初中英語名詞講解與練習(xí)

1、（二）名詞I.名詞的種類:專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團體可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞機構(gòu)名稱個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II.名詞的數(shù):1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thie

2、ves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變 y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以兀音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)?有名詞以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞有生命的加-eshero-

3、heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes無生命的加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos kilo-kilos, solo-solos7以兀音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,9以ce, se, ze, ge等結(jié)尾的名詞加-scase, oranges2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的

4、復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下:規(guī)貝1例詞1改變名詞中的兀音字母或其他 形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police, cattle, staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作

5、復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team public, enemy, party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs（海 關(guān)），forces（軍 隊），times（時 代）, spirits（情緒），drinks（飲料），sands（沙灘），papers（文 件報紙），manners（禮貌），100ks（外表），brains（頭腦 智力）,greens（青菜），ruins（廢墟）7表 示“某國 人”加-sAmericans, Austra

6、lians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾 的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無主體名詞時將最后，部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women singers, men servants合成名 詞III.名

7、詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加 of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1.'航有格的構(gòu)成：'構(gòu)成，二是由介詞單數(shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boy' sather, Jack ' book, her son-in-law ' photo,卜數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加the teachers ' room, the twins ' mother,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加sthe children ' s toys, women ' s rights,以s結(jié)尾的人

8、名所有格加或者Dickens ' novels, Charles ' s job, the Smiths表示各自的所有美系時，各名詞末尾均 須加SJapan ' snd America ' problems, Jane' and Mary' s bikes卜示共有的所有美系時在最舟-詞末加SJapan and America ' s problems, Jane and M father表示U某人家""店鋪"，所有格后名 詞省略the doctor ' s, the barber ' s, t

9、he tailorsary's, my uncle ' shouse2）復(fù)合名詞142.'航有格的用法:1表小時間today ' s newspaper, fivweeks; holiday2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earth ' s atmosphere, the tree' s branche3表示國家城市等地方的名 詞the country ' plan, the world ' population, China ' industry4表示工作群體the ship ' s crew, majority'

10、 s view, the team5表示度量衡及價值a mile ' s journey, five dollarsorth of applesw6與人類活動有特殊關(guān)系的 名詞the life ' s time, the play' s plot7某些固定詞組a bird ' s eye view, a stone' s throw, at one 不知所措）s用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時:3. of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the books victorys wit

11、 ' s end（the classrooms of the first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed注：不同國籍人的單復(fù)數(shù)國籍總稱（謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)中國人 the Chinese, a Chinese, two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss, a Swiss, two Swiss澳大禾 1 亞人 the Australians, an Australian, two Australians 俄國人 the Russians, a Russian, two Russians 意大利人 the It

12、alians, an Italian, two Italians 希臘人 the Greek, a Greek, two Greeks法國人 the French, a Frenchman, two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese, a Japanese, two Japanese 美國人 the Americans, an American, two Americans 度人 the Indians, an Indian, two Indians 力口拿大人 the Canadians, a Canadian, two Canadians 德國人 the Germans

13、, a German, two Germans 英國人 the English, an Englishman, two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish, a Swede, two Swedes 4.特殊的復(fù)數(shù)形式：a, one, two 等修飾,1）集體名詞：集體名詞不能運用具體的數(shù)字修飾，下面的集體名詞，不能用只能在其前加the表示全體the police警察（指全體警察）the English 英國人（指全體英國人）the French 法國人（指全體法國人）a woman teacher women teachers女教師an Englishman Englishm

14、en 英國男子34內(nèi)兄、內(nèi)弟、小叔、大伯a(chǎn) grown-up grown-ups 成人a brother-in-law brothers-in-law5.不可數(shù)名詞 專有名詞：物質(zhì)名詞：液體：NBA液體：肉類：天氣： 其他：全美籃球協(xié)會milkbeefweatherMichael Jackson 邁克杰克遜waterchickenrainteamuttonsnowcoffee pork windjuicethe West Lake 西湖oil（油）light 光news（新聞，消息）抽象名詞： fun love luck dutybread（面包）kindness 善良 happiness幸福

15、 progress進步不可數(shù) 的物質(zhì)名詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式 ，但表達不同意義。teadifferent kinds of teas 不同種類的茶food 食品 all kinds of foods 各種各樣的食品fruit 水果 all kinds of fruits 各種各樣的水果glass 玻璃 a glass 一個玻璃杯 glasses 眼鏡、玻璃杯名詞練習(xí)1. The of the room were covered with .A. roofs, leafsB. roofs, leaves C. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves2. There are thre

16、e in our factory.A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. woman doctor D. women doctor3. Which do you prefer or ?A. potatos, tomatosB. potatos, tomatoes C. potatoes, tomatos D. potatoes, tomatoes4. They are of different presses（ 出版社 ）. Now they are having a meeting in one of the office.A. editor-in-chie

17、fs, editors-in- chief sB. editors-in-chief, editor-in- chief sC. editors-in- chiefs, editor -in-cshief sD. editors-in-chief, editors-in- chief s5. The ant has two . A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs6. He doesn t like for supper.A. chick B. chicken C. chickens D. chicks7. It was hot wea

18、ther that many of us went swimming. A. so B. such C. so as D. such a8. wonderful space they saw on the room! A. How B. How a C. What D. What a9. We know travels not so fast as light. A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D. a sound10. My family raise a lot of , including two .A. cattle, cowsB. cows, catt

19、leC. cattles, cows D. cow, cattles11. A number of soldiers at he camp gate （軍營門口） .D. wasA. have gathered B. has gathered C. is12. The Browns have spent a large of money on their new car.A. dealB. amountC. numberD. size13. work has been done to improve the people s living standard.D. A number ofD. t

20、he handsD. cups coffeeD. high a price s C. Mens D. PersonA. ManyB. A great many C. A great deal of14. Mr Li shook warmly with a friend.A. handB. a handC. handsC. cup of coffeeC. a high priceA. Man s B. Men 15. Two , please. A. coffee B. coffees16. I can t pay as as he asked for.A. high price aB. hig

21、h price17. knowledge of space develops rapidly.18.I stayed at .19. Sister Carrie works in a20. Have you ever read _A. today newspaperA. Xiao Wang s B. Wang factory.A. shoess home C. the Wangs D. home of WangB. shoses C. shoeD. shoe s21. Twowalk didn22. The mother over there isA. Julia and MaryB. new

22、spaper today t made me tiAre.dh.our _ mother.C. newspaper of todayB. hoursC. hour sD. today s newspaperD. hours 23. Li Ming s handwriting is better than _ A. anyone sB. anyone else24. The children are playing on the A. sand, sandB. sands, sands25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smallerB. Julia

23、 and Mary s C. Julias and Mary D.s Julias and Mary26. Tom usually takes ain bus on rainy days.in the class.C. anyone C. sand, sandsA. setA. walks elseB. oneB. rideD. anyone elseD. sands, sandC. copy D. pairC. trip D. travel27. We have no _ A. information28. Food and A. clothabout where she has gone.

24、B. news are daily necessities （需要）B. clotheC. message for the people.C. clothesD. flash29. My30. Theof hearing is not so good as it used to be.A. strengthD. clothingB. sense C. power D. skillcaused by carelessnessA. incident, was happenedC. event, was taken placeyesterday. Many workers were killed.B

25、. matter, happenedD. accident, took place31. The room was so quiet that she could hear theA. beatingB. ways_ of her heart. C. knockingD. striking32.has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.A. The publicB. People33. He was an in the governmentC. WomenD. ManA. office, official34. There are sev

26、eralB. official, officeC. officer, officeD. official, officerin this novel who are different inA. character, character B. characters, charactersC. character, characters D. characters, character35. We visited him when he was in hospital.A. every other daysB. each other day36. My friend will return in

27、 .A. one day or two B. a day or twoC. every other dayC. one day or twoD. every two dayD. a or two days37.38.is always difficult for me. A. Translationof this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.B. Translate C. The translation D. A translationA. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translation D. A tra

28、nslation39. The police looking into the matter now. A. be B. is C. are D. are going to40. The Chinese are brave and hard working people. A. the B. a C. / D. one41. No news good news.A. isB. are C. have D. has42. Maths still very difficult for me, though I have done my best. A. looks B. seems C. is D

29、. are43.“ Wheremy trousers? ” the boy askeAd. .is B. wasC. were D. are44. How happy they are! Obviously, they areA. in nice spirits45. I saw many A. JapaneseB. in nice spiritC. in high spiritsD. in high spiritseated in the corner reading something.B. JapanesesC. of JapaneseD. of Japaneses46. Father

30、went to his doctor forabout his heart trouble.A. an adviceB. advice47. We are and they are .A. Englishmen, Germans B. Englishmen, GermanC. advicesD. the advicesC. Englishmans, Germans D. Englishmen, Germen48.are made ofA. A glass, a glass49. I ll have to buy50. There are two B. Glasses, glass_ trous

31、ers. in our class.A. aA. LiuC. The glass, the glass D. Glasses, glassesB. two C. a pair of D. a couple ofB. LiusC. Liu s D. Lius51.is needed in cold countries.A. A lot of clothes 52. They are .B. Much clothingA. mathematics studentC. students in mathematicsC. Many a clothD. Lots of clothes53. The la

32、boratory assistant recorded the A. mouses B. mice54. This letter was sent by .reactionsB. mathematic studentsD. mathematics students .C. mices D. mice sA. my father friend B. my father friend C. a friend of my father D. a friend of my father 55. Ten years had passed. I found she had.A. a little whit

33、e hair B. some white hair C. a few white hair D. a few white hairs56. I have made with Billy. A. friendsB. friend C. a friend D. the friend57. The population of Beijing is than that of XiA. more B. larger C. fewer D. small58. There are thirty-two in our school.A. woman teacher B. women teacher C. wo

34、men teachers D. woman teachers 59. He had tried everything but it made little. A. use B. good C. difference D. result 60. You must get there within half an hour. There should be no in sending the blood to the dying man.A. waitB. delayC. timeD. hurry61. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are s

35、aying should make any.A. excuseB. senseC. useD. value62. -How dare you play on such thin ice? -Playing on ice is not my of spare time.A. ideaB. thoughtC. mindD. intention63. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for theA. travelB. tourismC. jo

36、urneyD. course64. One splendid mountain followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.A. viewB. glanceC. screenD. scene65. The new law will come into on the day it is passed. （1999 上海）A. effectB. useC. serviceD. existence66. When you play' football, what do you play? A. situati

37、on B. place C. part D. position67. It's important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the in language studies.A. situationB. expressionC. conditionD. translation68. I wrote him a letter to show my of his thoughtfulness.A. achievementB. agreementC. viewD. appreciation名詞答案： 15 BBDDD 6

38、10 BBCAA 1115 ABCCB 1620 DAACD 2125 DBDCD 2630 BADBD 3135 AABDC 3640 BACCB 4145 ABDCA 4650 BABCB 5155 BDDCD 5660 ABCCB 6165 BACAA 6670 DAD（三）冠詞 冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an）,定冠詞（the）,和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法：1指,類人或事，相當(dāng)于 a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表小 陳- 相當(dāng)于 every, oneW

39、e study eight hours a day.4Wtk 相同 相the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名 人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7MT quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后T

40、his room is rather a big one.8用于 so(as, too, how)+形谷詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠詞的用法:1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨f二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用

41、于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示家人”或夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名 詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀的某個年代in the 1990

42、9; s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的 詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠詞的用法:1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名 詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前后 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等 限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前M

43、arch, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of America.5學(xué)科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以and連接的兩個相對的名詞并用時husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.練習(xí)題填空There is picture o

44、f elephant on wall .2. This is useful book. I've read it for hour .3. elephant is much heavier than horse.4. doctor told him to take medicine three times day.5. Let's go out for walk .6. It's too hot . Open door, please.7. There is woman over there. woman is Meimei's mother.8. sun ri

45、ses in east.9. Changjiang River is longest river in China.10. Are you going to do it second time?11. Washington is capital of USA .12. Turners are living at the end of Turner Street.13. He joined the army in spring of 1995 .14. old man is teacher. He likes playing basketball after supper.15. After I

46、 had quick breakfast, I hurried to school .16. Are sheep kept by farmers for producing wool and meat?17. They went to People's Park, but we both went to People's Cinema yesterday.18. I often watch TV in evening.19. day of December 20, 1999 is Monday .20. Tomorrow is Christmas Day and my fath

47、er and I went to choose Christmas tree today.選擇填空1. . Does Jim have ruler?Yes, he has. A. an； some B. a； one C. a； / D. any； one2. Thereis old bike . old bikeis Mr Zhao's . A.an ； TheB . the；An C.a； The D . the； The3. apple a day keeps the doctors aw ay. A . The B . A C. AnD. Two4. 一 How many bo

48、oks do you have ?I have book. That's English book .A. a； an B. a； one C. one； an D. one； one5. At that time Tom was one-year-old baby . A . a B . an C. the D. /6. tiger is China.A. The； a B. A; the C. The； from D. The； the7 We can't see sun at night A the； the B the；C a；D ；8 useful book it i

49、s ！ A What an B How a C What a D What9 One afternoon he found handbag There was “ s ” on the corner of handbagA a； an； the B a； a； the C an； an； an D the； a； a10 old lady with white hair spoke English well at meeting A An ； an； a B The；an C The ；a D The ； the11 Great Wall is longest wall in the worl

50、d A A ； a B The； the C A ； the D The； a12 new bridge has been built over Huangpu River A The； a B A ；C A ； the D An ； the13 woman over there is popular teacher in our school A A； an B The； a C The ； the D A ； the14 He used to be _ teacher but later he turned writer A a； a B a； the C ； a D a；15 They

51、made him king A a B the C anD 16 His father is English teacher He works in our school A a B an C the D 17 Is he American boy ？A an B aC one D18 Does Tom often play football after school？ A ；B ；the C the；D a；19 They passed our school day before yesterdayA an B one C a D the20 Australia is English-spe

52、aking country A aB anC theD21 She has orange skirt skirt is nice A a； The B an； The C an； A D the； The22 This is 23 Look at apple It's big apple A an； a B a； the C a； an D an； the_ horse over there A a B anC theD 24 Don't play 25 There is _ basketball here It's dangerous A a B anC D the_

53、 old woman in the car A B the C aD an26 Beijing is beautiful city It's capital of China A a； a B the； the C； the D a； the27 Shanghai is in east of ChinaA B anC aD the28 I've been a student there for nearly two and half years A a B anC theD 29 Bill is English teacher He likes playing football

54、 A a； the B an； the C a；D an；30 The museum is quite far It will take you half hour to get there by bus A an；B an； a C a； D ；(四)不定代詞的用法1. some ， any(1) some 多用于肯定句，修飾復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞， 作 “一些” 解。 它還可修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，作 “某一”解。如：H-5 avian influenza first broke out in some Asian countries.H-5 型禽流感首先在亞洲爆發(fā)。Some people are early risers. 有些人起得很早。(2) any 通常用于否定句、疑問句或條件句，修飾單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞以及不可數(shù)名詞。If there are any new magazines in the library, take some for me.圖書館如果來了新雜志，替我借幾本。Are there any stam