非謂語動詞筆記

1、.非謂語動詞1.非謂語動詞的形式(以動詞do為例) 動詞不定式動詞的-ing形式動詞過去分詞一般式to dodoingdone一般被動式to be donebeing done 完成式to have donehaving done 完成被動式to have been donehaving been done 進行式to be doing  完成進行式to have been doing  2.非謂語動詞在句子中的作用 主語賓語表語定語狀語補語動詞不定式 動詞的-ing形式 動詞過去分詞 動詞不定式1用作主

2、語：（1）常用it作形式主語： e.g. To learn a foreign language well is not easy. It（形式主語）is not easy to learn a foreign language well.（真正主語）（2）不定式的邏輯主語有兩種情況(用for sb.或of sb.)：It is + adj. +for sb. + to do（強調(diào)to do 的動作）It is + adj. +of sb. + to do（強調(diào)sb.的品質(zhì)特征）e.g. It is kind of you to help me in time. It is hard for

3、you to help me in time. 2用作賓語：（1）接不定式作賓語的動詞常用的有afford, agree, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, dare, decide, desire, determine, expect, hope, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等e.g. He managed to send his son to study abroad, although he was not rich.（2）常用it作形式賓語 e.g. Do you t

4、hink it necessary to go there?3用作表語：（1）一般說來，不定式做表語，相當于名詞，說明主語的內(nèi)容e.g. My job is to drive the car. All she would do was to go home.（2）不定式作表語，要求保持句子的平衡，即主語為不定式，表語也必須用不定式e.g. To see is to believe.4用作賓補：e.g. I warned the boy not to be late again. （1）感官動詞hearsee noticeobserve + sb + do（省略to的不定式）表示經(jīng)常地、習慣的動

5、作或全過程watchlisten tolook at（2）使役動詞havemake + sb./ sth. +do (省略to的不定式)let e.g. I noticed her enter the office. We heard him sing every day.注意：在被動語態(tài)中to必須還原。 5 用作定語：（1）不定式作定語時，表示即將發(fā)生的動作e.g. I have nothing to write （2）序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或被only, last, next等詞修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語。e.g. He is always the first person to come

6、 and the last one to leave.The next person to attend the meeting is Dr. Baker.(3) 下列名詞經(jīng)常帶不定式作定語。如：person, man, thing, something, anything, nothing, time, way, reason, chance, courage, opportunity等。e.g. We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.He had no reason to leave his friends a

7、nd live alone on the island.（4）不定式動詞是不及物動詞，則須加適當?shù)慕樵~。如：e.g. I need a pen to write with. They have a large house to live in. There is nothing for you to worry about.（5）不定式只能作后置定語，而且當名詞有其他定語修飾時，不定式放在其他定語之后。 e.g. That is the way he thought of to solve the problem.6 用作狀語 (1) 目的狀語：相當于in order to; so as to

8、 e.g. He stopped to talk to an old man.(目的)（2）原因狀語：用于表示情感方面的形容詞作表語之后，即 be + adj. + to do，而且這種結(jié)構(gòu)不定式多為主動語態(tài)。 e.g. He was happy to hear the news.(原因)The fish is delicious to eat. The chair is comfortable to sit on. (3) 結(jié)果狀語：只表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，常和only連用e.g. I bought an expensive computer home yesterday only to fi

9、nd it used. (結(jié)果)7 用在疑問詞后面，即wh- to do,構(gòu)成不定式復合結(jié)構(gòu),相當于名詞，作主語、賓語和表語。e.g. The question is where to get a computer.(表語) I really dont know what to do.(賓語) How to get rid of the pollution is still a problem.(主語)8不定式的時態(tài)： to do（一般現(xiàn)在時）to be doing（進行時）to have done（完成時/過去式）e.g. He pretended to be listening atten

10、tivelyHe pretended not to have seen me.He is said to have gone abroad.9 不定式的語態(tài)：當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式所表示的動作的發(fā)出者時，不定式一般要用主動形式，反之用被動形式e.g. He asked to be sent to the front.I have much work to do. 10. 高中階段常見的不定式短語：be able to do, be about to do, used to do, be glad to do, would like to do, be likely to do, go

11、 all out to do something（全力以赴）,be supposed to do（應該）等。11. 含不定式的懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)，也可以稱它們?yōu)椴迦胝Z。如：to tell you the truth 說實話 to be frank 坦率地說 to begin with 首先 to be brief 簡言之 to make a long story short 長話短說 to be exact 精確地說 to say nothing of 姑且不說 to conclude 總而言之 to be sure 誠然、固然 to do him justice 說句對他公道的話 so to spea

12、k 可以這么說、打個譬喻說 e.g. To tell you the truth, I hate him. To be frank, I dont agree with what you said. 動詞的-ing形式 動詞的-ing形式相當于名詞、形容詞、副詞等,也保留了動詞的某些特征。1作主語：（1）-ing作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式e.g. Talking is easier than doing.Saying is easier than doing.（2）可以用it作形式主語e.g. It is no use crying over spilt milk. It's a wa

13、ste of time arguing about it.(3) ing 邏輯主語的形式有兩種：形容詞性物主代詞和s屬格e.g. His being late again made the teacher angry.Toms failing in the exam made himself upset. （4）There is no + ing 結(jié)構(gòu)e.g. There is no joking about such matters. There is no holding back the wheel of history. 2. 作表語：e.g. Seeing is believing.

14、（平衡結(jié)構(gòu)） The story is moving.3作賓語：(1)-ing邏輯主語的形式有四種，即形容詞性物主代詞，s屬格，代詞賓格和名詞普通格。e.g. I cant imagine his/him/Jack/Jacks being so rude to a lady.（2）只接動名詞作賓語的常用動詞： mind, suggest , enjoy, admit , appreciate, avoid, delay, dislike, escape, finish, forgive, imagine, keep, miss, practice, resist, risk , deny, c

15、ant help, admit, feel like, mention, put off, cant stand,等e.g. Would you mind my closing the window? They dont feel like walking that much.(3)接-ing作賓語的短語：如：look forward to 渴望，盼望 be proud of 以自豪 be responsible for 對負責 insist on 堅持 think of 考慮，想到 dream of 夢想 object to 反對，抗議 hear of 聽說 preventfrom 防止，阻

16、止 keepfrom 防止，阻止 stopfrom 防止，阻止 be engaged in 從事于 depend on 依靠，依賴 thankfor 因而道謝 excusefor 因而道歉 aim at 目的在于 devoteto 獻身于 set about 著手做 be/get used to 習慣于 be fond of 喜歡 be afraid of 害怕 be tired of 對厭煩 succeed in 成功地做 be ashamed of 對感到羞愧 contribute to 捐助、貢獻 get down to（ 著手做 give way to 讓位于 keep to 堅持、遵

17、守 lead to 導致 turn to 求助于 stick to 忠于、堅持 point to 指向、表明 see to 注意、處理 be equal to 等于 （4）下列動詞接to do和-ing的區(qū)別 stop/ go on + doing（同一件事） + to do（另一件事）consider + doing（考慮） + to do（認為）mean + doing（意味著） + to do（打算做）try + doing嘗試（新事物/新方法） + to do試著去做···（不一定成功）advise / allow / permit / forbid +

18、doing + sb. + to doremember / forget / allow + doing（做過的事） + to do （將要做的事）cant help + doing(忍不住) + ( to) do（無法幫助）（5）-ing主動形式表示被動意義的結(jié)構(gòu)be worth + doing / n.（···值得···）need / require / want + doing = （···需要被···） need / require / want + to be do

19、nee.g. The flowers need watering.=The flowers need to be watered.4作賓補：(1)-ing作使役動詞的補語 have + sb /sth + do = get sb to do + doing = keep sb / sth doing + done (讓···做···/ 讓···被做)e.g. They had the fire burning all the night.He had his hair cut yesterday.(2)-

20、ing作感官動詞的補語 seehearnotice + sb / sth + doing (強調(diào)動作正在進行)watch + sb +do（省略to的不定式）表示經(jīng)常地、習慣的動作或強調(diào)全過程look at + sb / sth done （表示被動關(guān)系）listen to observee.g. I saw them coming across the road.（3）-ing在leave, keep, set, catch, find等動詞后面和一個名詞或代詞構(gòu)成一個復合賓語，表示主動關(guān)系e.g. Last night the shopkeeper caught a child steal

21、ing some food in the shop.注意：在主動語態(tài)中，補語形式和賓語保持一致 在被動語態(tài)中，補語形式和主語保持一致e.g. Lily was never heard singing that song again.We were kept waiting for quite a long time.5作定語：（1）單個的ing分詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞的前面，可以表示所修飾名詞的特征與用途，也可以表示所修飾名詞是-ing動作的發(fā)出者。如：reading room swimming pool a waiting car a sleeping child the exciting

22、 news a boring speech （2）ing分詞短語作定語應放在被修飾詞的后面，也相當于一個定語從句。如：e.g. Who is the comrade standing by the door?= that are standing by the door?e.g. They lived in a house facing south .= which faces south.(3) 不定式作定語時，表示即將發(fā)生的動作-ing分詞作定語時，表示正在發(fā)生的動作動詞的過去分詞作定語時，表示已經(jīng)完成的動作。如：e.g. The question to be discussed this

23、 afternoon is very important. The question discussed last night is very important. The question being discussed now is very important.(4) 使-ing分詞作定語時，表示事物的性質(zhì)或特征；使動詞的過去分詞作定語時，表示人的心理狀態(tài)。如：an exciting event 扣人心弦的事件 an excited speech 激動的話語an interesting story 有趣的故事 an interested boy 感興趣的男孩a surprising gi

24、ft 意想不到的禮物 a surprised cry 感到吃驚的叫聲a moving deed 一件感人的事跡 a moved group很受感動的人群a frightening dog 令人害怕的狗 a frightened boy 感到害怕的男孩an exhausting job令人疲倦的工作 an exhausted expression 疲憊的表情an embarrassing situation 令人尷尬的處境 an embarrassed behavior 不自在的行為注意：區(qū)分-ing與-ed，主要看所修飾名詞和定語動作的關(guān)系，主動關(guān)系用-ing，被動關(guān)系用-ed.6 作狀語：(

25、1) ing分詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等,所以可以和when, while, although, unless, if 等連詞連用。e.g. Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.（時間） Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him.（原因）His father died, leaving him a lot of money. （結(jié)果）They stood there for half an hour，watching the

26、stars in the sky.（伴隨）A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.（條件）Although knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. (讓步)（2）-ing作狀語，它和句子句子主語之間必須是主動關(guān)系，反之要用-ed, e.g. Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.Deeply moved by the story

27、, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other（3）-ing作狀語時，若狀語動作和句子謂語動作同時發(fā)生，或不強調(diào)先后順序，狀語用一般式，即doing;若狀語動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，存在時間差，狀語要用完成式，即having donee.g. Having saved enough money, the boy was able to buy his mother a gift.Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy.（4）-ing的被動形式為being done和havin

28、g been donee.g. Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake. (5)否定式在其前面加not e.g. Not knowing what to do, he turned to his teacher for help.獨立主格1.分詞作狀語時，狀語動作和句子主語之間必須存在邏輯關(guān)系，而獨立主格的狀語動作和句子主語無關(guān)，它有自己的邏輯主語，所以獨立主格的狀語形式取決于它自己的邏輯主語，而且它和主句之間不能使用任何連詞e.g. Weather permitting, well have a sports m

29、eet next week.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.   There being no buses, we had to walk home.Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look more beautiful. 2. with引導的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) with +sb./ sth + doing + done+ to doe

30、.g. The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.   With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. They slept, with the lights burning.懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)分詞短語在句子中作狀語時，其邏輯主語既不是整個句子的主語，也沒有自己的邏輯主語，就被認為是一個語言失誤，這種結(jié)構(gòu)被叫作懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)，常在句中做插入語。如 generally speaking（一般來說） judging from（根據(jù)來判斷

31、） considering/ allowing for（考慮到）talking of（談到，提到） supposing/ supposed（假如）e.g. Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada. Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.過去分詞(ed分詞)動詞的-ed分詞即過去分詞，是由動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，一般只有一種形式。1過去分詞作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)。如：Dont touch the glass because it is broken. He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 2過去分詞做定語：（1）單個的過去分詞作定語一般放在名詞的前