TheArtandScienceofCommunication

1、the art and science of communication 2009 hrdqcourse objectivesupon completion of this course, youll be able to: recognize how assumptions contribute to miscommunication describe a three-step process for communicating effectively list the characteristics of a clear message identify body language tha

2、t supports your message list skills needed to speak assertively identify ways to build rapport with others explain how to de-escalate emotions when communicating in a conflict 2009 hrdqart and science of communication: course objectiveswhat is communication?we communicate in many ways:with words, to

3、ne, eyes, and gestures, to name a few.art and science of communication: what is communication?think about the following questions: what is your definition of communication? what is the purpose of communication? what are the main components of communication? 2009 hrdqchapter one:introduction to the c

4、ommunication modelthe art and science of communicationthree steps of communicationcommunication is composed of three basic steps:1. prepare yourself and the other person2. send your message3. check for understanding the preparation, sending, and understanding cycle happens numerous times in a single

5、 interaction (when facial expressions, dress, gestures, vocal characteristics, word choice, and context are considered). the message not effective unless receiver understands it the same way the sender meant it. 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model 1. prepare yourself and your list

6、ener know your goal practice positive intent uncover assumptions, values, beliefs (yours and theirs)three-step model: step one 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model preparing yourself before communicating will make your message much more effective. know in advance what you want to s

7、ay, and why you want to say it. this sounds obvious, but it isnt always apparent to the listener. there are three general purposes for communication: to inform: “mark, i need you to summarize the first quarter marketing strategy for the rest of the team.”know your goal to persuade: “michelle, i thin

8、k if we add sound to the presentation, it will hold peoples attention better and theyll learn more.” to inquire: “karen, what do youthink about the new software system?” 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model determine what outcome you want the conversation to have: what reaction do

9、you want from the other person? what do you want them to remember? what do you want them to do as a result of your conversation?picture the outcome 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model you can plan, but you cannot control the other persons reactions, so remain open and flexible.one

10、 way to help the conversation go the way you want is to be sure the person that you are talking to is ready to hear you. if you are unsure if the person is ready, ask questions like these: “is this a good time to talk?” “can we discuss something ive been thinking about?” “would now be a good time, o

11、r should i come back later?”prepare the receiver 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model another aspect of the first step of the model, preparing yourself, is to practice positive intent. positive intent is an attitude that is reflected in your communication. its assuming that other p

12、eople have good reasons for doing and saying the things they do.practice positive intent 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model behaviors or feelings, no matter how strange they seem, have some useful and important positive purpose.heres an example of using positive intent.your manag

13、er is taking you off your current project team and putting you on another one. you enjoy the project team youre on now and have no wish to change. your knee-jerk reaction is to be upset and mad at your boss.positive intent: practice 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model using positi

14、ve intent, think of a reason why your boss would have done that.possible answer: perhaps your boss is trying to create a better overall balance among project teams and knows he can count on your cooperation.understanding assumptions 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model assumptions

15、are present in everyones communication system and have an impact on how messages are delivered and received. our upbringing, life experiences and current circumstances all contribute to the assumptions we make. the key is knowing when we are making an assumption, and checking it out with the other p

16、erson. for example, a co-worker glances at his watch while talking to you. what might you think? hes bored?hes concerned about his next meeting?without verifying what you saw, you may make an incorrect assumption. sometimes assumptions are so ingrained that they become a “fact” to that person.treat

17、each person individuallywhat is true for one person may not be true for another.listen before “jumping” into the conversationtry to detect clues about assumptions the other person may bemaking.avoid sweeping statements“always,” “never,” “every,” “no one” are sweeping generalizationsthat can contribu

18、te to unhelpful assumptions.consider positive intentremember that people usually have a good reason for whatthey say and do.how to avoid harmful assumptions“a great many people think they are thinking when they are reallyrearranging their prejudices.” - edward r. murrow 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro t

19、o the communication model psychologists tell us that we talk to ourselves at a rate of 1,300 words per minute, and that most of our self-talk is negative. look at examples of how you can transform negative self-talk into a positive or neutral statement.listen to your self-talknegative thoughtpositiv

20、e statement“my boss is a jerk.”“my boss is having a bad day.”“i dont get paid enough to put up with this.”“this is a temporary problem that will pass.”“that was the dumbest mistake ive ever seen.”“we caught the mistake in time and no permanent damage was done.” 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the com

21、munication model 2. send your message the second step of the communication model is sending your message. look at this picture and think about how you would describe it not only what you literally see, but also the“backstory” what you think isgoing on in the picture.if you described this picture tos

22、omeone else, how closely doyou think the picture in their headwould match the actual photo?three-step model: step twochapter one: intro to the communication model it can be difficult to send a clear message.a clear message has leaves no room for misunderstanding. this can be accomplished in several

23、ways. the first is through direct language: talk about what you need with confidence.be careful not to back down too quickly if youare discussing something that is important toyou. be considerate of others ideas, but donthastily abandon your own. use “i” statements: state what you need orwant in ter

24、ms of yourself, rather than in termsof the other person. describe the situation andhow it affects you. wrong way: “are you sure you want to choose that one?” right way: “i think you should choose that one.”characteristics of a clear message 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model more

25、 characteristics of a clear message 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model use facts and details clarify your point: be able to back up your statements with facts that are clear and relevant. use a calm, non-critical tone of voice: if you are correcting another persons behavior, make

26、 sure that you are objective and composed. and finally, use repetition: conversations can easily get off track. dont be afraid to restate your purpose several times during an interaction. three styles of communication 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model your communication style is

27、 an important element of sending your message. there are three general styles of communication:passive you put the rights ofothers before your own, minimizing your own self worth.verbal clues: soft or tentative voice, indirect requests, apologetic, always agrees, doesnt speak up.aggressiveyou stand

28、up foryour rights but violate the rights of others. verbal clues: monopolizes and interrupts, sarcastic and condescending, poor listener, blaming others.assertiveyou stand up foryour rights whilemaintaining respect for the rights of others. verbal clues:states expectations without labels of judgment

29、s, honest and direct, checks on others feelings, effective listener.assertive communicationassertive communication gives equal consideration to your rights and others. it is characterized by honest and direct conversations, stating expectations without labels or judgment, checking on others feelings

30、 and being an effective listener. if you send your message using an assertive style, you will boost the chances of the message being heard the way you intended successful communication! 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model click the page image at right to open the p/a/a comparison

31、chart in pdf format.body language plays an extremely important part of sending an effective message. a famous study found that 93% of a message is conveyed through body language and tone of voice. people will believe thenon-verbal message yousend more than the wordsyou say. be sure your words andbod

32、y language say thesame thing so you dontsend mixed messages. body language speaks volumeswords (7%)tone of voice (38%)body language (55%)chapter one: intro to the communication model leaning your head to the side inappropriate smiling poor eye contact speaking too softly or loudly unsuitable humor o

33、r lack of humorinconsistent signalscommon expressions and gestures that may cause inconsistency in your message: 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model 3. check for understandingverify with receiver that message was understood.ask proactive questions, like these. “what do you think a

34、bout what i just said?” “l(fā)ets recap what we have said so far.” “tell me what youre thinking.” “l(fā)ets make sure were on the same page. tell me what youve heard.” “does that make sense?” “what questions do you have?”three-step model: step three 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model doe

35、s not involve giving answers, directions, or taking control of a conversationrequires 100% attention: must eliminate distractions in order to concentrate on the speakerrequires proof of respect: must let the other person know you take his/her views and/or opinions seriouslyrequires proof of understa

36、nding, not just proof of listeningactive listeninggoes beyond waiting for the other person to finish talking 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model listen with compassionpoor listenersskillful listenersglance at watch, tap foot, drum fingersinterrupt, finish peoples sentences, make a

37、ssumptionsfocus on their own responsereact emotionallytalk more than they listenmake eye contact, occasional nodding, words of encouragementare patient, concentrate on other person, clarify, summarizeparaphrase speakers wordsremain non-defensivelisten more than they talk 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro

38、to the communication model compare the differences between poor listeners and skillful listeners.paraphrasingsummarizes the content and feelings of the speakerconfirms what has been expressed rather than move forwardmust be done sincerely so as not to feel fake or “technique-y”does not mean repeatin

39、g word for wordif you have misunderstood, the speaker will correct you 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model paraphrasing: examplesspeaker says:your response:“i keep trying to talk to her but she just keeps getting angry.”“it sounds like youre feeling misunderstood.”“just once i wis

40、h people around here would listen to the people who do the work.”“so you have some ideas about how to improve the way the work is done, and you want to know that someone is actually hearing your input?”“its unfair that some of the employees have wednesday off and others of us dont.”“i understand you

41、 have a question about perceived lack of equity.” 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model things that improve communication: building rapport sharing a common goal active listening clarifying assumptions using an assertive style congruent words and body language paraphrasing summarizi

42、ngways to improve communication 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communication model making assumptions or judgmentsconflicting values or beliefsincongruent words and body languageusing a passive or aggressive stylenot listeningobstacles to communication 2009 hrdqchapter one: intro to the communic

43、ation model greg: “sara, do you have a few minutes to talk about the budgeting process?” sara: “sure, now is a good time. whats up?” greg: “dont you think it could be faster? it could be so much better than it is. do you follow me?” sara: “not really.” which step of the communication model did greg

44、leave out?prepare yourself and the listenercheck for understandingincorrect - greg prepared sara by asking if she had a few minutes to talk about the budgeting process.correct - gregs message was not clear. specifically, he used indirect language instead of direct, “i” messages, and he didnt include

45、 any facts or details.finishedthe art and science of communicationknowledge check onequestion 1 of 1send the messageincorrect - greg checked in with sara by asking, “do you follow me?” 2009 hrdqchapter two:increasing the effectiveness of each interactionthe art and science of communicationthere are

46、many ways you can build rapport: be friendly: be the first to say “hello” give the other person your full attention listen carefully and avoid interrupting be sincere and genuine use appropriate humor make your words goldenbuilding rapport 2009 hrdqchapter two: increasing the effectiveness of intera

47、ctions now that you know the basic process of communicating, there are many things you can do to enhance the effectiveness of every interaction. one of those things is building rapport. it involves mutual understanding and acceptance, as well as feeling compassion or empathy for the other person. en

48、couragement is the other factor in building rapport. the more specific the expressions of encouragement, the more meaningful they are. examples: praise or recognition for work well done, asking for input from an employee and then acting on it, bringing an employee coffee or lunch any gesture that le

49、ts the employee know you value him or her. how do people you know like to be encouraged? how do you like to be encouraged?show encouragement 2009 hrdqchapter two: increasing the effectiveness of interactions receptive body languagevoice connectingdistancevolumeproject, but dont shoutmoving closerint

50、imatepitchaim for your middle rangeappropriate touchpersonalratetoo fast implies anxiety; too slow implies youre slow or overly cautious.eye contactsocialnoddingpublic 2009 hrdqchapter two: increasing the effectiveness of interactions methods for building rapport are sometimes subtle, and sometimes

51、not so subtle. connecting behaviors and comfortable distance for communicating also vary by culture. here are some tips for making the most of your body language: the nonverbal aspect of rapport building is physically mirroring how a person sits, stands, and uses their body. mirroring nonverbal mess

52、ages remember: people enjoy spending time with people like themselves. mirroring is the art of making the other person feel comfortable by matching his or her communication style. example: match the other persons rate of speech. someone from new orleans is likely to speak more slowly than someone fr

53、om manhattan. 2009 hrdqchapter two: increasing the effectiveness of interactions the interruption gap is the amount of silence after asking a question or making a statement. length of time varies by culture. typically, americans are uncomfortable with any silence while japanese are much more comfort

54、able with periods of silence.more nonverbal messages respond to a quiet talker more gently. meet a shouter with a bit more volume than usual. mirror the “l(fā)oudness” of a persons energy and body gestures up to a point. 2009 hrdqchapter two: increasing the effectiveness of interactions 1. no news isnt

55、always good news the absence of praise can mean criticism to some people. 2. distinguish between praise and flattery flattering comments focus on what someone has no control over, praise focuses on commendable character, performance, or behavior.eight guidelines: part one3. notice opportunities to p

56、raise to improve your working relationships, take notice of praiseworthy effort, performance, and results. 4. consider subtle behavior worthy of praise sometimes its what people dont do that deserves praise. 2009 hrdqchapter two: increasing the effectiveness of interactions 5. award your superiors w

57、ith praise. bosses usually dish out praise to their staff, but that doesnt mean they wouldnt benefit from kind, sincere words from others. 6. praise with no expectations. get in the habit of praising people when you dont want anything.eight guidelines: part two7. follow with a question. to lessen an

58、 awkward moment, follow your compliment with a question. the other person can focus on answering your question. example: “great job handling that customer. have you worked with her before?” 2009 hrdqchapter two: increasing the effectiveness of interactions 8. use third-party praise occasionally. thi

59、rd-party pass-ons build morale because they are even more believable when delivered as “fact” to someone else.eight guidelines: part three 2009 hrdqchapter two: increasing the effectiveness of interactions example: consider what happens when jim isnt present at the staff meeting and his manager says

60、, “jims taking care of a crisis with a customer. hes really skilled at calming down upset customers.” someones bound to pass on the information to jim. credibility increases rapport. a speaker who has credibility with the listener can build rapport more easily. credibility is an invisible currency i