研究生英語寫譯教程基礎級第三版袁錫興楊若東寫作篇Chapter1Theparagraph

1、2021-11-112021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL2ContentIntroductionThe Topic SentenceThe Concluding SentenceUnityCoherence2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL3I. Introduction Q: What is a paragraph? a basic unit of organization in writingadevelops one main idea;astand by itself, or:abe part of a longer piece of writ

2、ing.ContentForm2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL4I. Introduction 1. Pretest: Read and answer: page 2, model writing. A: (1) Topic sentence. (2) Concluding sentence. (3) Supporting sentences. (4) Transitional words. (5) One.2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL5I. Introduction Construction of a paragraph:Topic Sen

3、tenceSupporting sentence 1Supporting sentence 2Supporting sentence xConcluding SentenceTransitional wordsOne main idea2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL6I. Introduction Functions of each element:TSSS1SS2SSxCSTWthe main idea of the paragraph: naming & controlingdevelop the ts: reasons, facts, egs. stat

4、istics, quotations etc.signals the end; restates important points to rememberlink ss, show logic2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL7I. Introduction 5 Elements of a paragraph: The topic sentence; Supporting sentences; The concluding sentence; Transitional words, aka cherence; The main idea, aka unity. Exerc

5、ises: page41. C E A D B2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL8II. The Topic Sentence 1. Pretest: Read and answer: page 5 Topic sentences: 2, 5, 8, 9 Q: Why and in what ways are the others unfit for topic sentences? Three important characteristics2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL9II. The Topic Sentence2. Three impo

6、rtant characteristics:A complete sentence; The importance of communication. Communications is important between family members.Contains both a topic and a controlling idea; There are different opinions. There are different opinions about . even among experts. Different opinions arise from different

7、sides people take.a) The most general statement in the paragraph.2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL10II. The Topic Sentence American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter. American food is terrible

8、. American food is terrible in two ways. American food is tasteless and greasy. Review: Three essential points 主題句必須是一個主題句必須是一個完整的句子完整的句子 由由主題詞主題詞和和主題思想的表述主題思想的表述兩部分兩部分構成構成 只是一種只是一種概括性概括性的陳述而不提供具體的細節(jié)的陳述而不提供具體的細節(jié)2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL11II. The Topic Sentence 3. Position of Topic SentencesAt the

9、 beginning of a paragraph;At the end of a paragraph;Implied. eg: page 6-7 Exercises: page 7 Para. 1: C A D B Para. 2: B G E A D C F Para. 3: D B E A F Ca)Para. 4: B E F C A D G2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL12II. The Topic Sentence4. The Two Parts of a Topic SentenceTopic a) Controlling ideato name the

10、 subject, or main idea to make a specific comment about the topic, which indicates what the rest of the paragraph will say about the topic 2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL13II. The Topic Sentence eg: Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit. It is an expensive luxury to own an automobile in a large

11、city. Exercises: page 9TopicControlling IdeaTopicControlling Idea2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL14II. The Topic Sentence5. Writing Topic SentencesTwo points:be neither too general nor too specific;avoid too many unrelated ideas. San Francisco is famous for its temperate climate, its many tourist attrac

12、tions, and its cosmopolitan atmosphere.Exercises: page 112021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL15II. The Topic Sentence Exercises: page 11: Para. 1: American English takes in a lot of foreign words. Para. 2: The educational system in European universities is quite different from that in American universities.

13、 Para. 3: People usually use local materials available to build their homes. Para. 4: There are many similarities between doctors and teachers.2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL16III. The Concluding SentenceOptional, not required.Functions:signals the end of the paragraph. summarizes the main points of th

14、e paragraph.1. gives a final comment on the topic and leaves the reader with the most important ideas to think about. 2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL17III. The Concluding Sentence Ways of writing a concluding sentence: Eg1: Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same e

15、motional meaning. For example, . Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so called synonyms are not really synonymous at all. Paraphrasing 同義改寫同義改寫2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL18III. The Concluding Sentence Eg2: Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristi

16、cs. First of all, gold has . Another important characteristic of gold is . In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility. Summerizing the main points 總結要點總結要點2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL19III. The Concluding Sentence End-of-paragraph signals: To sum up In sum Henc

17、e To conclude In the end In a word All in all .2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL20III. The Concluding Sentence Exercises: page 13: Para. 1: Paraphrasing: In short, you need first be an attentive listener before becoming a good speaker. Summarizing: In summary, good manners in listening, such as attention

18、, not being interruptive, and body language, can be as important in a conversation as speaking itself. 2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL21III. The Concluding Sentence Exercises: page 13: Para. 2: Paraphrasing: Thus, modern corporate workers are constantly under great pressure as a result of the advance i

19、n communication technology. Summarizing: Therefore, the corporate workers often get overworked and feel frustrated in dealing with the overwhelming messages made possible by the modern communication technology. 2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL22IV. Unity 1. Pretest: Read and answer: page 14 Para.1: Topi

20、c sentence: Adventure travel is the hot trend in the tourism industry. Irrelevant sentence: People of all ages are choosing educational study tours for their vacations. 2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL23IV. Unity Para.2: Topic sentence: Daredevil sports are also becoming popular. Irrelevant sentence: So

21、ccer is also becoming popular in the United States, where it was not well known until recently.2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL24IV. Unity2. Important Points of UnityUnity：only one main idea is discussed every supporting sentence must directly explain or prove the main idea that is stated in the topic s

22、entence.eg: page 15-17Best one:1. Topic sentence:para. 2 The first sentence2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL25IV. UnityProblem with para.1:Mothers can give the HIV virus to . 75 to 85 percent of infections.Problem with para.2:There is evidence that in the United States, the United Kingdom, . at least amo

23、ng males.1. Although there is no cure for HIV-AIDS, new medicines are available that prolong the lives of people with HIV.A new topicIrrelevant sentences2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL26IV. Unity Exercises：page 17 The first sentence of each paragraph: 1) Logic, which is basis of rhetoric, . 2) English

24、logic and English rhetoric, . 3) A type of construction found in Arabic and Persian writing. 4) Some Asian writers, . 5) Spanish rhetoric . 6) In summary, .2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL27IV. Unity Exercises：page 18 para. 1: Topic sentences: 1) The question iswhich language? 2) That day is decades awa

25、y, however, because . Irrelevant sentences: 1) His company spends $200 million . 2) Computer spelling checkers .2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL28IV. Unity para. 2: Topic sentences: 1) Even when you try to be polite, . 2) Although Americans are usually very direct in social matters, . Irrelevant sentenc

26、es: 1) American meals are usually more informal . 2) Idioms are often difficult .2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL29V. Coherence 1. Pretest: Read and compare: page 19 Translation 2 is better because: the use of transitional words; the use of grammatical structure words; the use of logic words (pronouns a

27、nd nouns); the use of proper tense/ mood.2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL30V. Coherence 2. Comparison Between English and Chinese Writing in Coherence Coherence ： being connected naturally and logically by a common principleformmeaningtransitional, structural, logic wordscontext, no explicit wordshypota

28、xisparataxis2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL31V. Coherence Three ways to achieve coherence in English: 1. Repeating key nouns. 2. Using pronouns that refer back to key nouns. 3. Using transition signals. 2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL32V. Coherence 3. Repetition of Key Nouns Consecutive use of key nouns a

29、nd pronouns. Read and count: Model 1 _ gold _ it _ its Exercise: Read and repalce, page 2172312 words refering to gold2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL33V. Coherence English has almost become an international language. Except for Chinese, more people speak it than any other language. Spanish is the offic

30、ial language of more countries in the world, but more countries have it as their official or unofficial second language. More than 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in it. It is the primary language on the Internet. 2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL34V. Coherence In international business, it is u

31、sed more than any other language, and it is the language of airline pilots and air traffic controllers all over the world. Moreover, although French used to be the language of diplomacy, it has displaced it throughout the world. Therefore, unless you plan to spend your life alone on a desert island

32、in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, it is a useful language to know.2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL35V. Coherence Exercise: Read and repalce, page 22 Dolphines are interesting because they display almost human behavior at times. For example, they display the human emotions of joy and sadness. During tr

33、aining, when they do something correctly, they squeal excitedly and race toward their trainer. When they make a mistake, however, they droop noticeably and mope around their pool. Furthermore, they help each other when they are in trouble. 2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL36V. Coherence If one is sick, i

34、t sends out a message, and others in the area swim to help it. They push it to the surface of the water so that it can bearthe. They stay with it for days or weeks until it recovers or dies. They have also helped trapped or lost whales navigate their way safely out to the open sea. They are so intel

35、ligent and helpful, in fact, that the US Navy is training them to become underwater bomb disposal experts.2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL37V. Coherence4. Use of Consistent PronounsTwo donts:Dont change from you to he or she (change of person)Dont change from he to they (change of number).a) Exercise: R

36、ead and repalce, page 222021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL38V. Coherence Olympic athletes must be strong both physically and mentally. First of all, if you hope to compete in an Olympic sport, you must be physically strong. Furthermore, an aspiring Olympian must train rigorously for many years. For the mo

37、st demanding sports, they train several hours a day, five or six days a week, for ten or more years. In addition to being physically strong, he or she must also be mentally tough. 2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL39V. Coherence This means that you have to be totally dedicated to your sport, often giving

38、up a normal school, family, and social life. Being mentally strong also means that he or she must be able to withstand the intense pressure of international competition with its attendant media coverage. Finally, not everyone can win a medal, so they must possess the inner strength to live with defe

39、at.2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL40V. Coherence 5. Transitions Transitions are signals used to show the precise relationship between ideas.GoSlowStopsimilarlymoreoverfurthermorein additionon the other handhoweverin contrast in conclusionto sum up2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL41V. Coherence Other types o

40、f transitional words/phrases: example: for example; for instance; take . as an example; . result: as a result; consequently; thereby; . Remember: never too many, nor too few.2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL42V. Coherence Exercise: Read, compare and underline, page 23 The more coherent one: para.2 Transi

41、tional signals: Another, For example, First of all, therefore, consequently, Furthermore2021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL43V. Coherence6. Types of Transitional SignalsThree groups by grammatical function:Sentence connectors;Clause connectors; coordinating conjunctions; subordinating conjunctions.Others. a) Further categorized in meaning/function. See page24-252021-11-1by Jessie Yao, HUEL44V. Coherence Read and study: Learn more about the usage of each type and