第一篇貨物買賣法lec6(下)買賣合同效

1、 lec-6 lec-6 教學(xué)內(nèi)容： 2-4 國(guó)際貨物買賣合同的效力國(guó)際貨物買賣合同的效力 2-4.1 承諾的生效承諾的生效 & 要約的生效要約的生效 2-4.2 承諾的生效承諾的生效 & 合同的成立合同的成立 2-4.3 合同的成立合同的成立 & 合同的效力合同的效力 2-4.4 訂約意圖（訂約意圖（legal intention）& 達(dá)成合意（達(dá)成合意（consent） & 合法目的（合法目的（legality）辨析）辨析 2-4.5 合同的形式合同的形式 （form）2-4 國(guó)際貨物買賣合同的效力國(guó)際貨物買賣合同的效力上周主要內(nèi)容回顧：國(guó)際貨物買賣

2、合同的成立 要約 & 承諾（概念、構(gòu)成條件） 理清各個(gè)國(guó)際貨物買賣合同幾個(gè)的基本關(guān)系： -要約的構(gòu)成， 到 -承諾的構(gòu)成， 到 -合同的成立， 到 -合同的生效， 到 -合同的履行，到 -合同消滅或爭(zhēng)議 2-4.1要約的生效要約的生效&承諾的生效承諾的生效 1.要約的生效時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和意義要約的生效時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和意義 -到達(dá)受要約人到達(dá)受要約人 （世界法則）（世界法則） -約束要約人和受約人約束要約人和受約人 2.承諾的生效時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和意義承諾的生效時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和意義 -到達(dá)要約人到達(dá)要約人 （cisg和我法，和我法，postal rule除外）除外） -合同成立，（非合同生效）合同

3、成立，（非合同生效） 3.要約的生效和承諾的生效的關(guān)系要約的生效和承諾的生效的關(guān)系 ？2-4.2 承諾的生效承諾的生效 & 合同的成立合同的成立 有關(guān)承諾生效與合同成立關(guān)系的若干問(wèn)題有關(guān)承諾生效與合同成立關(guān)系的若干問(wèn)題 1. 承諾如果有效，合同必然成立嗎？承諾如果有效，合同必然成立嗎？ 2.如果合同成立，承諾必然有效嗎？如果合同成立，承諾必然有效嗎？ 3. 承諾一旦生效，合同立刻成立嗎？承諾一旦生效，合同立刻成立嗎？ 如何理解待生效的合同？如何理解待生效的合同？2-4.3 合同的成立合同的成立 & 合同的效力合同的效力 合同成立的概念和法律意義合同成立的概念和法律意義 - 在詞

4、匯上：在詞匯上：formation & validity - 雙方合意雙方合意 ：通過(guò)要約和承諾：通過(guò)要約和承諾 - 合意法律效果：合意不一定合法合意法律效果：合意不一定合法 合同生效的概念及其法律意義合同生效的概念及其法律意義 - 合法，合法， 產(chǎn)生對(duì)當(dāng)事人的法律拘束力產(chǎn)生對(duì)當(dāng)事人的法律拘束力 - 合同成立合同成立 + 合同生效的其他條件合同生效的其他條件 即：即： 2. 訂約意圖訂約意圖 legal intention； 3. 訂約的行為能力訂約的行為能力 capacity； 4. 意思表示真實(shí)意思表示真實(shí) genuine consent； 5. 對(duì)價(jià)對(duì)價(jià) consideratio

5、n； 6. 合同形式合同形式 form 7. 合同合法合同合法 legality合同生效的其他條件合同生效的其他條件-訂約意圖訂約意圖 legal intention presumption 1 (type 1 of objective test): it is presumed that parties to an agreement of domestic or social or volunteering nature do not intend to be legally bound unless it is rebutted. presumption 2 (type 2of obje

6、ctive test): it is presumed that parties to an agreement concerning commerce or business intend to be legally bound unless it is rebutted. (rose & frank co. v crompton & bros ltd) a business agreement drawn up between a british company and an american firm . it had all the signs of being leg

7、ally binding agreement but contained the following clause “this agreement is not entered into, nor is this memorandum written as a formal or legal agreement and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts but it is only a definite expression and record of the purpose and intention o

8、f the parties concerned to which they each honorably pledge themselves ” legal intention involved by the parties ? “this agreement is not entered into, nor is this memorandum written as a formal or legal agreement and shall not be subject to legal jurisdiction in the law courts but it is only a defi

9、nite expression and record of the purpose and intention of the parties concerned to which they each honorably pledge themselves ” (參考譯文：所訂立的本協(xié)議或備忘錄并不是正式文件或法律協(xié)議,也不受法院管轄，它只是記載了合同當(dāng)事人訂約的愿望和目的，為此當(dāng)事人為了榮譽(yù)承諾如下) the legal effect of honor clause: contract containing an “honor clause” is not legally effective

10、. the contract is actually regarded as honorable agreement , which has no any legal binding force upon the parties, although the contract functions to promote both parties to carry it out morally. therefore, “honor clause ” in contract rebuts the presumption that agreements of a business nature are

11、intended to be binding.rebuttal of presumption 2 teen ranch pty ltd v. browy (1955) facts brown was a volunteer worker at a non profit christian youth centre. he received accommodation, food and the use of the camp facilities and was expected to obey camp rules but he received no wages. while workin

12、g at the camp he was injured and claimed workers compensation. question: was there a contract of employment that would in return entitle brown to workers compensation ? decision: no， contract existed because both parties had no legal intention as brown s work was voluntary. in china voluntary contra

13、ct is not regarded as legal contract as is of moral nature , and thus should not be governed by our contract law. 合同生效的其他條件合同生效的其他條件-合同的合法性（合同的合法性（legality） 貨物買賣合同合法性可有如下含義：貨物買賣合同合法性可有如下含義：出賣人轉(zhuǎn)移標(biāo)的物（貨物）的所有權(quán)與買受人和出賣人轉(zhuǎn)移標(biāo)的物（貨物）的所有權(quán)與買受人和買受人支付價(jià)款的買受人支付價(jià)款的-（1）.法律目的法律目的合法，如不允許把公共所有物竊為己合法，如不允許把公共所有物竊為己有；有；-（2）

14、.商業(yè)目的商業(yè)目的合法，如賺錢資助恐怖活動(dòng)；合法，如賺錢資助恐怖活動(dòng)；-（3）.轉(zhuǎn)移標(biāo)的物和支價(jià)行為轉(zhuǎn)移標(biāo)的物和支價(jià)行為本身合法本身合法，法律允許貨，法律允許貨物正常買賣行為；則會(huì)不允許貨物大幅度賤賣；物正常買賣行為；則會(huì)不允許貨物大幅度賤賣；-（4）.買賣標(biāo)的物合法，即法律允許標(biāo)的物買賣標(biāo)的物合法，即法律允許標(biāo)的物（如鋼材）交易，則不允許毒品交易；（如鋼材）交易，則不允許毒品交易；- （5）.買賣買賣行為效果行為效果合法，即買賣行為所導(dǎo)致合法，即買賣行為所導(dǎo)致的直接后果法，如果所買賣賣的鋼材直接用于的直接后果法，如果所買賣賣的鋼材直接用于制造恐怖工具則非法；制造恐怖工具則非法；-（6）.還有

15、交易還有交易主體資格主體資格、代理資格代理資格、等其他、等其他合法性問(wèn)題。合法性問(wèn)題。合同能夠的合法性主要是合同的法律目的合法合同能夠的合法性主要是合同的法律目的合法性性 2-4.4 解析與合同效力有關(guān)的幾個(gè)解析與合同效力有關(guān)的幾個(gè)概念之間的相互關(guān)系概念之間的相互關(guān)系 合同生效的七大條件中，如下三個(gè)條件似乎合同生效的七大條件中，如下三個(gè)條件似乎相互有關(guān)聯(lián)，容易搞混，應(yīng)當(dāng)區(qū)別：相互有關(guān)聯(lián)，容易搞混，應(yīng)當(dāng)區(qū)別： 達(dá)成達(dá)成合意合意（meeting of minds ：offer & acceptance） 訂約訂約意圖意圖（legal intention） 合法合法目的目的（legality

16、：contractual end）達(dá)成合意達(dá)成合意 & 訂約意圖、合法目的訂約意圖、合法目的 達(dá)成合意未必具有訂約意圖，沒(méi)有訂約意達(dá)成合意未必具有訂約意圖，沒(méi)有訂約意圖也可以達(dá)成合意（如：圖也可以達(dá)成合意（如：honor clause） 達(dá)成合意也未必符合合法目的（如：達(dá)成達(dá)成合意也未必符合合法目的（如：達(dá)成搶劫合同）搶劫合同）訂約意圖訂約意圖 & 合法目的合法目的 訂約意圖訂約意圖: 強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)事人主觀上是否愿意踏入法律平臺(tái)，強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)事人主觀上是否愿意踏入法律平臺(tái)，它解決合意的它解決合意的“入法或不入法入法或不入法”，即，即法律法律性和非法律性問(wèn)題，它解決當(dāng)事人是否要性和非法律性問(wèn)

17、題，它解決當(dāng)事人是否要承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任問(wèn)題；承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任問(wèn)題； 合法目的：合法目的： 強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)事人的合意強(qiáng)調(diào)當(dāng)事人的合意“此法或彼法此法或彼法”，即合即合法與非法問(wèn)題，它解決合意的是否能夠強(qiáng)法與非法問(wèn)題，它解決合意的是否能夠強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行，以及是否要承擔(dān)刑事責(zé)任的問(wèn)題制執(zhí)行，以及是否要承擔(dān)刑事責(zé)任的問(wèn)題 三者基本關(guān)系一句話表述三者基本關(guān)系一句話表述 當(dāng)事人在具有當(dāng)事人在具有訂約意圖（訂約意圖（legal intention）的前提的前提下或平臺(tái)上，經(jīng)要約和承諾即下或平臺(tái)上，經(jīng)要約和承諾即合意（合意（meeting of minds）以及其他法律條件（如：具有訂約行為能以及其他法律條件（如：具有訂約行為能力

18、、意思表示真實(shí)、和對(duì)價(jià)），通過(guò)實(shí)現(xiàn)法律目的力、意思表示真實(shí)、和對(duì)價(jià)），通過(guò)實(shí)現(xiàn)法律目的（legality）來(lái)達(dá)到其商業(yè)目標(biāo)。來(lái)達(dá)到其商業(yè)目標(biāo)。 換句話來(lái)說(shuō)：換句話來(lái)說(shuō)： 均具有訂立國(guó)際貨物買賣合同均具有訂立國(guó)際貨物買賣合同意圖（意圖（legal intention）當(dāng)事人當(dāng)事人a和和b ，經(jīng)，經(jīng)合意（合意（meeting of minds）和其他條件，通過(guò)合法地轉(zhuǎn)移貨物所有權(quán)和其他條件，通過(guò)合法地轉(zhuǎn)移貨物所有權(quán)這一法律目的這一法律目的（legality）來(lái)達(dá)到彼此盈利的商業(yè)目來(lái)達(dá)到彼此盈利的商業(yè)目標(biāo)。標(biāo)。 辨析合同成立與合同生效的關(guān)系和法律價(jià)值辨析合同成立與合同生效的關(guān)系和法律價(jià)值 兩者關(guān)系：

19、兩者關(guān)系： 合同成立是合同生效的前提和條件；合同生效是合合同成立是合同生效的前提和條件；合同生效是合同成立的必然結(jié)果。同成立的必然結(jié)果。 法律價(jià)值：法律價(jià)值： -合同成立：強(qiáng)調(diào)私法層面上的契約自由；合同成立：強(qiáng)調(diào)私法層面上的契約自由； -合同生效：強(qiáng)調(diào)管制法上的合同法制，依法自由和合同生效：強(qiáng)調(diào)管制法上的合同法制，依法自由和法律約束效果。法律約束效果。 問(wèn)：我們訂約目的是追求合同成立還是合同效力？問(wèn)：我們訂約目的是追求合同成立還是合同效力？ 對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)而言，何者對(duì)我們意義較大？對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)而言，何者對(duì)我們意義較大？英美法有效合同條件：一句話 英美法合同有效的七大條件可以用一句話概括： 一

20、個(gè)具有訂約資格的人（capacity），內(nèi)心想與他人訂約（legal intention），他必須把他內(nèi)心的訂約思想通過(guò)要約承諾的過(guò)程（agreement-as procedure）真實(shí)地表達(dá)出來(lái)（genuine consent），就某種交換事項(xiàng)（consideration）與他人達(dá)成一致（agreement as meeting of minds），這樣才能以某種合同形式（form）達(dá)到建立合同關(guān)系的目的（legality）。the 7-requirements of valid contract manifested in one sentence a man with contractu

21、al capacity （capacity）, who legally intends （legal intention) to make a lawful contract （legality） with other people must express it out genuinely （genuine consent） through offer-acceptance procedure (agreement-as procedure）to reach sort of (form) a agreement（agreement as meeting of minds) on exchan

22、ge of something valuable （consideration）the tree of validitybirth of contract-from formation to termination 階段3: 合同完全生效完全生效 合同無(wú)效無(wú)效或消消滅滅 可撤銷可撤銷合同 階段2: 合同生效生效 待生效待生效合同 階段1: 合同成立成立 stop for the time being2-4.5 合同的形式合同的形式 （form） 4.5.1合同的形式與各種類似合同形式 4.5.2要約與承諾的形式與合同成立的關(guān)系 4.5.3合同的形式與合同成立的關(guān)系 4.5.4合同格式戰(zhàn) 4.5

23、.1合同的形式與各種類似合同形式合同的形式與各種類似合同形式 as the different forms of offer and acceptance the contract forms could be as well as follows: a. oral contract b. written contract c. contract in action d. electronic contract a. oral form of contract it is formulated through language. - vis-a-vis negotiation - negoti

24、ation through telephone or msn phoning system b. written contract a. legal significance of contract in writing form -judicially it provides evidence of the contract; -practically, it provides clearly memorable and understandable obligations ; - certain laws request contract in writing form ucc : the

25、 amount of contract for sale of goods over $500 chinese law: sale of real estate. b. commercial documents similar to written contract those similar document include: (1). memo(備忘錄); (2). general agreement（原則協(xié)議書）; (3). letter of intent (意向書); (4). preliminary agreement (初步協(xié)議書).（1）. memo (備忘錄) -a reco

26、rd of negotiation, -non-legal document（2）. general agreement (原則性協(xié)議) a legal document but it needs to be further detailed in order to be workable. （3）. letter of intent (意向書) a document where one party gives a strong indication to the other that he is likely to place a contract with him. usually it

27、is worded not to create legal obligation， however，in some cases, it may be phrased to include a invitation to commence a preliminary work, in such circumstance, it creates an obligation. case follows. case: letter of intent legally binding facts: the defendant asked the claimant to supply certain ty

28、pe of goods, and sent the claimants a letter of intent stating their intention to place an order on their standard terms. the claimant stated that they were unwilling to make contract on such terms, but started to manufacture and eventually completed and delivered all the goods requested by the defe

29、ndant. the claimant sued for the value of the nodes, but the defendant counter-claimed for damages for the late delivery. decision: as the parties had no contract , so there would be no question of damages for late delivery requested by the contract. however, since the claimant had undertaken the wo

30、rk at the request of the defendant and the defendant had accepted the work, the claimants were still entitled to a reasonable remuneration for the rendered services. （4） preliminary agreement (初步協(xié)議) preliminary agreement often occurs where the negotiation takes months or even years, for instance, ne

31、gotiation for joint venture or technology transfer or investment . it may well happen that the negotiators have entered into a preliminary agreement without being conscious of it. furthermore, the parties intention not to create legally binding relation does not produce the same consequences under a

32、ll legal systems. for example, under french law, the principle of consensualism(協(xié)商一致) implies that a contract is concluded when a party demonstrates the existence of a meeting of minds, without any further condition being required. comment：french law intends to explore the existence of the contract

33、form what the parties are thinking, rather than from what they have expressed out. (the construction of contract) thus, the oral contract becomes more judicially practical. this sort of rule of french law applies to any contract including preliminary agreement and thus lead to the contractual obliga

34、tion simply because , in the course of discussion, they have expressed an agreement on certain points. so the negotiators need to be externally watchful for situations that create unintended legal obligations the best way to prevent such situation from happening is : discuss c. contract in action it

35、 is also called 事實(shí)合同 in chinese terminology. the type of contract is formulated through actions of both parties ,rather than by language or by writing. e.g. the case of letter of intent above mentioned. d. electronic contract (電子合同形電子合同形式式) the recent development of e-commerce a. the standard busine

36、ss message that are being developed for both national and international trade. b. standard procedure being introduced between seller, buyer ,trade-related services, customs, etc to support the implementation of the massage. c. the hardware ,software, and network services required are not restricted

37、to national boundaries and should not need to be altered for communication with parties abroad. d. language independence is built in through the use of un data elements and international code sets- e.g. terms of payments and deliveries, harmonized coding system for commodities and services, codes fo

38、r identifying the parties and location ,etc. e. the reduction of paperwork is required in cross-board trade. the benefits of e-commerce e-commerce (1). it creates high management by quickening decision-making process and facilitating easy-to use system for management data analysis (2). it provides a

39、ccuracy, speed and efficiency (3).it raises the organizations international profile and access. (4).it makes the cost more effective failure to become involved in e-commerce will result in businesses or companies no longer being competitive in the future marketplace. the web-based or electronic or o

40、nline business(b2c/b2b) creates a new category of contract. however, on the whole, the website sales activities on the internet are largely unregulated since the law is still in its infancy. noticeable issuess for formation of electronic contract under common lawin writing form : it provides evidenc

41、e of the terms of contractsigned: some legislations, e.g. uk and china , have given legal effect to digital signaturetiming of acceptance: the post rule ,with any problems arising from it, probably applies, although the point has not been tested.because internet e-mail shares many qualities of conve

42、ntional mail ,which is not absolutely instantaneous and may be subject to delaypractical legal issues faced by the seller and buyer when negotiating online (7 issues)1.website should be construed as shop windows, that is itt rather than offers2.terms and conditions governing electronic transactions

43、should be made explicitly and clearly 3.an indication of interest by a purchaser visiting the website should be understood by both parties to be an offer , not an acceptance, which the seller then is free to accept or reject.4.the law and jurisdiction governing the transaction should be made clear 5

44、.the seller should make sure that any web pages do not contravene local laws (for example, those relating to advertising standard) in the countries targeted 6.seller can continue to use disclaimers of liabilities, clearly displayed on the website, subject to usual customer protection laws on unfair

45、terms7.a time limit should be set for all offers made on the website, which should take account of potential delays in receiving email. 4.5.2要約與承諾形式與合同成立的關(guān)系要約與承諾形式與合同成立的關(guān)系要約要約/承諾承諾的形式與的形式與合同形式合同形式圖表圖表 要約要約當(dāng)面談判、當(dāng)面談判、電話電話信信/電報(bào)電報(bào)/傳真?zhèn)髡?電郵電郵行為行為口頭口頭書面書面行為行為承承諾諾當(dāng)面當(dāng)面電話電話口口頭頭口頭合同口頭合同書面合同？書面合同？口頭合同？口頭合同？信、信、

46、電報(bào)電報(bào)傳真?zhèn)髡骐娻]電郵書書面面書面合同？書面合同？書面合同書面合同書面合同？書面合同？4.5.3合同的形式與合同成立的關(guān)系合同的形式與合同成立的關(guān)系 在通常情況下，合同具備法定形式后合同成立，但有時(shí)合同在形式上的缺陷并不影響合同的成立，我國(guó)法律似乎更重視合同履行所產(chǎn)生效果的社會(huì)價(jià)值，至于合同的形式的重要性則其次。只要合同能夠雙方認(rèn)可了合同的履行即便是合同的形式有缺陷，也認(rèn)定合同成立，除非法律有強(qiáng)制性的合同形式的硬性要求如房屋買賣的書面形式要求。 2-4.5.3 我國(guó)法律：我國(guó)法律：合同形式與合同成立關(guān)系合同形式與合同成立關(guān)系形式形式意外與異議意外與異議條件與條件與合同成立合同成立法律效果法律

47、效果口頭口頭合同合同一方對(duì)口頭合同一方對(duì)口頭合同內(nèi)容有異議內(nèi)容有異議合同已開始合同已開始履行履行 合合 同同 認(rèn)認(rèn) 定定 成成 立立書面書面合同合同但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有采取書面形式采取書面形式一方已履行一方已履行主要義務(wù)，主要義務(wù)，對(duì)方接受的對(duì)方接受的在簽字或蓋章前在簽字或蓋章前依據(jù)依據(jù)交易交易習(xí)慣習(xí)慣履行履行雙方對(duì)合同履行雙方對(duì)合同履行沒(méi)有異議沒(méi)有異議4.5.4 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條款與合同格式戰(zhàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條款與合同格式戰(zhàn) a：definition of standard terms unidrott principle: standard terms are provisions which are pr

48、epared in advance for general and repeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party. b. rules regarding standard terms a. general rules on formation of contract apply but with the following exceptions （b-d） b. the term contained in the standard terms shal

49、l have no effect if the other party could not have reasonably expected; c. in case of conflict between the standard term and term which is not standard, the latter prevails d. where the contract is concluded containing the standard term used by both parties , the standard terms are in conflict with

50、each other, the terms not in conflict are effective. c. battle of form battle of form arises where the parties exchange inconsistent standard forms during the contract negotiation and reach the agreement on the principal terms without deciding whose standard form should prevail. resolution: 1. class

51、ical last shot approach( usually used for offer/acceptance ) -the party wins the battle if he sends the last insistent form which usually will be regarded as counter-offer; or -the party wins if he is more persistent in insisting his own form. 2. cisg approach cisg approach art 19: acceptance with modificationsacceptancewithmaterial modificationacceptance is not effective it is a counter-offeracceptance withimmaterialmod