yīng)該意識(shí)到有效的系統(tǒng)從技術(shù)和管理措施。 預(yù)防建筑消防安全系統(tǒng)，系統(tǒng)重點(diǎn)是時(shí)間相關(guān)性和動(dòng)態(tài)特性的建筑物防火安全趨勢,落實(shí)管理基于初步危害分析。它達(dá)到了改變,從被動(dòng)性到