chapter 9nonfinite verb ppt

1、Chapter 9 Non-finite Verbs 非謂語動詞 （又稱非限定動詞）Chapter91.Infinitives (不定式)2.Participles (分詞)3.Gerunds (動名詞)11.謂語動詞：謂語動詞：一、非謂語動詞概述：一、非謂語動詞概述：2. 非謂語動詞：非謂語動詞：在句子中擔任謂語的動詞在句子中擔任謂語的動詞 是動詞的特殊形式，在句中可以是動詞的特殊形式，在句中可以作除謂語外的所有成分作除謂語外的所有成分2非謂語動詞2、動名詞、動名詞3、分詞、分詞現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞過去分詞二、非謂語動詞的形式二、非謂語動詞的形式1、動詞不定式、動詞不定式31.動詞不定式

2、的肯定和否定動詞不定式一、基本形式 構成：to + V.1、 動詞不定式的肯定與否定 動詞不定式后面只能用動詞原形。例如： a. They are going to U.S. to spend their holidays. b. He comes here to negotiate with his business partners. c. Our manager wants to get the pro forma invoice估價單估價單 ahead of time. d. Its necessary for you to lock the door when you go out.

3、 動詞不定式前加否定詞not或never構成否定形式。例如： a. I know him not to be honest. b. Boss told Susan not to order a single room for him. c. The thing has been proved never to be true. d. Its very selfish of him not to help us.49.12、動詞不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài) to be +過去分詞，構成了動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)。如下表：例如：a. The dean wanted this laboratory to be s

4、et up as soon as possible.b. You are rather lucky to be sent to Shanghai to have a visit.c. Nothing is to be seen when you just come into the dark cave.d. The persons will be happy not to be arranged in the mountains.e. She was very glad to have joined the army.（完成時表示動作發(fā)生在謂語前）f. Tourists most hated

5、to have been cheated by the tour guides.g. I hope to have been arranged to another company in another city.h. The place is said to have been discovered accidently.5動詞不定式動詞不定式3. 動詞不定式的用法動詞不定式的用法To do that sort of thing is foolish。I want to see you this evening.All you have to do is to finish it quick

6、ly.We found a house to live in.She came here to study English.I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation. 主語主語 賓語賓語表語表語 定語定語 狀語狀語 賓補賓補6（1）作主語）作主語： 不定式做主語時，可以直接放在謂語動詞之前。不定式做主語時，可以直接放在謂語動詞之前。To see is to believe Not to get there in time is your fault.注：注：常用常用it做形式主語，將做形式主語，將to do放在

7、位于放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。之后，使句子保持平衡。句型句型1：It + 謂語謂語 + to doIts very important to understand the true meaning of the sentence.句型句型2：Its + n. + to doIts our duty to help the poor.It needs great patience to see the natural landscape天然景觀天然景觀 .7句型句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.It is + adj + for sb to do sth

8、It is + adj + of sb to do sth（是形容人的品質(zhì)的是形容人的品質(zhì)的 ）（是形容事物的性質(zhì)的是形容事物的性質(zhì)的 ）It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party. It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.You are very kind

9、to give me some help.you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.89.1(2)作表語動詞不定式可在be動詞或其他系動詞后作表語。例如：a. His happiness is to help others at any time.b. Her purpose was to set up a new factory in two years.c. Having a trip is certainly good for the old couple and the key point becomes to broaden

10、開闊 their outlook and build their health.d. To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.當主語中出現(xiàn)從句且謂語為do時，作表語的動詞不定式則省略to。例如：a. What we should do is find the data we need.b. What he can do is lend more money to her firm.c. What he must do is clean out his own room this afternoon.d. Weve missed

11、the last bus. All we could do now is walk home.99.1（3）作賓語 不定式常在下列動詞后作賓語，如：agree，arrange，choose，claim，decide，demand，desire，determine，expect，hope，learn，manage，offer，seek，prepare，pretend，profess，promise，refuse，resolve，swear，threaten，undertake，volunteer等。例如：a. We always desire to live in peace with our

12、neighbors.b. They are busy preparing to take the final examination.c. Does he need to know the plan?d. There are so many kinds of shoes on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.109.1 有些動詞后常常接疑問詞+帶to的不定式作賓語，常見動詞有：advise，ask，consider，decide，discuss，discover，explain，forget，guess，inquire，know，ob

13、serve，see，settle，tell，think，understand，wonder等。例如：a. There are so many kinds of shoes on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.b. My cousin asked me which to buy.c. I know where to go but I dont know how to get there.d. All drivers dont know what to do next.e. The question for most of us is

14、how to put the theory into practice.119.1 在一些句子中，可用it作形式上的賓語，而句子真正的賓語（動詞不定式）常常后置，以便思想表達。例如：a. I find it necessary to write a letter to him.b. He deemed it his duty to help others.c. They think it better to go to the scenic spot on foot.d. We think it quite important to learn a foreign language well

15、nowadays.129.1 (4) 作賓補 要求帶to的不定式作賓語補足語的常見動詞有：advise，allow，ask，cause，challenge，enable，expect，induce，invite，order，require，teach，tell，tempt，train，urge，want，warn等。賓語補足語與賓語之間的關系實際上是邏輯與賓語之間的關系實際上是邏輯上的主謂關系。上的主謂關系。例如：a. They allowed us to smoke in this room only.b. Dont force others to do what they dont wan

16、t to do.c. The captain ordered the ship to be discharged.d. Parents do not allow their children to play on the street.139.1 表示人的感情的動詞，如 love，like，hate，prefer，want 后面作賓語補足語的不定式須帶to。例如：a. Id like that boy to go there every day.b. My boss wants me to interview some customers with him.c. Mr. Smith prefe

17、rs them to stay at home and relax themselves.d. I hate you to think me a trouble maker. 表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞，如consider，think，believe，judge，suppose，know，find，understand 等后面的賓語補足語常用不定式“to be.”結構。例如：a. She considers herself to be very lucky.b. I think him to be sensible.c. David knew the problem to be difficult t

18、hat no student can work it out.d. Everyone supposes him to be poor, but he is really a millionaire.149.1 動詞不定式跟在感官動詞如observe，watch，see，hear，notice，feel等或使役動詞如 make，let，have等之后作賓語補足語時，to 可以省去。例如：a. All the relatives親戚 gathered together to hear the lawyer read the will遺囑.b. The police observed the man

19、 leave the post office.c. The general manager has workers work late till 12 oclock.d. The policeman made him leave the room this morning.159.1（5） 作主語補足語 在不定式作賓語補足語的句子中，如果句子變成被動語態(tài)，原句中的賓語變成了主語，原句中作賓語補足語的動詞不定式也隨之變成了主語補足語，不帶to的動詞不定式須加to。例如：a. The little boy was warned not to be late again.b. He was repo

20、rted to be the first man that got to the top of this mountain.c. Tourists are told not to get to the edge邊緣 of the cliff懸崖.d. Tom was considered to be the best student in his class.169.1（6） 構成復合謂語結構 不定式與某些動詞短語構成句子的復合謂語成分，常見動詞短語有 be going to，used to，ought to，have to 等。例如：a. I am going to spend my win

21、ter holiday in Brazil.b. It seemed my English was going to stay at the same level all the time.c. You oughtnt to smoke too much; you are killing yourself.d. We used to be good friends, but fell apart about a year ago. 不定式與少數(shù)動詞的被動語態(tài)可構成句子的復合謂語結構。例如：a. The situation in that country is reported to be wo

22、rsening.b. The tour to the South Pole is said to be dangerous.c. He is known to have been admitted by the famous university.d. In moments, President Obama is expected to announce bin Ladens death from the White House.179.1（7）作定語 不定式作定語時，通常位于被修飾詞的后面。例如：a. I was greatly delighted when I was offered an

23、 opportunity to study English through an online course.b. Today, workers have a lot of work to do.c. He was the first person to get to the top of the mountain.d. Our resolution to realize the four modernizations is unshakable. 如果不定式與所修飾的名詞屬于動賓關系，且不定式動詞為不及物動詞，則須在后面跟適當?shù)慕樵~。例如：a. Mr. Mathew is the only

24、person for you to turn to.b. Havent you found a desk for me to work at?c. I have a trip plan to make for them.d. The teacher hasnt found a motel for his students to live in.189.1(8)作狀語作目的狀語。例如：a. Online learning requires much time and discipline to keep up with the flow of the course.趕上網(wǎng)上學習的課程進度需要很多

25、時間和訓練趕上網(wǎng)上學習的課程進度需要很多時間和訓練 。b. Sam walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.c. I have come to apologize.d. He runs so fast as to catch the first bus and not be late for work.作原因狀語。例如：a. All the students cried with sorrow to hear the bad news.b. The tourists are glad to hear the good news th

26、at the rain has stopped.c. He died to protect the children from the fierce flood.d. She was happy to hear the news.199.1作結果狀語。例如：a. He searched the room only to find nothing.b. They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.c. What has mother said to you to make you so happy?d. He lived to see

27、 his children grown up.作方式狀語用來修飾整個句子。例如：a. To be frank, I really want to help you but I cant.b. To be honest, you are the most outstanding technical worker that I have met.c. To be sure, cars and trucks today generate one-tenth the pollution of a vehicle in 1970.d. To speak frankly, I dont like your

28、 attitude.209.1（9）固定搭配 跟動詞不定式的常見固定搭配有: so as to，in order to，enough to，too. to.等，在句中可作目的狀語、結果狀語等。例如：a. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.（目的）b. I arrived at the shop only to find Id left all my money at home. (結果)c. You must work hard in order to succeed. (目的)d. His eyesight is too poor to see

29、 the small letters. (結果)e. Too nervous to reply, she stared at the wall. (結果)f. He has enough money to afford a car. (結果)21分詞 Participles9.21.現(xiàn)在分詞一般式和被動式 動詞+ ing 構成現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式。例如：a. Look at the burning coal in the furnace火爐火爐 .b. They were absorbed in one of their hobbies, collecting stamps.c. Being lo

30、nely, that family moved to another city.d. Traveling is interesting but tiring. being +過去分詞構成現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)。現(xiàn)在分詞的否定形式由 not + 現(xiàn)在分詞構成。例如：a. The man being taught some driving skills can drive well.b. Being heated to 100C, water will boil.c. Not being invited, John neednt take part in the concert tomorrow.d.

31、 The question being discussed is of great importance.229.22.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式和完成被動式2、現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式和完成被動式 having + 過去分詞構成現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式，分詞完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。例如：a. Having been elected president, he must take some measures to cope with the serious domestic situation.b. Having known the importance of English, he is determin

32、ed to study it well.c. Having finished the test, he handed in his paper.d. Having missed the last bus, Mr. Green has to take a taxi to go home. having + been + 過去分詞構成現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動語態(tài)，其動作與其邏輯主語是被動關系。例如：a. Having been exhausted by the journey, he went straight to bed.b. Having been cleaned, the room looke

33、d tidy and bright.c. Having been published, this book was very popular among the boys.d. Having been destroyed in an earthquake, this bridge would be built again.239.23.過去分詞 過去分詞的構成有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。規(guī)則動詞一般接-ed或-d詞尾構成過去分詞，不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞則須專門記憶掌握。例如：a. A broken mirror cannot be repaired again.b. I was confused把把

34、弄糊涂弄糊涂 about what he said.c. Developed countries should help the poor countries.d. That old professor surrounded by students is having a speech.24分詞的作用9.21、作表語1、做表語： 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，表明主語的性質(zhì)或內(nèi)容，過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。例如：a. The exhibition is boring. b. The journey to Sydney was interesting.c. This news is exciting.

35、 d. Be relaxed during interviews.e. The lake is surrounded with trees. f. The glass is broken.2、作定語：單個的分詞作定語有時放在被修飾詞的前面，分詞短語作定語常常放在被修飾詞的后面。例如：a. The girl running towards us is my little sister.b. That pavilion lying in the middle of the lake looks beautiful.c. This cheering news was known by everyon

36、e.d. Color TV sets made in China are quite popular in that region.e. The conference being held in Beijing is of tremendous importance.f. A retired worker often walks around the park with his daughter.259.23、 做賓語補足語可以跟分詞作賓語補足語的動詞多為感官動詞和使役動詞，常見動詞有：see，feel，hear，find，keep，get，have，like，notice，watch，sme

37、ll等。例如：a. His behavior left me wondering what he would do next.b. Just look at these lovely children dancing.c. He could feel the cold water splashing into his being, refreshing and cooling him.d. I want your homework done as quickly as possible.e. They found the streets quite deserted on Sunday.f.

38、He felt himself lifted up.4、做主語補足語當分詞作賓語補足語的句子變成被動語態(tài)時，分詞也隨之變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語。例如：a. The house was felt shaking.b. Tom was heard singing a song in his bedroom.c. He is known having been admitted by the famous university.d. Adrian was told abandoned by his parents when he was young.e. The wood is seen made into

39、desks and chairs.f. Sodium(鈉) is found combined with many metals.269.24. 分詞作狀語4、作狀語 -ing/-ed分詞作句子的狀語,可表示時間、原因、方式、條件、讓步、結果和伴隨情況等意義。例如：（1）He cut his finger while thinking about the matter. (時間)（2）Happening in war time, this would amount to disaster. (條件)（3）Living near the lake, we can fish on Sunday.

40、(原因)（4）Though understanding no Chinese, John was able to communicate with the local officers. (讓步)（5）I want you to grow up good, not lying and gambling and stealing. (方式)（6）They stared at each other, confused.（方式）（7）Stopped by the guard, he showed his ID card. (時間)（8）Heated, water change into steam.

41、（條件）（9）Influenced by his brother, the boy has a passion for music. (原因)（10）Defeated, he never lost his dream.（讓步）279.25、分詞獨立結構 分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語一般應當與句子主語保持一致，如果其邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致，分詞的前面可以用代詞或名詞做自己的邏輯主語，從而構成分詞的獨立結構。例如：（1） The floor being wet and slippery, we stayed outside. (原因)（2） The road damaged in the eart

42、hquake, people have to wait in their cars.（原因）（3） His homework done, Jack decided to go out and play basketball with his friends. (時間)（4） There being nothing to do, we left. (原因)（5） The solider went off, a gun held in hand. (方式)（6） He entered upon the new company, his eyes wide-opened.（伴隨）289.2 with

43、/without可用來構成分詞的獨立結構。此結構中，如分詞前的名詞或代詞是分詞動作的發(fā)出者，則用現(xiàn)在分詞；如名詞或代詞是分詞動作的承受者，則用過去分詞。例如：1. With the duty accomplished, he went out to have a walk.2. With so many audiences waiting for you, youd better sing another song.3. Mr. Wang stood at the gate, with a book holding in his hand.4. Without being noticed, h

44、e escaped from the prison.5. With the door (being) open, he slept.6. She came without anyone accompanying her.29 動名詞 Gerunds9.31、一般式與被動式 動詞接詞尾-ing構成動名詞的一般式；being +動詞的過去分詞構成了動名詞一般式的被動語態(tài)。例如：a. Reading aloud is very useful.b. All employees used to be tired of having meetings every Sunday.c. I forgot wr

45、iting a letter to you.d. Professor Li doesnt like being disturbed when he was working.e. Being sent abroad is a happy thing for me.f. The doctor insisted on the patients being operated on immediately.309.32、動名詞的完成式和完成被動式 having +動詞的過去分詞構成動名詞的完成式；而動名詞完成式的被動語態(tài)則由 having been +動詞的過去分詞構成。完成式表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前

46、。例如：a. I remember having learned the content of this passage.b. Michael forgot having seen this film before.c. The chief engineering acknowledged having attended such a meeting.d. The foreigners are surprised at Sichuans having been rebuilt in such a short time.e. Arthur denied having been admitted

47、by that famous university.f. After having been told, I would rather believe its true.31動名詞的作用1.作主語1、作主語 動名詞在句子中可作主語，此時謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。例如：a. Smoking is bad for your health.b. Seeing is believing.c. Serving the people heart and soul is our duty.動名詞作主語時，可用it作形式主語，而句子的主語（動名詞）須后置。例如：a. Its no good using t

48、his kind of material.b. It is much more comfortable staying in the hotel in hot summer.c. It is no use your pretending that you didnt know the safety rules.329.32、做表語動名詞在句子中可以作表語，用來說明主語的性質(zhì)與特征。例如：a. His job is looking after his little brother.b. My grandfathers hobby is planting some flowers in his g

49、arden.c. Reading that book is wasting your time.d. The umbrellas function is protecting people from rain or sunlight.e. My mothers interest is visiting some scenic spots and historic sites.f. His ambition is taking place of his manager.3、作賓語一 些 動 詞 后 面 只 能 跟 動 名 詞 作 賓 語(不 能 跟 動 詞 不 定 式)，常 見 的 有admit

50、，acknowledge，avoid，deny，enjoy，fancy，finish，cant help，cant stand，imagine，postpone，suggest，understand等。例如：a. He enjoys watching TV.b. He admits having done it without permission.c. The job involved my living in London.d. The traveler found it pleasant walking along the path in the country.339.3 有些動詞后面

51、既可以跟動名詞又可以跟動詞不定式作賓語，而意義沒有區(qū)別，常見動詞有attempt，begin，continue，deserve，hate，intend，love，neglect，omit，plan，prefer，require，start等。例如：a. On his return to Beijing, he began to study/studying English.b. Mary omitted to make/making her bed.c. The prisoners attempted to escape/escaping but failed.d. Youd better s

52、tart to run/running as fast as you can.4、作介詞賓語在一些句子中，動名詞跟在介詞后面作介詞的賓語。例如：a. Im looking forward to hearing from you.b. Susan is interested in being an expert in psychology.c. Mr. Zhang is responsible for guarding the school yard.d. Miss Wang has been accustomed to living here.e. How about going abroad

53、 with us?f. My mother has been tired of going shopping with my daughter.34Attention Please !1. 一些動詞后面既可以跟動詞不定式，又可以跟動名詞作賓語。一般情況下，一些動詞后面既可以跟動詞不定式，又可以跟動名詞作賓語。一般情況下，動名詞表示動名詞表示“泛指泛指”，而動詞不定式表示，而動詞不定式表示“具體的動作具體的動作”，這樣的動詞常，這樣的動詞常見的有見的有l(wèi)ike, hate, love, prefer等。等。His grandfather likes reading.His grandfather

54、 likes to read this kind of books.likes reading表示某人的表示某人的“習慣與愛好習慣與愛好”, likes to read表示做表示做“某一具體的事某一具體的事情情”。2. 有些動詞后面可以跟動詞不定式和動名詞作賓語，但其意義卻大有區(qū)別，有些動詞后面可以跟動詞不定式和動名詞作賓語，但其意義卻大有區(qū)別，需特別注意，常見的此類動詞有需特別注意，常見的此類動詞有: forget, remember, mean, regret, stop, try等。等。(1) I remember telling you the story last night.I r

55、emember to tell you the story.(2) David forgot giving the timetable to you.David forgot to give the timetable to you.remember, forget之后，跟動名詞表示動作發(fā)生在之后，跟動名詞表示動作發(fā)生在“記得記得”、“忘記忘記”之前，之前，接動詞不定式表示動作發(fā)生在接動詞不定式表示動作發(fā)生在“記得記得”、“忘記忘記”之后。之后。35(3) Success means working very hard.I dont mean to say were perfect.mean作

56、作“意味著意味著”解時，只能接動名詞；解時，只能接動名詞；mean作作“意欲意欲, 打算打算”解時，其后只能解時，其后只能跟帶跟帶 to 的動詞不定式。的動詞不定式。(4) I regret telling you that it was John who stole your watch.I regret to tell you that your father is ill.regret doing表示對曾經(jīng)做過或發(fā)生的事表示后悔或遺憾；表示對曾經(jīng)做過或發(fā)生的事表示后悔或遺憾；regret to do則表示對將要則表示對將要做某事而感到遺憾。做某事而感到遺憾。(5) He stopped

57、watching the TV.He stopped to watch the TV.stop doing表示停止做某事，動名詞作表示停止做某事，動名詞作stop的賓語的賓語, stop to do表示停止做某件事而去表示停止做某件事而去做另外一件事，動詞不定式作做另外一件事，動詞不定式作stop的目的狀語。的目的狀語。(6) She tried bribing the jailor.She tried to bribe the jailor.try doing表示試著做某事表示試著做某事, try to do表示試圖、企圖做某事。表示試圖、企圖做某事。363. 動名詞作表語時，其形式像進行時

58、態(tài)，但二者有著本質(zhì)上的區(qū)別。如句子動名詞作表語時，其形式像進行時態(tài)，但二者有著本質(zhì)上的區(qū)別。如句子為進行時態(tài)，往往句子的主語是謂語動詞動作的發(fā)出者；而動名詞或動名為進行時態(tài)，往往句子的主語是謂語動詞動作的發(fā)出者；而動名詞或動名詞短語作表語是為了說明主語的性質(zhì)或內(nèi)容。詞短語作表語是為了說明主語的性質(zhì)或內(nèi)容。He is repairing the machine. (進行時態(tài)進行時態(tài))His job is repairing the machine.（動名詞作表語）（動名詞作表語）第二句也可以變?yōu)椋旱诙湟部梢宰優(yōu)椋篟epairing the machine is his job.4. 不定式作表

59、語，是為了說明主語的性質(zhì)或內(nèi)容，其形式有點像不定式作表語，是為了說明主語的性質(zhì)或內(nèi)容，其形式有點像be + to + V表表示示“打算，將要打算，將要.”的用法，但二者有著截然不同的本質(zhì)。如：的用法，但二者有著截然不同的本質(zhì)。如：He is to take some important packages and papers to foreign countries. (表表“打算做某事打算做某事”)His task is to take some important packages and papers to foreign countries. (動詞不定式作表語動詞不定式作表語)第二句

60、也可以變?yōu)椋旱诙湟部梢宰優(yōu)椋篢o take some important packages and papers to foreign countries is his task.37CONTENTS PAGEReading for Review and LeisureRelish the MomentTucked away in our subconscious is an idyllic vision. We see ourselves on a long trip that spans continent. We are travelling by train. Out the win