關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞用法知識講解

1、關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞用法關(guān)系詞( 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞) 有時可以省略,但這只限于限制性定語從句中,在非限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系詞則不可省略。1. 關(guān)系代詞作賓語時的省略:當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞who, whom, which和 that在定語從句中用作動詞賓語或介詞位于句末時的介詞賓語時,可以省略。Is there anything (that/which) you wanted?注意 :當(dāng)先行詞為all, much, little以及不定代詞anything, something, everything等時 ,關(guān)系代詞多用thatWho is the man (that/who/whom) you were

2、talking to?This is the best novel (that) I have ever read.注意 :當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或限定詞the only, the very, all, every, any,no 等時 ,關(guān)系代詞一般都用that2. 關(guān)系代詞作表語時的省略：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞 that 在定語從句中作表語時 , 可以省略。China is not the country (that) it was.3. 關(guān)系代詞作賓補(bǔ)時的省略：當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that在定語從句中用作賓語補(bǔ)足語時,可以省略。I m not the madman (that) you thou

3、ght me. that做賓補(bǔ)4. 關(guān)系副詞 when 的省略： 用作時間狀語的關(guān)系副詞 when 通常不能省略 , 但有一種特殊情況 , 即用于day, year, time等少數(shù)幾個詞后可以省略 , 也可換成 thatThat was the year (when/that) I first went abroad.I ll never forget the day(when/that) we met.5. 關(guān)系副詞 where 的省略： 用作地點(diǎn)狀語的關(guān)系副詞where 通常不能省略 , 但有一種特殊情況 ,即用于 place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhe

4、re, nowhere少數(shù)幾個詞后時才可以省略, 也可換成thatThis is the place (where/that) they met yesterday.Have you met somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour?6. 關(guān)系副詞 why 的省略 :關(guān)系副詞 why 通常只用于 the reason 后引導(dǎo)定語從句 ,且通?？蓳Q成 that或 for which,均可省略。That s the reason(why/for which/that) he came.關(guān)系副詞的特點(diǎn) : 關(guān)系副詞用于引出定語從句 , 英語的關(guān)系副詞主要

5、有when, where, why三個。Sunday is the day (when/that) very few people go to work.That s the reason (why/for which/that) he dislikes me.Do you know a shop where/that I can find sandals?注意：關(guān)系副詞用于引出定語從句, 且在從句中用作狀語。關(guān)系副詞when 表示時間 , where表示地點(diǎn) , why 表示原因。使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)：1.how 不能用作關(guān)系副詞 ,不要想當(dāng)然地將 how用作關(guān)系副詞置于 the way

6、 后表示方式 :This is the way how he spoke. (wrong)This is how he spoke. /This is the way (that/in which) he spoke. (right)This is the way that he solved the problem. =This is how he solved the problem.2. 關(guān)系副詞 when 和 where 既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句 ,也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句, 但 why 只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句 ,不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句 ( 若引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句, 可用 for wh

7、ich reason)3. 引導(dǎo)定語從句時 , when 的先行詞為時間 , where 的先行詞為地點(diǎn) , why 的先行詞為原因 ( 主要是 the reason), 但是反過來卻不一定Dont forget the time(that)I ve told you.做賓語Do you know the house (that) he bought recently?做賓語Please tell me the reason (that) you know.做賓語關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句who, whom, which, that, whose在句中必做成分1)who, whom, that指人

8、 ,在句中做主語或賓語,作賓語可省略Is he the man who/ that wants to see you?做主語He is the man (whom/that) I saw yesterday.做賓語2)which, that指物 ,在句中做主語或賓語, 作賓語時可省略A prosperity which/ that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.做主語The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.做賓語3)wh

9、ose 表所屬關(guān)系 ,指人或物。指物可與of which 互換 , 指人可與 of whom 互換They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.=They rushed over to help the man of whom the car had broken down.=They rushed over to help the man the car of whom had broken down.Please pass me the book whose cover is green.=Please pass me

10、 the book the cover of which is green.=Please pass me the book of which the cover is green.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句when, where, why1) 區(qū)別 : 及物動詞后面無賓語 , 用關(guān)系代詞；不及物動詞用關(guān)系副詞This is the place (where/that) I lived once. where指代 the place充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語This is the place (which/that) I visited once. which做 visit的賓語 ,可省略I ll never

11、forget the days (which) we spend together. which做 spend 的賓語 ,可省略I ll never forget the days (when/that) we live together in the country. when指代 thedays 充當(dāng)時間狀語2) 關(guān)系副詞含義相當(dāng)于”介詞 +which”結(jié)構(gòu) , 可以互換 , 口語中可省略There are occasions when/that one must yield屈服 . =There are occasions on which one mustyield.Beijing i

12、s the place (where/that) I was born. =Beijing is the place on which I was born.Is this the reason (why/that) he refused our offer? = Is this the reason for which herefused our offer?3)that代替關(guān)系副詞 : that可以用于表示時間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和”介詞 +which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。His father died the year (t

13、hat/when/in which) he was born.He is unlikely to find the place (where/that/in which) he lived forty years ago.不能用 that的情況1) 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時 , 不能用 thatThe tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (wrong,應(yīng)用 which)2) 介詞后不能用We depend on the land from which we got our food.=We depend on th

14、e land which/that we got our food from.只能用 that的情況1)在 there be句型中 ,只用 that,不用 which2)在不定代詞如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等做先行詞時 ,只用that3) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時4) 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時5) 先行詞即有人 , 又有物時當(dāng)先行詞是way 時,關(guān)系副詞常常省略。, 只用 that, 只用 thatI appreciate the way (that) you teach

15、 me.That 作為關(guān)系副詞所具備的功能, 即代替 when、 where、 why 三大關(guān)系副詞或介詞+ which 。但這種代替是有條件的 ,主要適用于表示時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方式這四大類基本含義的先行詞, 即 time( 替代when)， place(替代 where) ， reason( 替代 why)， way(替代 in which) ，其中 time 類的詞匯最多 ,包括若干下義詞 ,如 hour, evening, summer, year, moment等。大概是因?yàn)檫@些詞最基本、最常用,所以在約定俗成的習(xí)慣下掙脫了原有關(guān)系副詞的束縛。此外, that還可以與 speed,

16、distance等先行詞連用 , 此時無法用 where 代替。在非正式語體中 , 關(guān)系副詞 that是經(jīng)常省略的。正是基于這個原因, 在論述”關(guān)系副詞 that的功能”中筆者并未給出相關(guān)例句 ,因?yàn)樵诟髡Z法書和詞典關(guān)系中關(guān)系副詞that 總是有左右兩個括號相伴。We moved here the year (that/when) my mother died.I still remembered the summer (that) I walked around Paris.The reason I called was to ask about the plans for Saturday

17、.There are so many delicious ways you can prepare chicken.This is the place (where) I lived five years.Do you know anywhere (that) I can get a drink?She knows the place (that/where) he stays.There is nowhere (that) we can go.The speed (that/at which) he is driving is 70 miles per hour.This is the pl

18、ace (that) I spent my children at. =This is the place (that) I spend my childhood. 前者為關(guān)系代詞用法 , 比后者關(guān)系副詞的用法更為正式I don t know any place (that) you can get a better exchange rate.如上所述 ,關(guān)系副詞that是廣泛存在的,并且經(jīng)常省略。當(dāng)然各個詞典和語法書的觀點(diǎn)并非完全一致 , 例如薄冰高級英語語法認(rèn)為先行詞為 place 時 , 關(guān)系副詞 where 也可省略；薄冰高級英語語法認(rèn)為先行詞為 reason 時 , 關(guān)系副詞 wh

19、y 可以省略。為了便于記憶和理解 , 我們可以將這類省略現(xiàn)象統(tǒng)一看做是關(guān)系副詞that的省略。 Oxford dictionary中可給出that作為關(guān)系代詞的義項(xiàng),但所舉例句中包含了that作為關(guān)系副詞的用法( 見如上第一個例句) 。根據(jù)對句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析,這里的that相當(dāng)于 when或 in which,不是代詞而是副詞。個別語法書中提到that代替關(guān)系副詞when,where, why, how,鑒于 how作為關(guān)系副詞并不具有充分的例證,且多部語法書明確提出how不能做關(guān)系副詞 ,故筆者不采用that代替 how的說法。1.when( 先行詞是 time, day, occasion等

20、表時間的名詞時在口語中可以省略)At the time (when) I saw him, he was quite strong.Do you know the year (when) The Declaration of Independence was published?2. Where( 先行詞是 place, room 等表示地面的名詞 , 在口語中可以省略 ) This is the place (where) I lived for 5 years.3.why( 先行詞只有 reason, 在口語中 , 可以省略 why)That s the reason (why) Im c

21、hecking it now.還有一種省略應(yīng)特別關(guān)注,在 this/that/it is后可省略先行詞the time, the place, the reason,直接跟 why, when, whereThat was (the time) when he lived there.It is (the place) where that rock festival is held every year.That s (the reason) why he spoke.一、關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中的省略場合1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞 , that, which, who , whom在限制性定語從句

22、中作賓語時可以省略The professor (that/who/whom) you wish to see has come.Where is the book (which/that) I bought this morning?2. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞 that 在定語從句中作補(bǔ)語時可以省略He has changed. He is not the man (that) he was.3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞that, which, who在定語從句中作主語時,只有當(dāng)主句是由It is, that is, thereis 引導(dǎo)的場合才能省略It isnt everybody (that/who) can

23、 learn a foreign lnguage so easily.That was his brother (who/that) just went by.There was someone (who/that) asked for you, Bill.二、關(guān)系副詞when,where, why引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句在非正式語體中，通?？梢允÷訧 shall never forget the day (when) we first met.The reason (why) he came so early in his own affair.That s the place (where)

24、he stayed when he was in London.另外 ,在當(dāng)代英語里 , that可以用于表示時間、地點(diǎn)、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和“介詞 +which ”引導(dǎo)的定語從句 , 在口語中 that 常被省略。His father died the year (that/when/in which) he was born.He is unlikely to find the place (that/where/in which) he lived forty years ago.三、以 the way作為先行詞的限制性定語從句用在非正式語體中通常省略in

25、which或者thatThe way (in which/that) you answered the questions was admirable.1.Time, day, year, place, house, reason, way等作先行詞時可以被省略,其后的子句不再是形容詞子句 ,而變成名詞子句或副詞子句。This is where he was born.Where he was born是名詞子句This is the place where he was born.Where he was born是形容詞子句I ll meet her where I first met h

26、er.Where I first met her是副詞子句I ll meet her at the place where I first met her.Where I first met herTuesday is when the garbage truck comes.When the garbage truck comesTuesday is the day when the garbage truck comes.When the garbage truck comes是形容詞子句是名詞子句是形容詞子句2. 關(guān)系副詞有限定用法 , 指的是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的形容詞子句只修飾先行詞。We

27、were very happy in those days when we studied in school.3. 關(guān)系副詞有補(bǔ)述用法 , 即關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的是對等子句而不是形容詞子句 , 主要用于對主要子句中的不足之處加以補(bǔ)充 , 前面都要加逗點(diǎn)與主要子句分開。Tom got married the day before yesterday, when it was his birthday too.1.Where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句 :先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞,如 place, room, house, street, area等 ,或含有地點(diǎn)意義的抽象名詞,如 situation(處境 , 地

28、勢 ), stage, point(點(diǎn)), case( 案例 ,情況), 用where 引導(dǎo)定語從句 ,在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語。The school where/in which I studied for only two years was three kilometers away.Harvard is a world-famous university. There Wang An got his Doctor s degree.=Harvard is a world-famous university where Wang An got his Doctor s degree.Thi

29、s is the house. I was born in the house.=This is the house where/in which I was born.=This is the house which I was born in.A bank is the place where/in which they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask forit back when it begins to rain.The factory where his father works is in the west of the

30、city.This is the house where I lived two years ago.* 先行詞為抽象名詞 situation, stage, point, job, case, system, game, degree等 ,表示模糊化的地點(diǎn) ,用 where 引導(dǎo)定語從句。You reach a point where medicine can t help.She is in a hopeless situation where we will keep a very close eye on her.2.when 引導(dǎo)的定語從句：先行詞是表示時間的名詞, 如 day, t

31、ime, year, hour等 , 用 when引導(dǎo)定語從句 ,在句中作狀語。The time when/at which I first met Nelson was a very difficult period of my life.The day when/on which Nelson helped me was one of my happiest. When=in/at/on/during+whichI ll never forget the day. I joined the league on that day.=I ll never forget the day when

32、 I joined the league.The days are gone when physical strength was all your needed to make a living.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.I ll never forget the day when I joined the army.一、”介詞 +關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞 whom, which在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時,可以跟介詞一起放在主句和從句之間；當(dāng)先行詞指人時 , 介詞后的關(guān)系代詞用whom, 其余用 whic

33、h,這時的關(guān)系代詞不能省略 ; 有時為了使關(guān)系代詞緊跟它所修飾的先行詞,也可以把介詞放在從句中有關(guān)動詞的后面,這時的 which 可用 that替換。當(dāng)介詞放在有關(guān)動詞的后面時,關(guān)系代詞 which, that, whom在口語和非正式語體中經(jīng)常省略。This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which/that) he used tolive in.Who s the man with whom you just shook hands? = Who s the man (that/whom) you jus

34、tshook hands with?注意 :下列情況介詞不能提前1) 用 who代替 whom, 用 that 代替 which 時 , 介詞不能提前 He s the boy (who) I learned English from.This should be the place (that) Tom send the parcel to.2) 當(dāng) whom, which 省去時介詞不能提前Is he the boy you went there with?This is the room he lived in.3) 當(dāng) whom, which 作為含有介詞的動詞短語的賓語時, 介詞一般

35、來說不能拆開提前You re the very man (whom) I m looking for.This is the program (which) he listened to.2. ”介詞 +關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)通?？梢院鸵恍╆P(guān)系副詞(when, where 和 why 相互轉(zhuǎn)換 )1)where=in/on whichThis is the room where/in which he lived.2)when=on/in/at/during whichI still remember the year when/in which I joined the Party.I still

36、remember the day when/on which I joined the Party.I still remember the hour when/at which the rocket was launched.3)why=for whichThis is the reason why/for which he was killed.注意 : 并不是所有的介詞 +關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)都可用關(guān)系副詞替代I am very impressed by the way in which he works.這里 in which代表的是 in the way,在句中作方式狀語 , 只有當(dāng)介詞

37、+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)作表示時間、地點(diǎn)和原因的狀語時, 才能相應(yīng)地用 when,where 和 why 代替。試比較下面兩組句子 :This is the factory that/which produces radios.劃線部分作主語 ,應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞 The factoryproduces radios.This is the factory where radios are produced.化纖部分作地點(diǎn)狀語, 應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞 Radiosare produced in the factory.Do you remember the days (that) we spent together?

38、關(guān)系代詞在句中作賓語 We spent the daystogether.Do you remember the days when we worked together?關(guān)系副詞作時間狀語 We worked togetherduring the days.關(guān)系副詞的省略 :1.the time, every time, the moment等后的關(guān)系副詞可以省略By the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousands English words.2. 在某些表示地點(diǎn)的名詞后 ,

39、關(guān)系副詞有時也可以省略 , 如 the place 等This is the place (where) I saw him last time.3. 先行詞 the reason 后面的關(guān)系副詞可以省略The reason (why) he came is quite clear.4. 當(dāng)先行詞是 way 時 , 關(guān)系副詞常常省略I know the way (that) he learns English.An architect is a person who/that designs buildings.I will never forget the teacher who/that

40、taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school.Anyone who/that wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first.Do you know the gentleman (whom/that) we met in the school library yesterday?This is the student (whom/that) my father taught ten years ago.The girl (wh

41、o/whom/that) I saw is called Mary. 非正式英語中 , 可用 who代替 whom The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. Whosefather=the father of whomDo you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? Whose window=the window of which 指 the window of the hotelLook out! Don t g

42、et too close to the house whose roof is under repair. Whose roof-the roof of whichI do not like stories which/that have unhappy endings.Toms works for a factory which/that makes watches.Is the girl that/whom sells newspaper?Where is the ice-cream that/which was in the fridge?Is this the book (that/w

43、hich) you want to buy?關(guān)系副詞In Beijing July and August are the months (when/that) it rains very often.Do you remember the day (when/that) we first went to the Summer Palace?I haven t seen her since the year (when) I left Tokyo.Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what (=all t

44、hat= thethings that) it was 20 years ago, when it was so poorly equipped.During the Spring Festival I went back to the town (where/that) I was brought up.That不能作為表示地點(diǎn)的關(guān)系副詞This is the place (where/that ) Li Bai once lived.That 不能作為表示地點(diǎn)的關(guān)系副詞區(qū)別 : This is the place (that/which) Li Bai once visited.If a

45、shop has chairs (where) women can park their men, women will spend more time in theshop.The reason (why/that) I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.This is the reason (why/that) he came late to school. =This is why he came late toschool.As 是個比較特殊的關(guān)系代詞, 一是用在某些句型搭配里, 二是獨(dú)立于主句之外。一

46、、在固定搭配 as as, soas, suchas, the sameas 中, as 引導(dǎo)定語從句You may take as( 副詞 ) many books as(關(guān)代 , 代替 books, 在定語從句中作賓語 ) you want.I have got such a computer as yours.I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.二、獨(dú)立于主句之外 , as引導(dǎo)定語從句As we know, the earth turns around the sun.As is known to us, the earth

47、turns around the sun.As we know 和 As is known to us均為定語從句 , as分別作賓語和主語, 替代后面的主句。Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.關(guān)系代詞 as 指代整個主句 ,在定語從句中作賓語。As is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. Which和 as 引導(dǎo)定語從句均可代表一句話或整個主句, 但 which 不能放在句首 , 另外 as 有”正如”的意思 , 而 which 沒有。一

48、、關(guān)系代詞who和 that的區(qū)別1. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作主語時 , 多用主格 whoHe who loses hope loses all.先行詞為代詞he, they , any, all, one等時 ,多用I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.在非限制性定語從句中用2.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞用作介詞后的賓語時,用賓格 whom, 不用 thatThe man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.=The man (who/whom/that)

49、our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.whowho口語中省略關(guān)代最自然3. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞泛指人時 , 多用 thatHe is a man that is never afraid of failure. That用來泛指人4. 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞出現(xiàn)在 who 開頭的疑問句時 , 應(yīng)用 thatWho is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?避免重復(fù)二、關(guān)系代詞 1. 當(dāng)先行詞為which 與 thatall, much, little的區(qū)別以及不定代詞anything, something, everything等時 ,關(guān)系代詞多用 thatAll that glitters is not gold.She told me everything (that) she knew.2. 當(dāng)先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或限定詞the only, the very, all, every, any, no時 ,關(guān)系代詞一般都用thatThat is the best novel (that) I have ever read.He is the only person that has been invited to th